Mama Amon
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- Mar 30, 2018
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"Mnamo saa kumi na mbili asubuhi, nilikuwa nimelala ndipo mume wangu aliponiamsha, akiuliza, 'hilo si tetemeko la ardhi?' Mimi na watoto wetu tulianza kukimbia nje, lakini tulijikuta tumezungukwa na matope kila mahali, na yalianza kutuburuta. Tulikwama kwa saa kadhaa, na wengine walikuwa wakiburutwa pembeni yetu. Tuliona ng'ombe na nyumbu pia wakiburutwa wakati wa tukio hili. Nimefiwa na mwanangu. Katika mtaa wetu, hakuna nyumba sasa, na hakuna ng'ombe. Hatuna mahali pa kuishi."--Christina Bura, Mkazi wa Katesh.
Mpaka tarehe 7 Desemba 2023, maporomoko ya matope ya Udongo kutoka Mlima Hanang, Mkoani Manyara,nchini Tanzania, yaliyotokea alfajiri ya 03 Desemba 2023, yamesababisha vifo 76, majeruhi 117, kaya 1,150 zenye wakazi wapatao 5,600 zimeathirika, ekari 750 za mashamba zimeharibika, kuna vifo vya mifugo wengi, na uharibifu wa mazingira mkubwa.
Serikali imesema kumeguka kwa sehemu ya Mlima Hanang mkoani Manyara,ambao ulikuwa na miamba dhohofu iliyonyonya maji ndio chanzo cha maporomoko yaliyoleta maafa katika eneo hilo.
Tangu Maporomoko haya yalipotokea na kuua watu kadhaa, serikali ya wilaya, serikali ya mkoa na serikali kuu zimeelekeza nguvu zake huko.
Misaada isiyoweza kutolewa na wilaya imetolewa na serikali ya mkoa. Na mahitaji yasiyoweza kutimizwa na serikali ya mkoa yametimizwa na serikali kuu. Haya ni matumizi sahihi ya "kanuni ya sera auni," yaani "the principle of subsidiarity" katika uendeshaji wa nchi, ambapo kazi ya kukabiliana na maafa makubwa ni mfano rejea.
Akiongea na Wananchi walioathirika na janga hilo katika Shule ya Msingi Katesh Wilayani Hanang tarehe 07 December 2023, Rais Samia amesema yafuatayo:
"Mimi nimekuja kama mkuu wa nchi kuja kuona kilichotokea, na nimekuja kuwaona kuwapa faraja kwamba sisi kama Serikali tuko nanyi toka jambo limetokea lakini tutakuwa nanyi mpaka tuhakikishe kila mmoja amekaa mahali anapostahili kukaa.
“Nawashukuru Watanzania waliotoa msaada kwa njia moja au nyingine, huu ndio upendo tunaozungumza siku zote, janga lilipotokea nilikuwa safarini, taarifa zimetoka wenzetu kule wamesikia na kwahiyo wenzetu kule wengi tu Mashirika yaliyokuwepo kule wametuchangia kiasi cha Tsh. bilioni 2.5 na nimeelekeza waziingize benki.
"Wataalam wameweza kupata eneo ambalo tunahisi Serikali tutahamishia watu huko na tukawa nao bega kwa bega katika kukamilisha ujenzi wao na kuhakikisha wamepata makazi ambayo yatakuwa makazi yao ya kudumu na kuondoka kwenye makambi.
“Mpango kamili ukitimia wa Waziri Mkuu basi fedha za matumizi zipo pale na tunategemea michango zaidi ili tutimize mpango wetu wa kukamilisha makazi kwa walioathirika, wito wangu kwa Kamati ni kufanya matumizi mazuri ya fedha zinazokusanywa, fedha za majanga sio za kumnufaisha Mtu binafsi kwahiyo tuwe Waadilifu”
Hivyo, kuna tofauti kubwa katika ya mwitiko wa sasa na ule ulioonekana siku zile wakati wa tetemeko huko Kagera.
Mwaka 2015, akiwa mkoani Kagera, Rais John Pombe Magufuli, baada ya kuhudhuria ibada ya mwaka mpya, alianza ziara ya kukutana na wananchi waliothiriwa na tetemeko la ardhi la 10 Septemba 2015. Katika ziara hizo, Rais Magufuli alisikika akisema yafuatayo, kati ya mambo mengine:
"Nimekuja kuwapa ujumbe huu, na mwenye kusikia asikie: Panapotokea janga kama vile tetemeko, jukumu la serikali ni kurejesha miundombinu ya umma, siyo kujenga nyumba za wananchi. Asitokee mtu kuwadanganya kwamba serikali itagawa chakula, kwani hatuwezi kugawa chakula kwa watu wanaoishi katika mazingira ya kijani. Ndugu Mkuu wa Wilaya nataka nikueleze hapa, sitaleta chakula hapa Bukoba, kwani serikali haina shamba. Kwa hiyo kila mmoja katika upande wake abebe msalaba wake mwenyewe. Tuachane na mambo ya kwenda kwenye ‘kijiji cha katerero,’ ‘kuogelea kwenye mto ngono,’ na ‘kuzurura kwenye kijiji cha Luterangoma,’ na badala yake tuchape kazi”--Hayati Magufuli, 2015
Umantiki wa kanuni ya sera auni katika kushughulikia majanga
Lakini, kanuni ya sera auni inatufundisha kitu tofauti. Kwa mujibu wa mwandishi mmoja, Ken Endo(1994:634-42), katika andiko lake, "The Principle of Subsidiarity: From Johannes Althusius to Jacques Delors" (Peking University Law Essays, 44.6:553-652), ufuatao ni ufafanuzi kamili wa kanuni hii muhimu katika ujasiriadola:
“The first and the most important distinction should be drawn between the negative concept of subsidiarity and the positive concept of it.
"Basically the negative concept of subsidiarity refers to the limitation of competences of the 'higher' organization in relation to the 'lower' entity, whilst its positive concept represents the possibility or even the obligation of interventions from the higher organization. We can clarify this distinction in the following way.
“The negative concept of subsidiarity states that: (1) the higher entity cannot intervene if the lower entity can satisfactorily accomplish its aims, or (2) the higher entity should not intervene if the lower entity alone can accomplish its aims, or (3) the higher entity must not intervene if it is not assigned to do so.
“And the positive concept of subsidiarity states that: (1) the higher entity can intervene if the lower entity cannot satisfactorily accomplish its aims, or (2) the higher entity should intervene if the lower entity alone cannot accomplish its aims, or 3) the higher entity must intervene if it is assigned to do so...
"Though only the negative sense of subsidiarity is quite often circulated, ... its positive concept is of secondary importance at least in its origin, both concepts should not be neglected....
"A second distinction is made between the territorial concept of subsidiarity and the nan· territorial concept. This differentiation is parallel with a distinction known as vertical and horizontal, respectively.
"The principle of subsidiarity in the [popular version of the] doctrine initially represented the delimitation of spheres between the private sectors and the public, in the way that the latter's activities should be 'subsidiary' in relation to the former's.
"Every 'natural' group such as the Church, occupational groups (e.g. guilds) and the family, which is basically non-territorial in nature, has to retain its own sphere of autonomy...
"The third and last analytical tool is a classification of reasons to justify interventions by a higher organisation. These reasons are the hurdles that the higher organisation has to overcome if it is to take action. Five criteria, as formulated below, are relevant to disentangle the complexity of current discussion on the principle of subsidiarity, especially to differentiate the similar versions of subsidiarity.
"Those criteria are: the better attainment criterion, the effectiveness criterion, the efficiency criterion, the cross-boundary dimension or effects criterion, and the necessity criterion.
"The 'better attainment criterion' appeared in Article 25 of the Single European Act (EEC Treaty 130 R) concerning the EC's environmental policy. It says that, "the objectives can be attained better at the Community level than at the level of the individual Member States." The more satisfactorily criterion or more sufficiently criterion is parallel with the better attainment one...
"The effectiveness criterion has its classic example in the Grundgesetz of Germany. Article 72 (2) envisages that: "The Bund shall have the right to legislate in these matters to the extent that a need for regulation by federal legislation exists because: ... a matter cannot be effectively regulated by the legislation of individual Lander....
"The effectiveness criterion focuses upon the extent to which the intended result is attained...
"The efficiency criterion pays more attentions to injected resources, thus to whether the aim is attained withoutwasting time and energy.... Among the EC documents, the Commission's contribution report to the Tindemans Report in 1975 referred to the question of efficiency when it read; "the Union will be given responsibility only for those matters which the Member States are no longer capable of dealing with efficiently" (Art. 12)...
"The cross-boundary dimension or effects criterion can be considered as parallel with the cross-boundary scope or implications criterion and with the cross-boundary magnitude or effects criterion.
"One can point out, as a case of the cross-boundary dimension, the measures to prevent acid rain, since this issue in nature can rarely be solved by the efforts of a country or a region alone.
"In the case that a measure of a country or a region affects the interest of other peoples, this would fall in the category of the cross-boundary effects. Its classic formula can be found in Grundgesetz. Its Article 72 (2), as cited above, was followed by a provision; "a need for regulation by federal legislation exists because: ... the regulation of a matter by a Land law might prejudice the interests of other Lander or the people as a whole .....
"The last criterion is that of necessity. This appears in the Final Declaration adopted by the Conference of the Parliaments of the European Community in Rome on 27 to 30 November 1990. Its provision E said; "proposing that, in keeping with the subsidiarity principle, only those powers should be conferred on the common institutions that are necessary for the discharge of the Union's duties..."
A more strict version of this formula, and probably the most strict single criterion is that of absolute necessity. This is expressed in the Munich Declaration of the Minister-Presidents of the Lander (1987) as follows: "The European Community shall carry out new tasks only if their carrying out on the European level is absolutely necessary in the interest of the citizens and if their full effect can be attained only at the community leve1."
Kwa sababu hizi zote, kanuni ya sera auni ni kanuni inayoongelea mfumo wa mkamilishano uliopo kati ya serikali kuu, serikali ya mkoa, serikali ya wilaya, serikali ya kata, serikali ya kijiji, serikali ya kitongoji mpaka kaya. Zote nizi ni “entities” zinazoongelewa.
Kwa ujumla, mwitiko wa Serikali Kuhusu Maporomoko ya Katesh-Hanang umeonyesha matumizi ya "kanuni ya ruzuku" katika kukabili maafa yanayopaswa kupongezwa na kuendelezwa.
Uimara na udhaifu wa Kanuni za Usimamizi Wa Maafa Za Mwaka 2022
Kanuni za Usimamizi Wa Maafa Za Mwaka 2022, kupitia Tangazo La Serikali Na. 658A/2022 zimetengenezwa chini ya kifungu cha 40 cha Sheria ya Usimamizi wa Maafa, (NA. 6/2022). Kanuni hizi zinaongelea “kanuni ya sera auni” bila kuitaja katika kifungu ch 15 kama ifuatavyo:
"15.-(1) Kutakuwa na ngazi tatu za kushughulikia maafa kama ifuatavyo:
(a) maafa ya ngazi ya wilaya endapo yataathiri wilaya moja pekee na kwamba, halmashauri iliyoathiriwa ina uwezo wa kukabiliana nayo bila kuhitaji msaada kutoka halmashauri nyingine au mamlaka nyingine za Serikali;
(b) maafa ya ngazi ya mkoa endapo yataathiri zaidi ya Wilaya moja katika mkoa husika na kwamba, mkoa huo una uwezo wa kukabiliana nayo bila kuhitaji msaada kutoka mkoa mwingine au mamlaka nyingine za Serikali; na
(c) maafa ya ngazi ya Taifa endapo yataathiri zaidi ya mkoa mmoja na kwamba, mikoa iliyoathiriwa haina uwezo wa kukabiliana nayo bila msaada kutoka ngazi ya taifa.
(2) Bila kuathiri masharti ya kanuni ndogo ya (1), ngazi ya juu inaweza kushughulikia maafa yaliyojitokeza katika ngazi yoyote endapo kutakuwa na sababu mahsusi au kwa kuzingatia chanzo au ukubwa wa madhara yaliyojitokeza ili kukabili au kurejesha hali."
Tunapongeza mwongozo unaotolewa na kifungu hiki. Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa sheria nzuri ni mwalimu mzuri, tunafikiri kwamba kifungu hiki kinapaswa kuboreshwa ili kubainishe kinaganaga vigezo vyote vya lini na kwa nini ngazi ya juu inapaswa kuingilia kati kwa ajili ya kuisadia ngazi ya chini.
Tumevitaja vigezo hivyo kuwa ni: the better attainment criterion, the effectiveness criterion, the efficiency criterion, the cross-boundary dimension or effects criterion, and the necessity criterion.
Matumizi ya kanuni ya sera auni yasiishie kwenye usimamizi wa majanga ya aina moja
Hata hivyo, kuna haja ya kusisitiza kwamba, matumizi ya kanuni ya sera auni yasiishie kwenye usimamizi wa majanga ya aina moja--mafuriko.
Matumizi yake yapanuliwe hadi kwenye sekta zote za utawala na uongozi. Kuna majanga kama vile ujinga, ugonjwa, uharibifu wa mazingira, ubovu wa miundombinu, na kadhalika. Majanga yote haya yanahitaji kushughulikiwa kwa kutumia kanuni ya sera auni, kulingana na ngazi za kiserikali tulizo nazi kisheria na kikatiba.
Muundo wa serikali uliopo kwa sasa
Henry Abraham Mollel(2010:18), katika tasnifu yake ya uzamivu, "Participation for local development: the reality of decentralization in Tanzania" (African Studies Centre, Leiden), ameeleza vema muundo wa serikali ya Tanzania tangu 1992, kama mchoro hapa chini unavyoonyesha.
Mfumo wa sasa wa utawala wa serikali nchini Tanzania uliundwa baada ya kuanzishwa kwa mfumo wa vyama vingi mwaka 1992, ambao ulitenganisha miundo ya vyama na utawala wa serikali.
Utawala wa serikali wakati huo ulisalia na uongozi wa ngazi mbili tu: safu ya serikali kuu yenye ofisi za mikoa na safu ya serikali za mitaa. Ngazi hizi mbili zimeunganishwa kwa njia kadhaa.
Serikali Kuu inazo ngazo nne: Waziri wa Tamisemi, Mkuu wa Mkoa, Mkuu wa Wilaya na Afisa Tarafa. Na kwa upande mwingine, serikali mahalia (LGAs) zinazo ngazi nne pia: Baraza la Madiwani, Baraza la Maendeleo la Kata, Serikali ya Kijiji na Serikali ya Mtaa.
Wachunguzi wa mambo wanasema kuwa katika pingili za ngazi hizi kuna mgawanyo wa majukumu wenye utata mkubwa. Mikondo ya mtirirko wa maagizo n taarifa za utendaji haiko bayana.
Pia mfumo unaruhusu mamlaka zaidi ya moja kutoa maagizo yanayokinzana kwa mtendaji yule yule wa ngazi za chini na hivyo mkanganyiko.
Baadhi ya rasilimali zilizoko ngazi za chini zinavunwa na serikali kuu na kuwaacha wananchi wa ngazi za chini wakiteseka.
Kuna kazi zinazoweza kufanywa na serikali za mitaa zinafanywa na serikali kuu, mfani shule za umma kusimamiwa na Wizara ya TAMISEMI badala ya Halmashauri za maeneo husika.
Kwa ujumla, matatizo kwenye "mfumo wetu wa utawala na uwajibikaji" ni mengi, kama wanavyosema kina Servacius Likwelile na Pascal Assey (2018), katika andiko lao, "Decentralisation and Development in Tanzania," lililochapishwa kama sura ya tano katika kitabu kilichohaririwa na François Bourguignon & Sam Wangwe, kiitwacho "Institutional Diagnostic:Tanzania (Economic Development and Institutions)."
KIna Servacius Likwelile na Pascal Assey (2018:10) wanatumia mchoro ufuatao kueleza baadhi ya changamoto katika "mfumo wentu wa utawala na uwajibikaji":
Hivyo, sheria zetu na Katiba ya nchi viboreshwe ili kuweka miongozo mwafaka kwa kuzingatia kanuni ya sera auni.
Mapendekezo kuhusu haja ya kuingiza Kanuni ya sera auni ndani ya Katiba ya nchi
Kwa namna ya pekee tunaona kwamba kuna pengo kubwa kwenye Katiba ya Tanzania (1977). Kanuni y sera auni haijabainishwa waziwazi. Hivyo ni vigumu kujua ni madaraka gani yako katika ngazi ipi ya uongozi na lini madaraka hayo yanahitajika msaada kutok ngazi za juu.
Kwa watu waliosoma Organisational Design, hasa mtu yeyote mwenye shahada ama ya BBA au MBA anafahamu vema kuhusu kanuni za "departmentation". Kuna functional, geographical, product, process na matrix departmetation.
Hata hiii y mwisho, "Matrix Departmentation" siku hizi imepanuka, mana kuna "Two Dimensional Matrix Departmention" na "Three Dimensional Matrix Departmentation."
Kwa kuzingatia kanuni hizi pamoja na kazi nzuri za uchambuzi zilizofanywa na kina Mollel(2010), ni hitimisho letu kwamba Muundo wa serikali ya Tanzania ni "Two Dimensional-Matrix organisation" ambayo ni mseto wa functional departmentation pamoja na geographical departmentation. Tumeweza kuufafanua kwa njia ya mchoro ufuatao:
Muundo wa Serikali ya Tanzania katika sura ya Two Dimensional Matrix Organisation
Kwa kutumia mchoro huu, sasa tunaweza kusema vizuri pendekezo letu kuhusu kanuni ya sera auni kwenye Katiba ya nchi hivi:
- Kwanza unahitajika kifungu cha kikatiba kinchotaja ngazi zote za uongozi, mfano National, Regiona, Districtm Ward and Village Cabinets. Kwa sasa kifungu hiki hakipo.
- Na pili, kunahitajika kifungu kinachotaja kwa ukamilifu madaraka ya kila ngazi,
- Na tatu, kunahitajika kifungu kinachosema ni lini ngazi ya juu inawajibika kuingilia kati ili kuisaidia ngazi ya chini.
Picha muhimu kuhusu maporomoko ya Hanang
Zifuatazo ni baadhi ya picha zikionyesha mwitiko wa serikali katika kuwasaidia wananchi wa Hanang na Kateshi:
=================PICHA MUHIMU======================
Rais Samia akikagua sehemu zilizoathiriwa na mafuriko kwa Helikopta
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Mama Amon
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