CCM ITIMIZE AHADI ZAKE KWA WAISLAMU
Tanzania Prime Minister, Mr Edward Lowassa, has kicked off a national debate over the introduction of Kadhi's courts in the country's judicial system.
The controversy echoes the situation in the other East African Community member states, especially in Kenya where the debate is at the centre of the presidential campaigns.
Lowassa's, almost inoffensive, remarks were in response to recent calls to parliament to give priority to the creation of the courts to arbitrate in exclusively Muslim disputes.
Justice and Constitutional Affairs minister, Dr Mary Nagu, pre-empted what would have been explosive national discourse when she said the legislature could not debate the issue as it was already in court. It is public knowledge that her response provided a temporary lull before a major storm.
That persistent Muslim grumbling is taking on a regional dimension and calls for a rethink of governments about how to forestall looming religious intolerance. Governments in the region have a responsibility to explain to Muslims why they cannot grant them their wish rather than burying their heads in the sand and hope the issue will fade away.
Religious extremism
East African Muslims have since independence been pushing for the recognition of their religious rights, one of which is to be allowed to operate what Christians perceive as a parallel judicial system anchored on the Islamic faith.
When he commented on the matter during a visit to Mbeya region last week, Lowassa appealed to Muslims to be patient as the state looks into their request.
At present, Islamic laws are parallel to secular ones in the semi-autonomous Zanzibar Island. Muslims want the courts introduced in the rest of the country.
The prime minister's remarks drew sharp reactions from Christians, who fear that the introduction of Kadhi's court's, which have been in existence in Kenya, is a precursor to the 'dreaded' sharia law.
Christian fears and resentment of the court were expressed through political maverick, Rev Christopher Mtikila's indictment of Lowassa last week.
"The remarks by Lowassa were totally wrong. He contradicted Nagu, who said it was contempt of court to refer the matter to parliament because the matter was already in court," Mtikila, who has twice ran for presidency, remarked.
Given the emotive reaction to the latter in countries such as Nigeria, where Christianity and Islam command nearly equal following, sharia has the potential to unleash religious extremism in a generally peaceful region as either religion attempts to outdo the other.
In its latest assessment of religious tolerance, in Kenya and by extension the rest of East Africa, the US State Department said in a report published on September 14 that the Kadhi's court is still a sensitive issue in Kenya and the neighboring countries.
The report read: "Muslim and Christian groups [in Kenya] remained engaged in a longstanding debate over whether special Islamic courts should be recognised in the country's Constitution. Muslim groups voiced concerns regarding a proposed Anti-Terrorism Bill, which they perceived as being against Muslims."
The same case applies to Tanzania where, during election campaigns, Zanzibar often explodes into religious-instigated violence as Muslims complain of discrimination and domination by Christian Mainlanders.
Mainlanders on their part revile the Islanders, whom they perceive as a threat to national security. It is therefore hardly surprising that the Civic United Front (CUF) party, in spite of coming up with election manifestos that touch the concerns of ordinary Tanzanians, lacks support on the mainland.
On the Isles, CUF enjoys almost fanatic following among Muslims. Prof Ibrahim Lipumba, despite his impressive academic and political record, lost the 2000 and 2005 presidential elections to Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) candidates for contesting in the "wrong" party.
Most Muslims huddle in CCM for fear of reprisals and as a means of having a bite of the national cake without looking over their shoulders.
As the debate on Kadhi's courts raged, President Jakaya Kikwete, himself a Muslim, was last Monday forced to appeal for patience as the Law Reform Commission - which is looking into the recommendations of a committee that toured Kenya, Uganda and South Africa to study how the Kadhi's courts operate - concludes its work.
In countries where Kadhi's courts exist; they are 'subordinate' to secular magistrate's courts and the High Court. They serve Muslims in matters relating to marriage, divorce and administration of property.
The controversial Bomas draft constitution provides for the creation of a Kadhi's Court of Appeal, an issue Kenyan Christians have been opposed to. It is the same case in Tanzania.
Kikwete told Christians during the inauguration of Alex Malalusa as the Evangelistic Lutheran Church of Tanzanian Archbishop in Dar es Salaam:
"In the recent past, I have seen signs of growing religious intolerance and unless we remain vigilant the peaceful co-existence between Muslims and Christians may not last long."
"I would like to assure the entire country that the Government will not make decisions that do not take into account the interest of the country. Also, the matter will not be sneaked into our laws," he said, as he acknowledged the sensitive nature of the matter.
Like their Tanzanian counterparts, Kenyan Christians are suspicious that an attempt to create a Court of Appeal to exclusively serve Muslims would be a betrayal of sections of the Constitution that proclaim Kenya a secular state.
Tanzania has 'conventions' that provides for alternation of the presidency between Christians and Muslims. Founding Tanzania President Julius Nyerere was Christian, while successor Ali Hassan Mwinyi was a Muslim. Mwinyi handed power to Benjamin Mkapa, a Christian, who in turn passed on the baton to Kikwete.
The debate has gone beyond EAC and the State Department report on international religious freedom illustrates how religion is increasingly becoming central to regional politics.
It noted that, in Kenya, "Muslim and Christian groups remained engaged in a tussle over whether special Islamic courts should be recognised in the country's constitution…Muslim groups voiced concerns regarding a proposed Anti-terrorism Bill, which they perceived as being against Muslims."
It added, "Kadhis' courts, however, are 'subordinate' courts, meaning that the secular High Court has jurisdiction to supervise any civil or criminal proceedings. And any party involved in the proceedings may refer a question involving interpretation, or directly appeal a decision, to the High Court."
In spite of the Muslim displeasure with governments in the region, it noted: "There is generally a great level of tolerance among religious groups, although some Muslims perceive themselves to be treated as second-class citizens in a predominantly Christian country. Intermarriage between Muslims and Christians, although less frequent, is also socially acceptable."