Kwanini viumbe vingi vina macho?

Mzee Mwanakijiji

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Nilikuwa natafakari juu ya uumbaji na kushangazwa na kitu kimoja cha ajabu; viumbe vingi hata vinavyoishi mazingira tofauti na vya aina (specie) tofauti sana vimefanana kwa kuwa na macho. Vinaweza vyote visiwe na miguu, mbawa, au pua lakini karibu vyote vina macho. Kuanzia majini, angani na nchi kavu viumbe vingi vinamacho! Wadudu wadogo na wanyama wakubwa wote wana macho; samaki na ndege hadi minyoo ina macho!

Na katika maajabu ndani ya maajabu ni kuwa viumbe vingi vina macho mawili (sijajua kama yupo mwenye jicho moja) na vile vingine vina macho mengi (compound eyes). Angalia mifano hii:

Angalia Nyoka:



Angalia Samaki:




Nyani:



Vipepeo





















Mchwa

A "zombie" carpenter ant bites on a leaf in a 2007 picture.


Photograph courtesy David Hughes

Nyangumi


Kaa:




Nyani:




Kwanini?
Jibu la kisayansi ambalo hutolewa mara nyingi ni "evolution"; lakini kwanini "eyes"? Utaona viumbe vinafanana vitu vingi tu lakini mara nyingi tofauti ni idadi. kwa mfano viumbe vingi vina miguu minne (wanyama) lakini vipo vyenye miguu sita (wadudu) na vingine havina miguu kabisa (nyoka na samaki); lakini vyote vina macho! Kwanini macho ni mojawapo ya viungo ambavyo vinaonekana karibu katika viumbe vingi zaidi kuliko viungo vingine? Na kwanini mara karibu zote macho hayo yanakuwa mawili siyo matatu au manne (kuangalia pembeni, juu na chini)?

How does evolution reason with form and function in mind? (angalia kwa mfano macho ya crab ukilinganisha na ya nyangumi au kipepeo).
 
Nyani Ngabu said:
Huyo Nyani kanichekesha na hata sijui kwa nini nimecheka!
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Mi alie nichekesha ni Mkuu Companero hapo in Bold. lol
Yani hata mimi nilitaka kutoa comment kama hiyo tu.
Kuna watakao kuja kusema because God wanted so
Hapo hapo wengine watakuja kuuliza: Can you prove it?

Companero said:
Wakati tunawasubiri kina Kiranga waje kuunanga uumbaji wa Mungu ngoja niseme hivi: Mwanga ni moja ya vitu vya kwanza kabisa kuumbwa na kuna uhusiano mkubwa sana kati ya macho na mwangaza - hebu soma hii makala: New eyes for blind cave fish?
Click to expand...

:focus:
Nadhani obvious reason kabisa ni kwamba vinyama vinatakiwa ku-perceive dunia inayo wazunguuka kwa kusurvive
Na moja katika njia ya ku-perceive ni kuona. Kuna sences zingine pia ambazo ni common: kama taste, smell, touch, ear etc. Vinyama vingi can feel through their skin, taste though their mouth etc.

Macho yanasaidia kuona hatari inayo kuja na kuihepuka. yanasaida kumchagua partner ambae anafaa kwa survival ya specie, yanasaidia kuona chakula kilipo kabla ya kukifata etc. Na zote hizo ni basic activities za survival
Naona umeweka zaidi vinyama vyenye macho MAWILI. Macho mawili yanasaidia kuona dunia in 3D. tungekua na jicho moja tungeona dunia kama tunavoona michoro kwenye karatasi. macho mawili (facing the same object) yanatupa perception ya depth.

Huyo crab ulie mweka hapo anaona tofauti na Human beings, anaona vitu 360. Perception yake imekaa kama duara. sijui nielezeje. Nyoka ana macho na anaona ila perception yake inatokana na uwezo wake wa 'kuhisi' viwango vya joto kupitia ulimi. Daulphin wanatumia echo location zaidi. 'wanaona' kupitia sonar kuliko macho etc.

I hope this helps...
 
Mwali said:
Conveniently located next to the brain which processes the information.
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How does evolution reason that way...? Halafu kila kiumbe kina physiological make up yake ya kutengeneza macho, chemicals zake za kwenye brain (sijui kama Crabs na wenyewe wana seratonin na dopamine na vinginevyo).
 
Kazi ya macho ni kuona.
Kazi ya kichwa ni kufikiri na kupitisha maamuzi.
Macho yako kwa viumbe vyote ili waweze kuona mwelekeo wao na yamewekwa kichwani ili baada ya kuona wapate kutafakari na kupitisha maamuzi sahihi
 
Mzee Mwanakijiji said:
How does evolution reason that way...? Halafu kila kiumbe kina physiological make up yake ya kutengeneza macho, chemicals zake za kwenye brain (sijui kama Crabs na wenyewe wana seratonin na dopamine na vinginevyo).
Click to expand...
Ni Kweli kua viubme hutofautiana ila pia
twahitaji connection kati ya jicho na ubongo kwa ku-process hiyo information.
The shorter that connection the better.
 
Macho kusaidia kupambana na adui ndio maaana popo wana sense kali ya sauti.
 
Mwali said:
Ni Kweli kua viubme hutofautiana ila pia
twahitaji connection kati ya jicho na ubongo kwa ku-process hiyo information.
The shorter that connection the better.
Click to expand...

Does evolution reason that way by try and error kwa kila kiumbe kivyakevyake au baada ya kufanya hivyo kwa kiumbe kimoja ikawa ni template kwa viumbe vingine?
 
Mzee Mwanakijiji said:
Does evolution reason that way by try and error kwa kila kiumbe kivyakevyake au baada ya kufanya hivyo kwa kiumbe kimoja ikawa ni template kwa viumbe vingine?
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Sina uhakika mkuu, ila nadhani ni kila kiumbe kivyale, ndio maana unaona viumbe kama yule crab vina macho nje ya skull tena vinaona 360*, na vingine kama binadamu tuna macho ndani ya skull tunaona in 3D, vingine tena kama ndege vinaona 2 different plans, each in 2D etc.
Halafu sijui kama tunaweza kusema evolution 'reasons'. It just happens that the more efficient patterns will be repeated until they become the norm.
 
Mzee Mwanakijiji,

Naomba pia tujiulize swali kwa sababu kuna viumbe wengine ambao hawana macho kabisa.
Sasa je kwa nini na hawa hawana macho? Je kama ni "evolution" kama ulivyosema wengine watadai - je hawa waliachwa katika hiyo evolution? - au ndio bado inaendelea kwao?

Naomba kuwasilisha!


Mifano ni hii hapa chini


Outtasight! The 10 Most Amazing Eyeless Animals




Seeing is believing? Not so fast there – these 10 amazing animalsbelieve they’re doing mighty fine without seeing their surroundings, so much so that they don’t waste precious resources growing eyes. It’s a strategy that makes, er, sense when living in an environment where vision is impractical, unnecessary and even impossible.

Leptodirus Beetle

(images via: ICSB-2010, Wikipedia France and Petkovanja in Pondelkovanja)
So-called troglobites – not to be confused with troglodites, or cave men – are creatures that have adapted their physical forms to best suit the environment of caves, typically to the point where they cannot survive when removed from said caves. The first troglobite to be described in scientific literature was the Leptodirus beetle (Leptodirus hochenwartii), back in 1832.
(image via: Wikipedia)
Leptodirus beetles average about 4/10 of an inch (1cm) in length and are thought to survive by feeding on the carcasses of deceased cave creatures. Found only in several limestone caves in southeastern Europe’s Dinaric Alps, Leptodirus beetles are considered to be a vulnerable species as their ecological requirements span a very narrow range.
Kauai Cave Wolf Spider

(images via: Earlham College, Animalaqua, Bishop Museum and Dreamstime)
The Kauai Cave Wolf Spider (Adelocosa anops), discovered in 1971, can be found on the Hawaiian island of Kauai and inside five caves where only about two dozen in total are thought to live. The caves were formed between 3.6 and 5.6 million years ago so the spider has had several million years to evolve into its current eyeless state – “anops” means eyeless, by the way. The creature relies upon a finely tuned sense of touch and the ability to note minute vibrations when stalking prey within the volcanic caves’ pitch-black environs. That’s a normal Wolf Spider at above right, compared with A. Anops on the left.
(image via: Red Orbit)
Though biologists and environmentalists may bemoan the exceptional rarity of the Kauai Cave Wolf Spider, spelunkers and arachnophobics (or both) might feel the opposite: this intriguing eyeless spider is quite large, measuring over 3 inches (8cm) across. It’s considered to be harmless to humans, if that’s any help when you’re exploring the deepest depths of a Kauai cave and the battery in your flashlight dies.
Kentucky Cave Shrimp

(images via: USGS and Unusual Kentucky)
The Kentucky Cave Shrimp (Palaemonias ganteri) is one of a number of eyeless and/or sightless troglobite shrimps that have successfully exploited lightless cave environments the world over.
(image via: The Infinite Sphere)
Living mainly in Kentucky’s famed Mammoth Cave and other subterranean caves in the area, the Kentucky Cave Shrimp is considered to be endangered due to above-ground dams and canals that have affected the natural rate of water flow and sedimentation in the Mammoth Cave system. The shrimp, which are both eyeless and transparent, grow to a length of 1.25 inches (3.15cm) and are closely related to other cave-dwelling shrimp found in Texas, Alabama and Florida.
(image via: Ben’s Biz Blog)
The rarity of the Kentucky Cave Shrimp and the fact that its existence is threatened by groundwater pollution has made the shrimp somewhat of a poster-child for environmental activism and a local cause celeb in the area of Mammoth Cave. In 2009, the newly formed Bowling Green baseball club staged a Name The Team contest and although “Hot Rods” was the winning (or at least, chosen) entry, Cave Shrimp received at least some votes. Pity it didn’t win – just imagine the above awesome logo on players’ uniforms.
Blind Cave Crayfish

(images via: USGS, Dayo Scuba and ScienceRay)
Almost 40 different species of Cave Crayfish live in various cave ecosystems scattered across the United States alone. Common to most of these species is eyelessness, lack of pigmentation and very long lifespans – in some cases estimated at over 75 years! Cave Crayfish are among the largest troglobites, reaching lengths of almost 4 inches (10cm).
(image via: Dayo Scuba)
Cave Crayfish have evolved over millions of years to be totally in sync with their exceptionally demanding environment. As such, they can be looked at as “canaries in the coalmine” – environmental indicators as to the health of the pristine, naturally filtered groundwater in which they live.
Blind Cave Crab

(images via: Daily Mail UK, DBS/NUS and Biotagua)
Like many troglobites, Cave Crabs exist in dark, flooded cave environments around the globe. They share a number of common evolutionary adaptations, such as eyelessness and depigmentation that gives them a ghostly appearance – not that anyone (or anything) saw them before humans with lights and cameras invaded their space.
(image via: Biotagua)
Cave Crabs are often found around the inlets where freshwater enters caves, bringing with it food for the opportunistic crabs to eat. The Cave Crab in the topmost image above, Sesarmoides jacobsoni, was discovered in a cave located on the Indonesian island of Java.
Blind Cave Fish

(images via: FOX News, NPS and National Geographic)
The Blind Cave Fish, or Mexican Tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) has evolved from normal Tetra fish that can be found today in the Rio Grande river and other rivers and streams in Mexico and Texas. Growing to about 4 inches (10cm) in length, the Mexican Tetra displays extreme albinism, a semi-transparent skin and most shocking: complete eyelessness. Such traits are shared by the newly discovered blind cave fish Milyeringa veritas (above, lowest photo), a 2-inch (5cm) long eyeless fish found in Australian freshwater aquifers.
(image via: Wikipedia)
Mexican Tetras are one of the only cave-dwelling troglobitic creatures that are not endangered – they can even be bought and maintained as unique aquarium fish! Owners report that though completely blind,Mexican Tetras kept in aquariums use their highly developed non-visual sense organs to avoid bumping into aquarium objects and walls, and
Brazilian Blind Characid

(images via: BBC)
Stygichthys typhlops, a blind relative of the fearsome piranha, may be“the most threatened underground fish species in Brazil” according to ichthyologist Dr. Cristiano Moreira of the Federal University of Sao Paulo. The fish lives in a single, 15.5 mile (25km) long aquifier in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
(image via: Treehugger)
Villagers drawing water from wells in the town of Jaiba reported seeing strange pale fish swimming in the well. Maybe it’s just me but when you’ve got piranhas in the well it’s time to think about moving, amiright?
Texas Blind Salamander

(images via: Academic.ru, Silverfish Attack and Why Evolution Is True)
The Texas Blind Salamander (Eurycea rathbuni) is an extreme example of eyelessness as an adaptation to low or zero light conditions in underground environments. Growing up to 5 inches (13cm) in length, this rare and unusual creature is found in just one location: the San Marcos Pool of the Edwards Aquifer in Hays, Texas.
(image via: CaliforniaHerps)
Texas Blind Salamanders are amphibians and they lay their eggs in water. They eat snails, amphipods and blind shrimp – a case of the blind eating the blind, pardon the pun.
Olm

(images via: Wikipedia and ScienceBlogs)
The Olm (Proteus anguinus) is the only member of its genus and the only troglobitic vertebrate on the European mainland. Like the Leptodirus beetle, it can be found in the freshwater caves of southeastern Europe’s Dinaric Alps. First described in 1768 but not recognized as a purely cave-dwelling animal, the Olm is known to people in Slovenia and Croatia as the “human fish” due to its pale, pinky coloration.
(images via: Arkive, Oracle ThinkQuest and Posing Facts)
The Olm’s snakelike body averages 8 to 12 inches (20–30 cm) in length with occasional examples reaching 16 inches (40cm). As one of the symbols of Slovenia, the Olm was featured on some of the country’s coins before they switched to the Euro.
(images via: Wired and Nature Manchester)
Though it may superficially resemble the Texas Blind Salamander and like it is completely eyeless, the Olm is a completely different animal. It is neotenic, remaining in the gill-breathing larval stage its entire life (which may be as long as 100 years!). Olms also have 3 toes on the forelimbs but only 2 on their hind limbs. Here’s a short video on the Olm from the acclaimed PBS television program Nature:
Land of the Falling Lakes – Alien Creatures, via PBS
Madagascar Blind Snake

(images via: IO9 and WebEcoist)
The Madagascar Blind Snake (Xenotyphlops mocquardi) is one of 15 different kinds of blind snakes that call Madagascar their home, though Xenotyphlops takes sightlessness to a whole new level. In fact, unless this 10-inch (25cm) long, pencil-thin burrowing reptile opens its mouth – or happens to be in motion – it’s tough to know which end is which. While not eyeless per se, the Madagascar Blind Snake is negatively phototaxic, meaning it avoids light and when brought to the surface immediately tries to burrow back underground. Xenotyphlops and its blind relatives are the only snakes that eat insects exclusively, homing in on ant and termite nests with a highly developed sense of smell.
(image via: MSNBC)
The Madagascar Blind Snake was actually discovered twice: once in 1905 and again one hundred years later after not being seen at all in the interim. It obviously has perfected the art of deception; the genus is believed to have split off from its ancestral line about 155 million years ago when Madagascar was part of the composite Gondwanaland continent.

(image via: Filmcritic)
Some like to think “the eyes have it” but these 10 amazing eyeless animals prove without a doubt there’s more than one way of having it; a way that doesn’t depend on seeing what’s wanted. It’s a vision thing… that doesn’t require actual vision. You see? They don’t, and that’s cool.




​
 
Uumbaji kwa ujumla ni wa kushangaza, sio macho tu. kwangu mimi cha kushangaza zaidi ni mtoto anapozaliwa, kitu gani kina-switch mfumo wa kujitegemea uanze kufanya kazi kama vile kupumua kwa pua, kufumbua macho, kujisaidia, kulia, kucheka, kula kwa mdomo, na hata kuongea.
 
Kabakabana said:
Kazi ya macho ni kuona.
Kazi ya kichwa ni kufikiri na kupitisha maamuzi.
Macho yako kwa viumbe vyote ili waweze kuona mwelekeo wao na yamewekwa kichwani ili baada ya kuona wapate kutafakari na kupitisha maamuzi sahihi
Click to expand...


Vipi kwa viumbe ambao hawana macho kabisa?! - maana wapo - je hao hawahitaji "kuona mwelekeo"?


 
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