Battle: Dar es Salaam vs Nairobi

Battle: Dar es Salaam vs Nairobi

After visiting dar i am convinced Mombasa is the second most developed city in East Africa after Nairobi. Hata hakuna haja ya kutumia nguvu nyingi......80% of daresalaam is covered by some hovels they call houses.....

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VIKING23 said:
After visiting dar i am convinced Mombasa is the second most developed city in East Africa after Nairobi. Hata hakuna haja ya kutumia nguvu nyingi......80% of daresalaam is covered by some hovels they call houses.....

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Click to expand...
Sightseer? I'm pretty sure you took many awesome photos to prove your childish claim. If you didn't, go *** yourself and your friends
 
4lrxyHO.jpg
kama middle income ndio hii. 🤔🤔🤔
 
Atleast there are some objective organisations that have sought to scrutinize the exaggerated statistics that has been the gravy train for some malicious ngos.For those who care to reason and be rational...this is it.




44 | 2011
Slum Upgrading Programmes in Nairobi
Part I: Conceptualization and Preparation
Kibera: The Biggest Slum in Africa?
Amélie Desgroppes and Sophie Taupin
p. 23-33
Abstract | Index | Outline | Text | Bibliography | Notes |
Illustrations | References | About the authors
Abstract
This article presents the findings of the estimated population of Kibera, often said to be the “biggest slum in Africa.” This estimation was done in 2009 by the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) in Nairobi and Keyobs, a Belgian company, using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) methodology and a ground survey. The results showed that there are 200,000 residents, instead of the 700,000 to 1 million figures which are often quoted. The 2009 census and statistics on Kibera’s population also confirmed that the those findings were accurate.
Index terms
Geographical index : Kenya
Outline
Introduction
How Many People Live in Kibera?
Who are the People Living in Kibera?
Conclusion
Full text
Introduction
How Many People Live in Kibera?
Figure 1: Satellite Image of Kibera
Zoom Original (png, 270k)
Source: Keyobs (2009).
Figure 2: Survey Map
Zoom Original (png, 1.4M)
Source: Keyobs-IFRA (2009).
Table 1: Estimation of Kibera Population
No. of
Structures Surface Area (ha) Kibera
Population Final results (+7% error)
Sample 478 3.73 5,359
Kibera 17,045 131.8
Area (per structure) 188,725 (a)201,935
Area (per no. of structures) 191,097 (b)204,473
Source: Field survey by Keyobs-IFRA (2009).
Figure 3: Population Density in Kibera
Zoom Original (png, 52k)
Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
Table 2: Comparative Sources on Kibera Population
Village Name Other Sources’ Population Estimation IFRA Estimation
Kibera 252,500 (Map Kibera, 2008) 204,473
Gatwekera 24,402 (CFK) 24,666
Source: Carolina for Kibera (CFK) and Map Kibera, 2008.
Who are the People Living in Kibera?
Figure 4: Single Persons’ Households
Zoom Original (png, 53k)
Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
Figure 5: Age Distribution
Zoom Original (png, 16k)
Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
Figure 6: Occupation
Zoom Original (png, 22k)
Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
Figure 7: People Living Below the Poverty Line
Zoom Original (png, 321k)
Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009)
Conclusion 1 Kibra means “forest” in the Nubian language. Kibera, the infamous slum in Nairobi—Kenya’s capital—, is viewed as “the biggest, largest and poorest slum in Africa.” After the First World War, the British government allowed the Nubians to settle in a forest 1 at the edge of Nairobi, as a reward for their service. However, after Kenya’s independence, the government claimed this land as its own. Nubians continued to built and spread urbanization in Kibera, welcoming new comers from all over the country. Nowadays, Kibera is surrounded by the richest areas of Nairobi and it is also close to the industrial area. These two areas provide job opportunities that attract rural Kenyans. 1
Kibera’s extraordinary figures have been legitimized by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the media and politicians who usually quote the stunning figure of 700,000 to 1 million residents. Where did these figures come from? Are the superlatives used for Kibera justified? The only reliable source of information that has been used, with regard to Kibera’s population, is a un-habitat/research international report (2005) giving a figure of between 400,000 and 700,000 Kiberans. Given that the surface area of Kibera is 2.38 km 2 , the density for 700,000 inhabitants would be about 300,000 inhabitants per square kilometre; that is more than Bangladesh’s highest slum population density (250,000 inhabitants per km 2 ). Moreover, the 1999 census offers no adequate geographical division to properly count Kibera’s population. For example, according to Carolina for Kibera , an important NGO in Kibera, “half of the population of Kibera is under the age of 15”; information that comes without a source. 2
Despite this elusive aspect of Kibera, figures on this slum’s demographics are crucial for policy makers and developers. It is for this reason that the IFRA and Keyobs engaged in a survey that was aimed at acquiring better knowledge on Kibera residents. This project utilised a GIS based estimation of the population and a fieldwork household survey to collect demographic data. The results of the survey suggest that previous figures are a substantial overestimation of Kibera’s population. In this paper, we will present the new figures obtained and the methodology employed in order to define the characteristics of the Kibera population. 3
As the distribution of the buildings in Kibera is relatively uniform (Figure 1), GIS was considered a potentially relevant tool for the estimation of the population. 4
2 A shapefile is a geographical geo-referenced information file in Arcview, software used in Geograph (...) We sought to count the population in selected buildings through random sampling in order to extrapolate the figures of the sample to the whole built area. On the one hand, Keyobs took the aerial satellite image of Kibera on 19 February, 2009 and designed the shapefiles 2 of the buildings, the roads and rivers. On the other hand, IFRA conducted the fieldwork and completed this information by identifying landmarks such as clinics, schools, churches, NGOs and government offices (Figure 2). In total, 17,045 buildings were counted and designed. In order to conduct the demographic survey, 500 structures (buildings), which represent 2.93% of the buildings, were selected at random. However, due to field limitations, the final sample was eventually 478 structures. 5
The field survey was conducted throughout Kibera by 12 surveyors from the community, coordinated by a supervisor. The surveyors were recruited from Kibera to make work easier and to legitimise the project. A one-day training was given to explain the scope, objectives and methodology of the ground survey. 6
Surveyors were gathered in teams of two, each team was given two administrative villages to survey; the sample buildings were marked in orange on the ground survey maps (figure 2). The harder part of the work was to find the right structure in the slum as some paths are closed or sewages/small rivers block the way. Some buildings were also found to be demolished or inexistent. Whenever a house was found closed on two occasions, the surveyors were to obtain the basic information from the neighbour(s) i.e. Number of people and their gender. Out of the 500 buildings sampled, 22 buildings were missing for several reasons: some were unreachable, others were found demolished; 5 of them were inexistent due to the lack of precision of the satellite image and in some houses, people refused to give information. In summary, our results cover 478 structures (buildings), 1,913 units (rooms/houses) and 5,359 residents of Kibera. Under one roof, the number of rooms range from 1 — 30 and one room is generally occupied by one household. Out of the 1,913 units, 1,725 were residential and the others were businesses, latrines, churches or other types of structures. 7
The number of residents counted in the sample was extrapolated using two different methods (table 1): 8
The first method is based on the buildings’ area where +7% error was applied for all results, taking into consideration 3% of non response and error of digitalization. For the built surface area of the sample of 3.7 ha, there are 5,359 residents therefore for 130.3 ha of built area, the number of residents is 201,935. 9
The second method used is the extrapolation of the population by the number of buildings. For the 478 buildings sampled, there are 5,359 residents, therefore for 17,045, the estimated population is 204,473 (including +7% error). 10
The results per village show a surprising heterogeneity throughout the different villages of Kibera. Kambi Muru and Laini Saba have a density of 48,000 inhabitants per km 2 while Soweto West and Kianda are highly dense with 129,000 inhabitants per km 2 . Soweto West and Kianda have the highest rates of children, while Kambi Muru and Laini Saba have the highest rates of single and business people. The average density is around 87,500 inhabitants per km 2 (figure 3). 11
Although our final result is far from the 1 million inhabitants, it is corroborated by other sources. UN-HABITAT did their estimation on the basis of a survey led by Research International in 2004. This survey found that the average household size was 5 persons and displayed an estimation of 400,000 to 700,000 people (Research International, 2005). Our survey has revealed that there is an average of 3.2 persons per households. 12
In order to validate our final results, we compared them with other figures from different sources. Stephano Maurras (Map Kibera, 2008), an independent researcher, conducted a similar survey in May 2008, seeking for a credible figure of the Kibera population. He chose one village, (Kianda), for a door-to-door survey and extrapolated the number of dwellers to the whole of Kibera and his estimation of this population is 252,500 residents. If we base our calculation on the estimated figure of Kianda village, meaning an extrapolation of Kianda population, the estimation of the population is 271,319 inhabitants in Kibera. This method may give a higher result because Kianda was found to be one of the most densely populated villages (Figure 3). The Mapping Kibera Project survey corroborates the results of the Keyobs-IFRA survey as its findings are within the same range. Carolina for Kibera used approximately 90% of Gatwekera village in their longitudinal study; we added 10% to their results and found a very slight difference with ours (Table 2). 13
The combination of GIS and a ground survey is relevant for an estimation of the population of an informal settlement, although this methodology has its limits. The satellite image has a resolution of 0.6 m, which is not precise enough for the digitalization (design) of the buildings. While beginning the ground survey, we realized that the map was sometimes not accurate; trees hid houses, open spaces where designed as buildings and some buildings were not accurately shaped. Another challenge experienced in locating the right structure on the ground. The surveyors were sometimes tempted to choose a random structure when the one they were supposed to find was unreachable. Whenever the results were found inaccurate (a large structure with few people), investigations were repeated. Indeed, the figure of 205,000 dwellers in Kibera is much less than expected. Although a much higher figure was expected, the IFRA-Keyobs’ results are corroborated by other sources. 14
3 Kikuyus and Kambas are two different ethnic groups in Kenya. Also a subject of fantasy, the inhabitants of this informal settlement are often described, in the NGO and media discourse, as young and jobless. On NGO websites, statistics are given without any supporting sources and they are often alarmist about the socio-economic status of Kibera’s dwellers. As proven by the preceding field results, the average household consists of 3.2 persons which is lower than expected, going by research international’s findings of an average of five people per household. These findings could be explained by the high rate of single persons in the eastern part of Kibera (figure 4), where the average household size is less than 3 people. The 2007–8 post-election violence (PEV) might have played a role. Laini saba is a village from which a lot of Kikuyus and Kambas 3 fled during that period of violence; this might also explain the high rates of single persons. 15
The villages situated in the western part of Kibera have the highest household sizes: Kianda 3.5; Soweto West 4.5 and Raila 4.2 (persons per household). This area of Kibera is mostly composed of young couples from Western Province. The percentage of children (0-17 years) is around 50%, while the average for Kibera is 36.5% (Figure 5). 16
4 Men above 18 years employed on a monthly or daily basis. In Kibera, only 8.5% of the men above 18 years stated they have no occupation (figure 6). Most of the residents’ occupations are informal, meaning that a lot of jobs are not recorded in official employment statistics. If we look at the age distribution, there are more women than men, except between the ages of 26 and 50 years (figure 5). Therefore, it could be suggested that the male migration for work is quite common. The eastern part of Kibera is close to the industrial area and it has more than 40% of households composed of a single person or “singles living together” (figure 4). Soweto east and Silanga have the highest rates of employed men 4, 79% and 76% respectively. It shows that a lot of men are coming to Nairobi to work; leaving their families in their rural areas. In Kibera, 10% of the households are comprised of singles sharing a room, a situation that helps reduce the cost of living in Nairobi, while 23% of the households are composed of a single person living alone. They are mostly young single and married men, working as guards, gardeners, construction or factory workers, who send money to their families. 17
Job insecurity is still a real problem: 45% of employed people are self-employed or those who get work on a day-day basis. Both activities do not guaranty a regular income so households are still vulnerable and poor. The main activity for women is self-employment (24%) with activities such as selling vegetable or fish and cooking local food. The average income for women is 42% lower than the average man’s. Indeed, women have to look after their young children, do the house work therefore, they have less time for working outside. 18
The income per person was calculated by dividing the income per household by the number of individuals; for Kibera it is 3,977 Kenyan shillings (KSh) per person per month (USD 39). In 2003, UN-HABITAT set the poverty level at KSh 2,645 per person per month (USD 26) in urban areas in Kenya. This poverty level could be higher in recent times due to inflation. With an average income of KSh 2,260 per person per month (USD 22), single women with kids are the most vulnerable people. Another vulnerable category is people living in a nuclear family where 68% live with less than KSh 2,645 per month. The singles seem to be less poor, but we can consider this as a bias as they usually share their income with their families living outside Nairobi. The map of the people living below the poverty line shows that the western part of Kibera, which has the highest rates of children, is also the poorest area (figure 7). 19
The labelling of Kibera as “the biggest slum in Africa” has become a slogan but it is inappropriate to say that it is a reality. The results presented in this article showed that the population of Kibera is a lot less than expected. Kibera is certainly large in terms of surface area, but no study yet has been made to compare Africa’s informal settlements. Our estimation confirmed the real situation, as 170,070 people were enumerated in Kibera during the 2009 census. Moreover, this survey provides an up-to-date estimation of the population and new statistics on poverty levels, employment and age of the population. The combination of remote sensing and ground survey is extremely relevant and must be pushed for in future demographic and population projects. 20
Nevertheless, the methodology has its limits. The satellite image has a resolution of 0.6 m, which is really not adequate for the digitalization of slum buildings. Indeed, only the roofs of the buildings are detected and subtle limitations could not be detected from the satellite. Moreover there is no unique distinction between an individual housing structure and a building. Several buildings were also found to be housed under one roof. This remote-sensing methodology is a new and relevant tool, although improvements could be done such as acquiring a satellite image with a better resolution and investing in better training of surveyors. This study has shown that remote sensing and GIS technologies have an important role to play in population projects. 21
Bibliography
DOI are automaticaly added to references by Bilbo, OpenEdition's Bibliographic Annotation Tool.
Users of institutions which have subscribed to one of OpenEdition freemium programs can download references for which Bilbo found a DOI in standard formats using the buttons available on the right.
Amis, Philip. 1984. “Squatters or Tenants: The Commercialization of Unauthorized Housing in Nairobi.”
World Development 12 (1): 87–96.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-750X(84)90037-8
Maupeu, Hervé & Jerôme Lafargue. 1998. “La société civile kényane : Entre résilience et résistance.” Politique
Africaine 70: 61–73.
Map Kibera. 2008. http://mapkiberaproject.yolasite.com/maps-andstatistics.php
Mbataru, Patrick. 2004. “The Anatomy of a Crisis: Transitional Politics and the Rent Crisis in Nairobi.”
L’Afrique Orientale , Annuaire 2003: 189–232.
Research International. 2005. Kibera Social and Economic
Mapping : Household Survey Data . Nairobi: Government of Kenya/UN-HABITAT.
Rodriguez-Torres, Deyssi. 1995. Nairobi: Le bidonville face à la ville . Cahiers du CIDEP 24. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Rodriguez-Torrès, Deyssi. 1998. “Entre informel et illégal. Survivre à Nairobi : Le Kenya. Le contrat social à l’abandon.” Politique Africaine 70: 54–60.
Stergou, Charlotte. 2009. La Construction territoriale :
Stratégies d’acteurs et enjeux pour la mobilisation
citoyenne, zone informelle de Kibera , Nairobi . Mémoire de recherche sous la direction de Gérard Salem, Université Paris 10 Nanterre.
Notes
1 Kibra means “forest” in the Nubian language.
2 A shapefile is a geographical geo-referenced information file in Arcview, software used in Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
3 Kikuyus and Kambas are two different ethnic groups in Kenya.
4 Men above 18 years employed on a monthly or daily basis.
List of illustrations
Title Figure 1: Satellite Image of Kibera
Credits Source: Keyobs (2009).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/docannexe/image/521/img-1.png
File image/png, 270k
Title Figure 2: Survey Map
Credits Source: Keyobs-IFRA (2009).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/docannexe/image/521/img-2.png
File image/png, 1.4M
Title Figure 3: Population Density in Kibera
Credits Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/docannexe/image/521/img-3.png
File image/png, 52k
Title Figure 4: Single Persons’ Households
Credits Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/docannexe/image/521/img-4.png
File image/png, 53k
Title Figure 5: Age Distribution
Credits Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/docannexe/image/521/img-5.png
File image/png, 16k
Title Figure 6: Occupation
Credits Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009).
URL http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/docannexe/image/521/img-6.png
File image/png, 22k
Title Figure 7: People Living Below the Poverty Line
Credits Source: IFRA-Keyobs Field Survey (2009)
URL http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/docannexe/image/521/img-7.png
File image/png, 321k
References
Bibliographical reference
Amélie Desgroppes and Sophie Taupin, « Kibera: The Biggest Slum in Africa? », Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review , 44 | 2011, 23-33.
Electronic reference
Amélie Desgroppes and Sophie Taupin, « Kibera: The Biggest Slum in Africa? », Les Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est / The East African Review [Online], 44 | 2011, Online since 07 May 2019, connection on 11 December 2019. URL : Kibera: The Biggest Slum in Africa?
About the authors
Amélie Desgroppes
Cartographer and Project Manager at the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) Nairobi, Kenya.
Sophie Taupin
Sophie Taupin, GIS expert, Project Manager at Keyobs,

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Kenya iheshimiwe........Chuki yenu inatujenga


Least Developed Countries
Least Developed Countries
Former LDCs
The Least Developed Countries ( LDCs ) is a list of
developing countries that, according to the United Nations , exhibit the lowest indicators of
socioeconomic development , with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world . The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. [1]
A country is classified among the Least Developed Countries if it meets three criteria: [2][3]
Poverty – adjustable criterion based on GNI per capita averaged over three years. As of 2018 a country must have GNI per capita less than US$ 1,025 to be included on the list, and over $1,230 to graduate from it.
Human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition , health , education and adult literacy ).
Economic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters).
As of 2018, 47 countries are classified as LDC, while five have been upgraded between 1994 and 2017. [4] The WTO recognizes the UN list of LDCs in toto . Philosophically, [5]
“ Measures taken in the framework of the WTO can help LDCs increase their exports to other WTO members and attract investment. In many developing countries, pro-market reforms have encouraged faster growth, diversification of exports, and more effective participation in the multilateral trading system. ”
Overview
LDC criteria are reviewed every three years by the
Committee for Development Policy (CDP) of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Countries may "graduate" out of the LDC classification when indicators exceed these criteria in two consecutive triennial reviews. [6] The United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) coordinates UN support and provides advocacy services for Least Developed Countries. The classification (as of June 2017) applies to 47 countries. [4]
At the UN's fourth conference on LDCs, which was held in May 2011, delegates endorsed a goal targeting the promotion of at least half the current LDC countries within the next ten years. [7] As of 2018, 10 or more countries are expected to be upgraded until 2024, with Bangladesh and Djibouti satisfying all criteria in 2018 already. [8]
There are three countries which presently meet the criteria for LDC status, but have declined to be included in the index, questioning the validity or accuracy of the CDP's data: Ghana , Papua New Guinea , and Zimbabwe . [9]
Usage and abbreviations
Least developed countries can be distinguished from
developing countries , "less developed countries", "lesser developed countries", or other terms for countries in the so-called Third World. Although many contemporary scholars argue that "Third World" is outdated, irrelevant or inaccurate, others may use the term "Fourth World" in reference to least developed countries (although Fourth World is also used to refer to stateless ethnic groups). The term "less economically developed country" (LEDC) is also used today.
However, in order to avoid confusion between "least developed country" and or LEDC "less economically developed country" (which may both be abbreviated as LDC), and to avoid confusion with landlocked developing country (which can be abbreviated as LLDC), " developing country " is generally used in preference to "less-developed country".
During a United Nations review in 2018, the UN defined LDCs as countries meeting three criteria, one of which was a three-year average estimate of gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $1,025. Countries with populations over 75 million are excluded. [10]
Graduation from the LDC category
The three criteria (human assets, economic vulnerability and gross national income per capita) are assessed by the Committee for Development Policy every three years. Countries must meet two of the three criteria at two consecutive triennial reviews to be considered for graduation. The Committee for Development Policy sends its recommendations for endorsement to the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). [11]
Since the LDC category was initiated, five countries have graduated to developing country status. The first country to graduate from LDC status was Botswana in 1994. The second country was Cape Verde in 2007. [12] Maldives graduated to developing country status on 1 January 2011, Samoa graduated in 2014[13][14] and Equatorial Guinea in 2017. [15]
Vanuatu will graduate in 2020, Angola in 2021, Bhutan in 2023 and São Tomé and Príncipe and Solomon Islands will leave the category in 2024. [11]
UN conferences on the least developed countries
There have been four United Nations conferences on LDCs, held every ten years. The first two were in Paris, in 1981 and 1991; the third was in Brussels in 2001.
The Fourth UN Conference on Least Developed Countries (LDC-IV) was held in Istanbul, Turkey, 9–13 May 2011. It was attended by Ban Ki-Moon , the head of the UN, and close to 50 prime ministers and heads of state. The conference endorsed the goal of raising half the existing Least developed countries out of the LDC category by 2022. As with the Seoul Development Consensus drawn up in 2010, there was a strong emphasis on boosting productive capability and physical infrastructure, with several NGOs not pleased with the emphasis placed on the private sector. [7][16]
Role of civil society
In the process of increasing awareness towards the needs of the LDCs, the importance of the inputs and contributions of the members of the Civil Society were first acknowledged during the NGO Forum held in parallel to the third UN Conference on Least Developed Countries in Brussels in 2001. The importance of civil society and its contributions has also been recognised in the UNGA Resolution 63/227. Post LDC III, civil society actors have been actively engaged and involved in the UN Decision making processes concerning LDCs. They have also been involved in the implementation and follow-up, monitoring and review of the progress made by LDCs and the success of the implementation of the BPoA. For LDC IV, the UN-OHRLLS has entrusted LDC Watch, a global network of LDC Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), with taking the lead in coordinating the civil society track.
LDC Watch has organised civil society consultations at various levels. At the regional level, in partnership with the UN-OHRLLS and relevant UN agencies, the following three consultations have been organised:
1. Africa LDC Civil Society Assembly on 5–6 March 2010, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) in the lead-up to the official regional review in Africa
2. Pacific LDC Civil Society Assembly on 3–6 August 2010, Port Vila (Vanuatu) in parallel to the forty-first official Pacific Islands Forum
3. Asia LDC Civil Society Assembly on 22–23 November 2010, Bangkok (Thailand)
These consultations were organised to critically assess the progress made by LDCs in the ten years since the adoption of the Brussels Programme of Action and with the intention of influencing the outcome of LDC IV.
As the LDC Governments and their development partners prepare to gather together for UNLDC IV, members of Civil Society are also preparing to meet during the Civil Society Forum, [1] which is going to be held in parallel to the official conference. UN-OHRLLS has mandated LDC Watch as the lead Civil Society Organization to coordinate the Civil Society track towards the LDC-IV conference. The Forum will open two days before the official conference begins and will continue till the end of the conference. It will bring together NGOs from all the LDCs, as well as representatives from the civil society at all levels including women’s movements, youth movements, trade unions, peasant federations, media personnel and human rights defenders.
Trade and LDCs
Issues surrounding global trade regulations and LDCs have gained a lot of media and policy attention thanks to the recently collapsed Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations being termed a development round. During the WTO's Hong Kong Ministerial , it was agreed that LDCs could see 100 percent duty-free, quota-free access to U.S. markets if the round were completed. But analysis of the deal by NGOs found that the text of the proposed LDC deal had substantial loopholes that might make the offer less than the full 100 percent access, and could even erase some current duty-free access of LDCs to rich country markets. [17][18] Dissatisfaction with these loopholes led some economists to call for a reworking of the Hong Kong deal. [ citation needed ]
Dr. Chiedu Osakwe, as of 2001 the Director, Technical Cooperation Division at the Secretariat of the WTO, and adviser to the Director-General on developing country matters, was appointed as the WTO Special Coordinator for the Least Developed Countries beginning in 1999. [19] He worked closely with the five other agencies that together with the WTO constitute the Integrated Framework of action for the Least Developed Countries. They addressed issues of market access, special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries, participation of developing countries in the multilateral trading system, and development questions, especially the interests of developing countries in competition policy. [20] At the 28th G8 summit in Kananaskis, Alberta , Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien proposed and carried the Market Access Initiative, so that the then 48 LDCs could profit from "trade-not-aid". [21]
Current LDCs
The list of "least developed countries" according to the United Nations with some that are categorised into the landlocked developing countries and the
Small Island Developing States :[22]
Africa
In Africa , there are 33 countries that are classified as least developed countries.
Angola
Benin
Burkina Faso [23]
Burundi [23]
Central African Republic[23]
Chad [23]
Comoros [24]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia [23]
Gambia
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Lesotho [23]
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi[23]
Mali [23]
Mauritania
Mozambique
Niger [23]
Rwanda [23]
São Tomé and Príncipe [24]
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Sudan [23]
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda [23]
Zambia [23]
Asia
In Asia , there are 9 countries that are classified as least developed countries.
Afghanistan [23]
Bangladesh
Bhutan [23]
Cambodia
East Timor [24]
Laos[23]
Myanmar
Nepal [23]
Yemen
Oceania
In Oceania, there are 4 countries that are classified as least developed countries.
Kiribati [24]
Solomon Islands [24]
Tuvalu[24]
Vanuatu [24][25]
America
In the Americas, there is one country that is classified as a least developed country.
Haiti
Former LDCs
Sikkim (became a state within the Republic of India in 1975) [26][27]
Botswana (graduated from LDC status in 1994) [28]
Cape Verde (graduated in 2007) [28]
Maldives (graduated in 2011) [28]
Samoa (graduated in 2014) [29]
Equatorial Guinea (graduated in 2017) [30]
See also
Development geography
Development economics – Economics of developing economies
Economic development
Extreme poverty
Failed state
Group of 77
Heavily indebted poor countries
List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita – Wikimedia list article
More developed country (MDC), opposite of LDCs
Newly industrialized country
Right to development
Third World – A term coined during the Cold War and for a while used to denote developing countries in general
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Vienna Declaration and Programme of A

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