Game Theory
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Jamani mimi nina chaneli ya high quality mbao (zilizokatwa na ambazo bado hazijakatwa) for export toka nchi jirani. Documents na leseni zote zipo. Nafikiria masoko ya Far East na Middle East. Hivyo UAE, SAUDIA, IRAN na kule Malaysia, Vietnam na kadhalika ndio nakutaka.
Je, kuna mtu anaweza kunipa links au ushauri?
MAULIZO YA WADAU WENGINE
Nasikia Biashara ya mbao au ukataji mbao na inalipa? Au kama mtu yeyote mwenye ufahamu wowote wa hii biashara naomba anisaidie.
Mwenye uelewa juu ya biashara ya mbao anisaidie. Nafikiria kufanya biashara hii, nataka kujua faida na changamoto zake, pia minimum capital ni kiasi gani?
Mie nataka kulima miti ya Mininga kwa ajiri ya mbao. Plz naombeni mwongozo. Je, miti hii itakua tayari kuvunwa baada ya muda gani? Na je, ni mikoa gani inafaa kwa kilimo hiki?
MICHANGO WA WADAU KUHUSU BIASHARA HII
NASHAURI UPANDAJI WA PINES NA CYPRESSMimi nigependa kuwahamasisha wanaJF kupanda miti ya mbao hasa mbao nyeupe (pines and cypress). Miti hii inasitawi sana sehemu za nyanda za juu kusini.
Mimi nilianza kupanda miti hii kama miaka kumi iliyopita. Nimepanda miti mingi kila mwaka bila kukosa. Kwa sasa ninazo ekari nyingi za miti hii. Vile vile miaka ya karibuni nimepanda eucalyptus.
Wakati naanza kupanda miti mche mmoja nilikuwa nanunua kwa Shs 50 na kuupanda kwa Shs 20. Kwa vile napanda miti mingi (zaidi ya laki moja kwa mwaka) baadaye niliamua kuotesha miche mimi mwenyewe ili kupunguza gharama.
Gharama zaidi ya miche na upandaji ni barabara za moto kuzunguka msitu. Hata hivyo nilinunua ngómbe na kuwaweka kwenye shamba ili wale majani yanayozunguka msitu. Wamenisaidia sana.
Unaweza kupanda miti kidogo kidogo kila mwaka kutumia mshahara wako kama nilivyofanya mimi. Baada ya miaka kadhaa utakuwa na miti mingi na utaweza kuwa unauza miti au kupasua mbao kila mwaka.
KILIMO CHA MITI NI BIASHARA INAYOCHUKUWA MUDA MREFU KIDOGOKazi ya kupanda miti inachukua muda mrefu kidogo. Hesabia siyo chini ya miaka kumi na mbili hivi toka upande ndiyo unaanza kuvuna.
Unatakiwa kwenda nayo taratibu. Kila mwaka panda miti kiasi fulani ili utakapoanza kuvuna uendelee kuvuna kila mwaka na kupanda ulikovuna. Kuhusu gharama za kupanda zinatofautiana kufuatana na kijiji. Kijijini kwangu kwa sasa nadhani ni aghali kidogo kwani ni watu wengi wanopanda miti. Muamko umekuwa mkubwa sana.
Ni mimi niliwastua baada ya kuona kazi niliyokuwa naifanya. Kwa sasa nadhani mche mmoja upo chini ya Sh 100 nakuupanda ni Shs 30. Mimi nilianza kwa kununua mche Shs 30 na kupanda Shs 20. Hiyo ilikuwa miaka kumi iliyopita lakini leo mti huo naweza kuuza siyo chini ya Shs 10,000 mpaka 20,000.
Kiasi cha mbao utakazopata inategemea na aina ya miti, matunzo, umri wa mti, na ulipanda kwa nafasi gani (distance between trees). Mazungumzo yangu hapa yanahusu zaidi miti aina ya Pines. Kwa kawaida tegemea kupata kati ya mbao tano za 2x6 kama ukiharakisha kuvuna lakini mtihuo kama umekomaa (miaka 25 hivi) umetunzwa vizuri na ulipandwa kwa nafasi nzuri unaweza kutoa hadi mbao 30.
Wengi wetu ikifika miaka 12 tunavuna, na kinachopatikana siyo haba lakini nadhani ni nzuri zaidi kuvuna kuanzia miaka 15 au 16 hivi kwani utakuwa na uhakika wa kupata pingili siyo chini ya mbili na mbao ndefu za 2x6 angalau 6 nakwenda juu . Ubao mmoja wa 2x6 uliopakwa dawa hapo DSM unauzwa siyo chini ya Shs 17,000 na kule Mafinga kiwandani bila dawa ni Shs 10,000 bila kupungua senti tano.
Maeneo Mazuri za Kupanda Miti
Miti ninayozungumzia hapa ni Pines, Cypress na Eucalyptus. Miti hii inaota na kustawi vizuri sana nyanda za juu kusini. Ukitaka kupanda miti nakushauri uende Njombe halafu kutoka hapo fuata barabara nne: Kwenda Makete, Kwenda Ludewa, Kwenda Songea na Kwenda Lupembe. Utakapopita sehemu hizo zote utaoona maeneo mazuri sana ya kupanda miti. Kupata eneo unaweza kununua kijijini au kwa wananchi.
Nakushauri usikubali kukodishiwa. Bei inategemea na eneo. Kuna sehemu upandaji wa miti umeshika kasi sana kwa hiyo maeneo hayo ardhi itakuwa aghali kidogo japokuwa ndiyo sehemu nzuri kwani wananchi wake watakuwa na uzoefu wa upandaji miti na hutakuwa peke yako kwenye kuhangaika kudhibiti moto.
Matunzo ya Miti
Baada ya kupanda unaweza kufyekelea mara moja au mbili mpaka mti ukomae. Pruning nayo unaweza kufanya mara mbili. Njia za kuzuia moto (Fire Lines) unatakiwa utengeneze kila mwaka bila kukosa. Kwa vile mimi nimepanda eneo kubwa basi niliamua kununua ng'ombe ambao wananisaidia kupunguza majani pembezoni mwa shamba.
Ili uweze kumudu vizuri upandaji wa miti mingi, hasa kama utapanda kila mwaka, na nakushauri upande kila mwaka kwa kweli inabidi uajiri kijana, kama siyo mwanzoni basi baada ya miaka kadhaa kupita.
Yeye ndiye atakayekuwa ndiyo wa kwanza kujua shamba linakabiliwa na matatizo gani na namna ya kuyatatua haraka iwezekanavyo. Mimi shamba langu ni kubwa (siyo chini ya ekari 1500) nimeajiri vijana watatu. Mmoja wao anaishi ndani ya shamba na ndiye anayetunza ng'ombe. Pamoja na ukubwa wa shamba lakini nimelipanda polepole kwa miaka kama kumi hivi.
Nimeamua kuambatanisha picha chache za mradi wangu nashindwa kuleta nyingi zaidi kwa vile zinatumia muda mrefu mno kuload.
INTRODUCTIONTeak (Tectona grandis Linn.f.), an important timber species of worldwide reputation (Banik, 1993) has indigenous distribution in Peninsular India, Myanmar, Thailand and Laos. It is believed to be an early introduction in Java (White, 1991).
Outside its natural habitat, it is cultivated in South and South-East Asia, the Pacific, Africa, the Caribbean Islands, South America and Central America (Tewari, 1992), accounting for 14% of tropical forestry plantations (Evans, 1982).
Although systematic planting and management of teak dates back to the 1840s, a number of problems have been identified in maintenance and improvement of productivity in plantations. The commercial interest in shortening rotation may complicate management practices for want of enough growth data under high fertilizer and irrigation inputs. Apart from this, the impact of intensive high input forestry on sustainable production is also not clear.
This paper reviews the traditional plantation techniques and highlights various issues associated with management and productivity of teak in plantations.
TRADITIONAL PLANTATION TECHNIQUE
Teak forests are regenerated artificially, except in the dry teak forests, which are worked under a coppice system, or for the moister forests where the advance growth is cut back to form the new crop. The common practice is to raise new crops using root-shoot cuttings (stumps).
This procedure has been going on for over a century in India. Various techniques of artificial regeneration have been more or less standardised, although there is scope for further improvement. More than knowledge about correct technique, a correct programme of work and its execution according to schedule is critical (Tewari, 1992).
Seed collection and nursery
Seed collection, storage and pre-sowing treatment
'Seeds' (technically fruits) are collected from the ground as and when they fall during January and February. The bladder-like calyx is removed by vigorously rubbing it inside a gunny bag. The seeds are then cleaned by winnowing. Seeds store well in gunny bags or sealed tins for 2-3 years.
The stony hard pericarp poses a problem for quick and uniform germination. In order to hasten germination, various pre-sowing treatments have been developed.
Some of the beneficial treatments include: 1) alternate soaking in water and drying for 24 hours each for two weeks; 2) immersing the seed in water for a number of days; 3) soaking the seed in a mixture of cowdung for a period up to one week; 4) putting the seeds in alternate layers of seed and sand in a pit with daily watering for 7 days, and then drying and storing till time of sowing; and 5) spreading the seed in a 10 cm layer in the sun on a mat or cement platform and watering constantly until commencement of germination.
Nursery site, preparation of beds, and seed rate
Well-drained sandy loam with gently sloping terrain is recommended for preparing nurseries.
Each bed is of 1.2 m (12 m size, spaced at 0.3 m to 0.6 m between beds and 0.6 m to 1.6 m between rows of beds. Each bed produces about 400-800 plantable stumps. The ground is ploughed and the area of the bed is dug out to a depth of 0.3 m. Roots, stumps and stones are removed.
The clods of earth are broken fine. The soil is allowed to weather for about a month and then filled into the nursery bed with sand and organic matter. However, when temporary nurseries are established in forest areas rich in nutrients, no additional manurial inputs are necessary.
In moist localities the beds are raised to a height of 30 cm from ground level to prevent water logging. In dry zones, beds are made flush with the ground level. In very dry localities, with a mean annual rainfall of 750 mm or less, slightly sunken beds give better results.
The seed rate per standard bed of 12 m (1.2 m varies from 3 kg to 12 kg. At Nilambur in Kerala, about 5kg of seeds are commonly used.
Method of sowing of seed in seed bed and maintenance
Both broadcast sowing and line sowing or dibbling 5-10 cm apart are practiced. Line sowing or dibblings have greater seed economy and better survival and growth. Beds normally do not need any overhead shade. Irrigation is not provided except in very dry areas. Beds are maintained free of weeds.
Plantation establishment
Selection of site
The site for planting may be either plain or gently sloping with excellent drainage. Soils derived from gneisses, schists and trap are good for teak. Alluvial sites are superior for teak growth while laterite or lateritic gravel as well as clays, black cotton, sandy and gravely soils derived from sandstone are not good for teak plantations.
Preparation of planting site
After removal of saleable material, the site is given a burn to dispose of the slash and improve access and fertility. A study conducted by the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) indicates that slash-burning does not help to improve the growth of teak beyond the first year (Chacko et al., 1991).
Method of raising plantations
Stump (a root-shoot cutting) planting is the popular method of raising plantations. Stumps with a 1-2 cm diameter (at the thickest part, referred to as 'stump thickness') prepared out of one-year-old seedlings are planted in holes made with a crowbar.
In dry localities, where rainfall is less than 900 mm, pre-sprouted stumps raised in polythene containers a few months in advance give satisfactory results. Direct sowing and transplanting of bare-root seedlings, though practiced in some areas, do not give satisfactory results.
Method of planting and spacing
Stumps are planted in crowbar holes and generally buried up to the collar. In drier localities stumps are planted flush to the ground. In hard soil, it is practiced to plant stumps in pits of 30 cm deep and 15 cm diameter.
Although spacings of 1.8 m (1.8 m to 3.6 m (3.6 m are practiced in different regions, 2 m (2 m is the most common.
Weeding
Weeds, especially grasses, retard teak growth and therefore are managed below the level of competition either by fork weeding, scrape weeding, uprooting or knife cutting at ground level. The number and intensity of weedings vary with the intensity of weed growth.
Intercropping
Intercropping in teak plantations (termed as 'taungya') during the initial two years of planting is a common practice where there is a demand for cultivatable land. Once the plantation area is leased out, the cleaning of the site, burning, staking and planting are done by the lease holders.
The common intercrops are paddy, chillies, maize, wheat, sesame and various vegetables. Crops such as sugarcane, wet rice, plantain, jute, cotton, or creeping vegetables such as pumpkin and cucumber are not allowed.
During the growth of the field crop, the weeding and tending of teak are done by the lease-holding farmers. However, in certain regions the practice of 'taungya' has been discontinued for reasons of soil degradation and suppression of teak (Alexander et al., 1980).
Plantation maintenance
Weeding and cleaning
Generally two to four weedings a year are required in plantations during the first three years. Scrape weedings can effectively control weeds. Cleaning is done in areas where bamboo forms the main understorey.
Thinning
Thinning prescriptions vary from one locality to another. Unfortunately, it is often governed by revenue rather than silvicultural considerations. In a good quality plantation, managed on a 50 year rotation, the thinnings are carried out at the fourth, eighth, 12th, 18th, 26th and 35th years. Thinning schedule varies with site quality. In better plantations the thinnings are done early as compared to poor plantations.
The first two thinnings in plantations with an initial spacing of 1.8 m (1.8 m or 2 m (2 m are mechanical wherein 50 % of stock is removed in each thinning. Alternate diagonals in the first thinning, and alternate rows in the next are thinned. Climber cutting and cutting back of overtopping bamboos and other species are done during the early thinnings.
Reference: Management of Teak Plantations, Overview of problems in teak plantation establishment - Dr. Apichart Kaosa-ard (accessed online at Management of Teak Plantations)
MAMBO YA KUZINGATIA KATIKA BIASHARA YA MBAO
Biashara ya mbao ni nzuri sana na ina faida nzuri endapo utaisimamia na kuikubali na kuvumilia.
Mambo ya kuzingatia.
1. Unatakiwa uwe na usajiri (registration) wa kufanya biashara ya mbao hii utaipata ofisi ya misitu ya manispaa uliko japo kua ni shida sana kupata usajiri (naskia imekua deligated to ofisi za misitu za wilaya) usajiri huu ndio utakao kuwezesha kutambulika na serikali km ume ruhusiwa kununua na kuuza mbao pia usajiri ndio utautumia kukata kibari cha kusafirishia mzigo (T.P)
2. Kwa upande wa mtaji inategemea na malengo yako kama.
i} Nataka kununua miti kuchana na kusafirisha mbao mwenyewe au unataka kununua mbao tu kisha una safirisha
ii} Unataka utoe magari mangapi ya mbao kwa wiki/mwezi
iii} usafiri utakao utumia kusafirishia mzigo ni fuso au semi? maana bei ya fuso iko chini zaid ya semi lakini semi inabeba mzigo mkubwa kuanzia pieces 1000-1500 kulingana na size ya mbao.na fuso inabeba pieces 300-400 kulingana na size ya mbao.
*Mbao zina tofautiana kiwango cha bei kulingana na aina ya mti ila kwa iringa(sina uzoefu nako) miti mingi ni pine.kwa ufupi ni kwamba mtaji usiwe chini ya 4 kwa kuanziA.
3. Mbao inauzwa kwa futi au mita,bei ina tofautiana kulingana na size e.g 1x10 ina bei yake,1x8 ina bei yake, 2x6 ina bei yake, 2x4 ina bei yake.kwa hiyo una takiwa uwe makini na vipimo wakati wa kuchana, kununua, na kuuza epuka sana kuchaniwa mbao ambazo ni under size mfano mbao ya 1x10 wakati wa kupima ikawa 1x9 hiyo tayari ni hasara kwa sababu ukienda kuuza bei itapungua.
Eneo hili la vipimbo ndipo panapo umiza I mean hasara na faida ya mbao ipo kwenye vipimo kwa hiyo unapo peleka mzigo sokoni uwe mjanja na makini sna kwenye vipimo ukienda kichwa kichwa unaibiwa bila kujua.
4. Soko la mbao upatikanaji wake ni mgumu kidogo hasa kwa wageni wa hii biashara kwa sababu biashara hii ni ya kimtandao zaidi na mara nyingi wanunuzi wa mbao wana agiza mzigo kwa order hivyo ni juhudi zako binafsi kutafuta wateja na kuuza mbao zako kwa bei ya ushindani, kwa dar mbao zinauzwa tegeta na biguruni.
5. Epuka kununua /kuchana mbao za mti pori kama hauna kibari maalumu hii ni hatari sana kwa mtaji wako na maisha yako serikali iko macho sana japo kua wajanja/wazoefu wanajua wanafanyaje kusafirisha mzigo wa mbao za asili ila ukidakwa ukashindwa kuwatuliza wahusika unataifishiwa mzigo wako na jela juu. Pia zingatia muda wa kusafirishwa mbao ni kuanzia saa 12 asubuhi mpaka 12 jioni zaidi ya hapo ni kujitaftia matatizo.
6. Mbao zina lipiwa ushuru kila mbao ni shilingi 100.
7. Gharama za mbao ni
Hela ya kununulia mti (kama utachana mwenyewe)
Kumlipa fundi wa kuchana mbao,(kama utachana mwenyewe)
Wabebaji na ushuru na kulipia gari
Changamoto kubwa ya biashra ya mbao ni pamoja na
1. Kucheleweshwa kupata hela yako kwa wakati hapa nina maana kwamba unaweza kupeleka mbao sokoni ila unae muuzia asiwe na hela cash aka kuahidi kukulipa hela yako siku fulani but na asikupe hiyo siku husika (kutapeliwa kuna anzia hapa)
2. Mafundi wa mbao kukosa uaminifu na pia wanaweza wasikuchanie mbao kwa wakati kutokana na sababu mbalimbali kama una hasira unaweza kukorofishana na watu wengi sna cha msingi ni uvumilivu tu.
Naamini nime eleza mengi muhimu ambavyo ni msaada tosha kwa kuanzia biashara.
Kila la heri.
Chinga One.
MIMI NAFANYA BIASHARA HIIMimi nafanja hiyo biashara natoa mbao mzigo wa semi (3500-4000pc) kutoka Makambako, Njombe, Matembwe. Na deal na mbao fupi (12ft) kufunga mzigo wa semi ina cost 10-15 million inategemea mchangajiko wako wa mbao. Usafiri una cost 2.7-3.3 million kutegemea na wapi unapakia mbao. Ushuru una cost 200000-800000 inategemea wapi unapakia mbao. Kibali 100000, wapakiaji 120000, risiti ya tra 300,000. So bila 16-20 million uwezi leta mbao Dar. Mimi nauza semi 1 kila wiki so kwa mwenzi semi 4 yani kila wiki nashusha mbao.
Naweza uza hivyo coz mimi niko kati ya top three ya wauza mbao Buguruni wenye bei ya chini. Wateja wangu wengi ni wauza mbao kwenye maduka madogo so wateja wa 5-8 mzigo umeisha. Pia na mashine ya kuchana na ya kuranda na pipa la kutreat mbao. So mteja kwangu hana usumbufu. Kingine mm na semi trailer yangu 124L 420 scania so kutoka dar napakia mbolea naenda kushusha njombe then napakia mbao zangu kuja dar every wk.
The trick ni kuuza mbao njingi kwa bei chee than kuuza mbao chache kwa bei ya juu. Sikosi 3.5 million kwa kila mzigo jani per wk. kwa mwezi na 14. Biashara hii inaitaji moyo coz its risky nakujituma. Bila 30 million uwezi hii biashara. Mtaji wangu uko kweje 200 million na nina rejesho la 4 million kila mnth crdb bank for three year its not a joke. Nikujituma, kuomba mungu wako na shule kichwani.