Pengine kabla ya kutoa hukumu ya jumla kwa kundi zima la wasomi wenye tuzo za udaktari wa falsafa hapa nchini, ama lile kundi lingine la watunukiwa wa tuzo hizo kupitia kutambulika kwa michango yao katika jamii, ni vyema tukaepuka makosa ya kimtazamo kwa kumlinganisha mtu mmoja mmoja ama baadhi yao, na mtu mwingine, na kisha kuhalalisha kuwa ndiyo ni mapungufu ya kundi zima.
Kuna elimu nzuri tunaweza kuipata katika somo la "Organization Behaviors" ambalo linatufundisha kuhusu mapungufu ya kile tunachokiona, kukisoma, kukisikia, kukiamini ama pia hata kuaminishwa.
Ili kukwepa kupoteza maana sahihi ya kimaudhui na kimantiki iliyokusudiwa, pengine nifanye nukuu hii hapa chini katika desa mojawapo linalohusiana na makosa kama hayo ya kimtazamo kuhusu PhD kama vile ifuatavyo,
A perceptual error is the inability to judge humans, things or situations fairly and accurately. Examples could include such things as bias, prejudice, stereotyping, which have always caused human beings to err in different aspects of their lives.
There are many types of perceptual errors in workplace
1.Selective Perception-People generally interpret according to their basis of interests,idea and backgrounds.
2.Halo Effect-We
misjudge people by concentrating on one single behavior or trait
3.Stereotypes-We always have a tendency to classify people to a general groups/categories in order to simplify the matter.
4.Contrast Effect-We sometimes judge people in comparison to others
5.Projection of one's own attitude,personality or behavior into some other person.
6.Impression-We all know the term "first impression is the last impression" and we apply that too