Juu ya OIC na Mahakama ya Kadhi

Juu ya OIC na Mahakama ya Kadhi

huyu kikwete nae mbabaishaji! anairuka ilani ya chama wakati wao ndio walioiweka? au anatarajia waislam sasa wamvae mrema wamuulize kwa nini alianzisha "hoja" iliyoweza kupendwa na ccm mpaka ikawekwa kwenye ilani ya chama?!

nafikiri matatizo yamekuwa mengi ndani ya serikali yake kiasi cha kuwa anashindwa ku deal nayo
 
Mwanakijiji,

Niliposema ya kuwa kutakuwa na mgongano wa kikatiba nilikuwa nammanisha ya kuwa mahakama hii ya kadhi itatoa upendeleo wa kipekee kwa dini husika . Ni lazima pia tutambue ya kuwa serikali yetu ya aina dini , sasa kama moja ya nguzo yake moja kubwa " mahakama " itakuwa ina tawi linashoghulikia masuala ya dini fulani tuu ...je tutaweza kweli kusema serikali yetu aina dini.

Pili Zanzibar kuwa na mahakama ya kadhi sio sabau ya sisi kuwa na mahakama " Two wrongs don't make right" .Zanzibar sio tuu kuwa wana mahakama ya kadhi bali pia hata kadhi mkuu anachaguliwa na kulipiwa na serikali , kwa hiyo hii ni zaidi ya mahakama ya kushughulikia masuala madogo madogo ya waumini bali ni moja ya tawi la serikali.

Ni lazima tuwe makini katika hili suala wakati huo huo tuweke imani zetu za kidini pembeni . Ndio maana mimi huwa napenda sana hii jumuia ya ACLU " American civil liberties union" kwani wako consistent katika kutetea katiba.
 
Mwanakijiji,

Niliposema ya kuwa kutakuwa na mgongano wa kikatiba nilikuwa nammanisha ya kuwa mahakama hii ya kadhi itatoa upendeleo wa kipekee kwa dini husika . Ni lazima pia tutambue ya kuwa serikali yetu ya aina dini , sasa kama moja ya nguzo yake moja kubwa " mahakama " itakuwa ina tawi linashoghulikia masuala ya dini fulani tuu ...je tutaweza kweli kusema serikali yetu aina dini.

Pili Zanzibar kuwa na mahakama ya kadhi sio sabau ya sisi kuwa na mahakama " Two wrongs don't make right" .Zanzibar sio tuu kuwa wana mahakama ya kadhi bali pia hata kadhi mkuu anachaguliwa na kulipiwa na serikali , kwa hiyo hii ni zaidi ya mahakama ya kushughulikia masuala madogo madogo ya waumini bali ni moja ya tawi la serikali.

Ni lazima tuwe makini katika hili suala wakati huo huo tuweke imani zetu za kidini pembeni . Ndio maana mimi huwa napenda sana hii jumuia ya ACLU " American civil liberties union" kwani wako consistent katika kutetea katiba.

Rufiji umesema jambo moja muhimu sana ambalo limenikumbusha system ya Wamarekani hapa. Kuna kile ambacho katika Federalists Papers kinajulikana kama "Ukuta wa Utengano kati ya Kanisa na Serikali". Ukuta huu unaonekana kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya kwanza ya Katiba ambapo kuna kile kinachoitwa kama "establishment clause".

Kati ya mambo ambayo naamini siku moja tutayaingiza kwenye Katiba yetu, ni kukata bunge kutunga sheria za aina fulani hasa kama sheria zenye mwelekeo wa kupendelea dini fulani.
 
Suala la Mahakama ya Kadhi hasa inawahusu Waislamu. Muislimu ana mfumo kamili wa maisha yanayotokana na mafunzo ya Quran. Muislamu anafundishwa nini afanye toka anapoamka asubuhi kutoka usingizini hadi anaporudi kulala usiku. Mfumo mzima wa maisha yanaelezwa katika Quran. Waislamu wana maadili yao juu ya mfumo wao wa maisha. Swala la Imani ya Kidini ni lazima kuheshimiana. Hata iwapo unapinga dini ya mwenzio lakini si vyema kumkashifu mwenzio au dini yake. Tutaishi kwa Amani hapa duniani iwapo tu kila mmoja wetu ataheshimu itikadi ya mwengine. Sote tunahitaji Amani na sote tunahitaji kuthaminiana juu ya itikadi ya mwengine. Tuwache mjadala huu Mzito ambao sisi sote hatuna Ujuzi nao. Serikali inalishughulikia suala hili na tuiachie ifanye kazi yake japo Swala lenyewe ni nyeti lisilohitaji mjadala.
 
Suala la Mahakama ya Kadhi hasa inawahusu Waislamu. Muislimu ana mfumo kamili wa maisha yanayotokana na mafunzo ya Quran. Muislamu anafundishwa nini afanye toka anapoamka asubuhi kutoka usingizini hadi anaporudi kulala usiku. Mfumo mzima wa maisha yanaelezwa katika Quran. Waislamu wana maadili yao juu ya mfumo wao wa maisha. Swala la Imani ya Kidini ni lazima kuheshimiana. Hata iwapo unapinga dini ya mwenzio lakini si vyema kumkashifu mwenzio au dini yake. Tutaishi kwa Amani hapa duniani iwapo tu kila mmoja wetu ataheshimu itikadi ya mwengine. Sote tunahitaji Amani na sote tunahitaji kuthaminiana juu ya itikadi ya mwengine. Tuwache mjadala huu Mzito ambao sisi sote hatuna Ujuzi nao. Serikali inalishughulikia suala hili na tuiachie ifanye kazi yake japo Swala lenyewe ni nyeti lisilohitaji mjadala.
Hili suala ili tuweze kulijadili vizuri na kuelewana inabidi kwanza tuelewe maana ya mahakama ya kadhi na mipaka yake. Kwa uzoefu nilionao wengi wanaopinga mahakama ya kadhi hawajui hasa mahakama ya kadhi ni kitu gani. Ni vizuri tutambue kwamba hivi sasa dunia iko katika joto la mgongano wa kidini hususani baina ya waislamu na wakristo wakiwa pamoja na wayahudi hii inatokana na ukweli kwamba katika vita ya ugaidi iliyotangazwa na Bw. Bush(Rais wa Marekani) wanaoonekana kukamatwa ni waislamu na zaidi ya hapo nchi zenye kuunga mkono vita hii ni za magharibi ambazo nyingi kama sio zote ni za kikristo na Israel(wayahudi)(Tanbihi: Naelewa kuna suala la Palestina lakini nisingependa kuongelea hili hapa). Kwahiyo utaona kwamba automatically kunakuwa na namna fulani ya chuki kati ya waislamu na wakristo hii imepelekea kujitokeza kwa hali inayoitwa islamophobia(sifahamu kiswahili chake). Kwa kifupi islamophobia ni hali ya kuhofu kitu chochote kinachohusiana na uislamu. Hali imepekelea watu wengi wasiokuwa waislamu na wasiojua uislamu hasa ni kitu gani kuogopa chochote kinachohusiana na uislamu na suala hili la mahakama ya kadhi kwa Tanzania linaangukia katika mkondo huo. Naomba nieleweke sisemi kwamba wote wanaopinga wana matatizo ya islamophobia bali wengi wao wana tatizo hilo.
Kwa hiyo basi pamoja na kuwa hili suala liko mahakamani bado itakuwa ni vizuri kama tutapata mtu mmoja akatueleza hasa kitu gani kinatarajiwa kufanyika katika mahakama ya kadhi na mipaka na ninafikiri si vibaya tukaijadili mahakama hiyo kama suala jingine lolote bila kuihusianisha na kesi iliyoko mahakamani.
 
Nakubaliana na wewe kuwa wahalifu wanastahili adhabu, lakini kusema uwakate mikono kwa sababu kuwapeleka gerezani ni mzigo, ni wazi pia kuwa hata wakiwa kwenye jamii huku wamekatwa mikono mzigo uko palepale, la maana zaidi ni kuwapeleka mahali ambapo watatumikishwa ili kulinufaisha taifa.

Wakatoliki wakristo, wanatakiwa kufuata ya kaisari na ya mungu, haya ni mawili tofauti. Mahakama moja tu inatosha, hakuna haja ya mahakama ya kadhi ni kuleta confusion kwenye jamii. Ilituwe secular Tanzania, ni vema kuimarisha utaratibu wa sasa.
Labda nikuulize swali moja dogo tu. Wewe utaridhika ikiwa mmeandaa mpango wa jinsi ya kuendesha maisha yenu wewe na mkeo, mpango ambao hauingilii uhuru wa mtu mwingine wala haukiuki katiba halafu anatokea mtu anakwambia hapana huu mpango si mzuri inabidi tufuate mpango tofauti??
Maana kinachofanyika katika mahakama ya kadhi ni waislamu kuamua mambo yao ya kijamii kwa mujibu wa imani yao bila kuingilia uhuru wa watu wengine.
 
Tanzania inafuata dini, dini haitakiwi kuhusisha serikali ni wananchi na makanisa au misikiti yao. Tanzania ikianza kufanya hizi mahakama basi katiba haina maana tufuate dini kwenye kila kitu na sio mahakama tu.
Uko sahihi Kamundu wanachohitaji waislamu ni kuamua mambo yao ya kijamii kwa misingi ya dini yao kama ambavyo wakristo wangependa kufuata dini yao.
 
here is another development on this issue:


Mahakama Kuu yasitisha mjadala wa Mahakama ya Kadhi

*Yasema Bunge, Serikali haviruhusiwi kujadili suala hilo
*Ni mpaka kesi iliyoko Mahakamani itapotolewa uamuzi


Na Nora Damian

MAHAKAMA Kuu Kanda ya Dar es Salaam imetoa amri kwa Tume iliyoundwa Rais Jakaya Kikwete kushughulikia suala la uanzishwaji wa mahakama ya Kadhi nchini isiendelee na shughuli zozote kuhusiana na mahakama hiyo hadi uamuzi wa kesi ya kupinga uanzishwaji wa mahakama hiyo utakapotolewa.

Uamuzi huo ulitolewa jana na Jaji Salum Masati ambaye alitoa amri pia Bunge na Serikali visizungumzie suala la Mahakama ya Kadhi kwa kuwa suala hilo liko mahakamani.

Oktoba 18 mwaka huu, Mchungaji Christopher Mtikila wa Kanisa la Full Salvation alifungua kesi ya kikatiba katika mahakama hiyo kupinga mpango wa serikali wa kuidhinisha kuanzishwa kwa Mahakama ya Kadhi nchini.

Katika kesi hiyo namba 80 ya mwaka 2007, Mtikila ambaye anajitetea mwenyewe aliiomba Mahakama kumwamuru Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali kusitisha mpango wa kuanzisha Mahakama ya Kadhi kwa kuwa unakiuka Katiba ya Jamuhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania.

Mtikila pia aliiomba mahakama kuziwajibisha kisheria Wizara ya Sheria na Katiba, Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Sheria na Jamuhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania kwa kushiriki katika kufanikisha mpango huo.

Alisema kuanzishwa kwa mahakama ya kadhi nchini ni kinyume cha vifungu 107 A,3,9, (a) (f) na (h) 13 na 19 vya Katiba ya Jamuhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania vinavyozuia kuanzishwa kwa chombo chochote cha sheria chenye misingi ya kibaguzi.

Hati ya mashitaka iliyowasilishwa katika mahakama hiyo, imeitaka mahakama pia kukifuta Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) kwa sera yake ya kuanzisha mahakama hiyo huku kikijua kuwa ni kinyume na kifungu cha 20 (2) (a) (i) cha Katiba ya Jamuhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania.

Kesi hiyo imeahirishwa hadi Januari nane mwakani itakapoendelea kusikilizwa tena.

Mapema mwezi huu, Rais Kikwete akizungumzia suala la Mahakama ya Kadhi, kwa mara ya kwanza, alisema hoja ya Kadhi haikuanzishwa na yeye wala CCM bali wapinzani.

Rais Kikwete alisema suala la Mahakama ya Kadhi lilianzishwa bungeni kwa hoja ya binafsi na aliyekuwa Mbunge wa Temeke kupitia chama cha NCCR-Mageuzi, Augustine Mrema ambaye alitaka Bunge lijadili na kukubali kuanzishwa kwa mahakama hiyo nchini.

Alisema baada ya Mrema kumaliza muda wa mbunge wake na kuhamia Chama cha Tanzania Labour (TLP, hoja hiyo ilipelekwa tena bungeni na aliyekuwa mbunge wa Moshi Vijijini kupitia chama hicho, Thomas Ngawaiya.

“Mara zote hizo, kwa busara ya aliyekuwa Spika wa Bunge, Pius Msekwa na Waziri Mkuu, Fredrick Sumaye hoja hiyo ilipelekwa kwanza kwenye kamati ya Bunge ya Katiba na Sheria iliyokuwa ikiongozwa na Arcado Ntangazwa na Baadaye Athumani Janguo kwa uchunguzi wa kina,” alisema Rais Kikwete.

Kutokana na hali hiyo, Rais Kikwete alisema sio sahihi kulihusisha suala hilo la Kadhi na serikali yake wala ilani ya CCM na kwamba ni vema jamii ikasubiri hadi tume hiyo inayotarajiwa kumaliza kazi yake mwezi Februari mwakani itakapotoa tamko.

“Tuwe na subira ili tuipe tume hiyo fursa ya kutafakari jambo hilo nyeti bila shinikizo lolote,” alisema Rais Kikwete na kuahidi kuwa Serikali haitafanya uamuzi wowote kuhusu jambo hilo bila kuwashirikisha wananchi wote.

Rais Kikwete alitoa kauli hiyo wakati wa sherehe ya kumsimika Mkuu mpya wa Kanisa la Kiinjili la Kilutheri Tanzania (KKKT), Askofu Alex Malasusa. Sherehe hizo zilifanyika katika Kanisa la Kuu la Azania Front, jijini Dar es Salaam

Source: Mwananchi Communications Ltd
 
sahara, haina maana mimi na wewe hatuwezi kuzungumzia au misikitini n.k ni Bunge na serikali ndio waliokatazwa kufanya hivyo hayo maamuzi ya mahakama hayanihusu mimi au wewe..
 
Kwanini JK akazungumze hili suala ktk hafla ya kumsimika kiongozi wa kanisa? ana maana gani? ana waogopa wakristo au anataka awafahamishe "wenye NCHI" juu ya progress ikoje au wana-Azania walimtaka aseme?
 
sahara, haina maana mimi na wewe hatuwezi kuzungumzia au misikitini n.k ni Bunge na serikali ndio waliokatazwa kufanya hivyo hayo maamuzi ya mahakama hayanihusu mimi au wewe..

Mwana KJ na Chuma

Please take few dakika kusima maoni ya Mwananchi mmoja hapo chini...
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Mahakama ya Kadhi Constructional Amendment in Sukumaland

Let us have freedom of worship. Let people be allowed to set up structures which enable them to manage their worship effectively and within the law of the country.

Let us not set up micro governments to govern peoples of a certain worship group according to laws based on their religious beliefs. If we do we will have a very complex federal government whose ideal structure would be that every definable society should have their own geographic area which can be governed according to laws and rules based on their faith.

Let's take a sample, Sukumas. This consists of two principal groups. Un adulterated Sukumas, that is those who are pure Sukumas, no education, no new religion such as Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, etc. Of course they believe in god that is why they called him "Mulungu". They believe in witchcraftry, which the Christians also do, but they differ in how to deal with it. The un adulterated Sukumas believe in instant justice; killing the red eyed old women witches. The adulterated Sukumas who are Sukumas converted to Christianity have a way of dealing with witch-craftry, they call it spiritual warfare, they have spiritual weapons which can deal with any power of witchcraftry. They use the name of Jesus and they send the evil spirit running ultra Olympic style. In Christian terminology they have authority over all evil powers and nothing is supposed to harm them.

For each of these two principal groups to live peacefully each administering their laws, rules and regulations according to their faiths, Sukumaland would have to be divided into two areas one for Sukumapure, and Sukumachrist.

But hardly each group would have moved into their area would they realise a problem; in these two areas there would be, alas, though not so many, some Moslems and some Buddhists. So some areas would have to be created for these and any other similar groups to be settled into.

But there would be further complications. Firstly the Sukumapure would realise that they themselves have different denominations also; the bagika, bagalu, bazwilili, bachweji, etc. Each would have to live in their own sub district to be able to administer their laws effectively.

Suckumachrist would face a similar problem. Groupings would differ in doctrine and they would like not only to worship differently but also govern themselves accordingly.

So there would be the SDA area where meat of animals whose hooves are not split and fish without scales would not touch the markets. Also cars, cookers, fridges, air conditioners, trains, aircrafts, heart pacemakers etc would be programmed not work on Sabbath (known as Saturday in Tanzania). All hospitals would be closed because healing is not supposed to be done on Sabbath.

Then in Sukumachrist you would have the Protestants. Many of them are not supposed to drink, smoke, use snuff, etc. Priests have to be married as a rule.

The job of creating the districts and tarafas and katas and vijijis is really complicated in this new constitution. In Protestantsshire you would have the mainliners, i.e. the Moravians, Anglicans, Methodists, Lutherans. Actually although these could co exist in an area called CCT it would be better that each would be in their own sub district .

Then you would have the Charismatics, groupings in this areas have very subtle differences, amazingly these may not need only distinct areas; each area may have to be fenced.

Time up to describe Protestansshire. Then there would also be the Catholicshire. This is an area where priests are not allowed to marry but can mingle with women at will. Liquor can be absorbed in any quantities provide it does not show. Please confirm the following with the nearest Paroko otherwise treat it as hear say: if you are rich and are not living right to the mark and die and get consigned to pulgatory, some district in hell, your relatives can incur the cost of a mass in which you can be prayed out of hell. In Charismaticshire you would qualify persona non grataship if you were caught praying for salvation of the dead.

Tired of Sukumapure and Sukumachrist? Sample the Sukumaslamic. Here you would find quite some diversity of laws. Start with the really marketable ones. You can marry a reasonable number of wives. Difficult part about this is you would be required to treat them impartially. Consolation though is that partiality is not punishable here on earth. Something also pleasant in the marriage set of laws is that you can divorce any time provided you have pen and paper at your disposal.

Now the more serious laws of the Sukumaslamic. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Difficult to imagine the sub section of the law which prescribes appropriate punishment for the lady who tempers with a man's generator; Kadhi wouldn't be the job for me.

If you consulted chronicles or Hon retired president Mwinyi on Moslems in Bukoba, I suspect he would strongly advise that even Sukumaslamic should be divided into at least two sub areas.

A very interesting subject under the sun is marketing. I have evidence it is like electricity, it can be switched on and off. You cannot understand until you visit the tiny districts of Buddhashire and Hindushire in restructured Sukumaland. The people here are serious business men. They can market anything and they can enter into any business and succeed. If the restructured Sukumaland will allow intershire trade Buddhashire and Hindushire will be manufacturing and supplying most of these areas. But I doubt if the laws will permit. Even high marketing skills may not succeed under this regime. This will not be the first time though when marketing skills could not be exploited in existing Sukumaland by these groups. They have been so poor at marketing their religion to anybody to the extent that people have come to believe that in this sector marketing has been banned or switched off like electricity.

Because other people are not evangelised into these sects and therefore cannot report openly proceedings of these societies, people have come up with all sorts of unbelievable stories which one can only print to demonstrate how unbelievable they are. You cannot believe this can you? That a girl from these communities gets deported from under the sun should she conceive foreignly. I am not a lawyer by the way, but the approximate absolute absence of mixed marriages with these sects in current Sukumaland is not legal evidence of anything, I should caution!

By the way, if you are close to President Karume, I advise you chat with him. One of his regrets may be that his Oldman was made to leave too early, otherwise President Karume may perhaps by now have in his family a mixed marriage.

Under these circumstances if Sukumaland will remain a unit it will have to have an overall federal government so that all these districts are governed together as a unit.

Of course there may be a grouping which will be happy to adopt federal laws only. Such a group will have also to be allocated a district too.

This is far from the whole treatise on the issue, but considering it is the small hours of the morning and I need to turn in I should stop by observing as follows:

In the olden times there was the Sukumaland Federation which consisted of nine chiefdoms. Its seat was initially at Usagara some 18 km from Mwanza on the way to Shinyanga. Later this was shifted to Malya. I believe the current District Council there is housed in the old federation premises. It was headed by a Paramount Chief, the last Paramount Chief being Majebele. This Federation was not without problems. Will federating the above areas under the restructured Sukumaland pursuant to Mahakama ya Kadhi Constructional Amendment which will give equal rights to every society to govern themselves according to laws based on their religious beliefs be easy?
 
Watu wanashindwa kuelewa Mtikila apingi waislamu kuwa na mahakama yao ya kadhi , bali anapinga mahakama hiyo kuwa part ya serikali . Ilani ya CCM ilikuwa inataka kadhi mkuu kuwa presidential apointee na awe analipwa na hela ya walipa kodi ! Hii sio fair hata kidogo sasa itakuwaje kila dini ikitaka kuanzisha mahakama yake na itambuliwe kiserikali ? Vipi kuhusu hela ya walipa kodi ?

Mimi nadhani kama kweli tunataka kuunda taifa huru lisilofungamana na dini yeyote basi ni lazima kuwe na mpaka mkubwa kati ya dini na serikali .
 
Rufiji....inaonesha una elim ndogo ya ufahamu juu ya Mahakama ya Kadhi.
DINI zingine hazima mfumo wa mahakama, na kama zipo hawajakatazwa kuomba. Mahakama ya Kadhi ilikuwepo kabla Nyerere hajaingia madarakani, yeye ndie aliekuja kuusambaratisha UISLAM na leo hii mmempa cheo cha BABA wa TAIFA.
 
Mimi nafikiri hili lijadiliwe na Waislam wenyewe badala ya kupelekwa makanisani au bungeni. Selikari iondoe sheria kama hipo ya kukataza mahakama ya kadhi na kuwachia Waislam wenyewe
 
Mahakama ya Kadhi ilikuwepo kabla Nyerere hajaingia madarakani, yeye ndie aliekuja kuusambaratisha UISLAM na leo hii mmempa cheo cha BABA wa TAIFA.

Chuma please chunga matamshi yako! unaelekea kuwa biased, mwalimu aliusambaratisha uislam kivipi? Ni lini uislam nchi hii ulkisambaratika? Nchi hii ni huru kwa mtu kuabudu chochote anachotaka toka enzi hizo bora asivunje sheria? Na toka lini baba wa Taifa ikawa cheo??? jE UMEFANYA UTAFITI NI KWA NINI MAHAKAMA HIYO ILIONDOLEWA MWAKA 1963?
 
Rufiji....inaonesha una elim ndogo ya ufahamu juu ya Mahakama ya Kadhi.
DINI zingine hazima mfumo wa mahakama, na kama zipo hawajakatazwa kuomba. Mahakama ya Kadhi ilikuwepo kabla Nyerere hajaingia madarakani, yeye ndie aliekuja kuusambaratisha UISLAM na leo hii mmempa cheo cha BABA wa TAIFA.
Chuma,
Waislamu wanaweza kuanzisha mahakama yao ya kadhi bila Bunge wala serikali kuhusishwa; kwani mabaraza ya Ulamaa, Barukta, kamati ya kutetea mali za waislamu waliundiwa na seriali? Kinachogomba hapa ni kuwa kwa mujibu wa katiba hakuna sheria itakayopitishwa na Bunge ambayo mipaka yake itaishia kwa kundi la imani fulani, na kama watapitisha sheria ya namna hiyo itakuwa batili.
 
Rufiji....inaonesha una elim ndogo ya ufahamu juu ya Mahakama ya Kadhi.
DINI zingine hazima mfumo wa mahakama, na kama zipo hawajakatazwa kuomba. Mahakama ya Kadhi ilikuwepo kabla Nyerere hajaingia madarakani, yeye ndie aliekuja kuusambaratisha UISLAM na leo hii mmempa cheo cha BABA wa TAIFA.

Watch your statements sir. kama hupendi Nyerere aitwe baba wa taifa si uandamane hadi ikulu? angeusambaratisha uislam mngekuwa mko free kuswali na kujenga misikiti hapa Tanzania? ona aibu baba. kama mnataka mahakama ya kadhi si mkubaliane wenyewe (waislam) muichangie pesa za kuiendesha? ni vichekesho kuniambia mi mlokole kuchangia kodi ya kuendesha mahakama ya kadhi, tena utakuwa ugomvi mkubwa sana, coz mimi au wakristo haiwahusu wala kuwasaidia.
 
Back
Top Bottom