Mzee Mwanakijiji
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- Mar 10, 2006
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(5) Endapo katika shauri lolote inadaiwa kwamba sheria
yoyote iliyotungwa au hatua yoyote iliyochukuliwa na Serikali au
mamlaka nyingine inafuta au inakatiza haki, uhuru na wajibu
muhimu zitokanazo na ibara ya 12 hadi 29 za Katiba hii, na
Mahakama Kuu inaridhika kwamba sheria au hatua inayohusika,
kwa kiwango inachopingana na Katiba ni batili au kinyume cha
Katiba basi Mahakama Kuu ikiona kuwa yafaa au hali au masilahi
ya jamii yahitaji hivyo, badala ya kutamka kuwa sheria au hatua
hiyo ni batili, itakuwa na uwezo wa kuamua kutoa fursa kwa ajili
ya Serikali au mamlaka nyingine yoyote inayohusika kurekebisha
hitilafu iliyopo katika sheria inayotuhumiwa au hatua inayohusika
katika muda na kwa jinsi itakavyotajwa na Mahakama Kuu, na
sheria hiyo au hatua inayohusika itaendelea kuhesabiwa kuwa ni
halali hadi ama marekebisho yatakapofanywa au muda
uliowekwa na Mahakama Kuu utakapokwisha, mradi muda mfupi
zaidi ndio uzingatiwe.
Ya Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Muungano Inasema hivi:
Wazo:
- Je, Mahakama ikisema sheria fulani ni Batili na kinyume cha Katiba sheria hiyo inatenguka mara moja na haina nguvu?
Mwkjj, lets not skip words, Kifungu kinaongelea sheria au hatua zilizochukuliwa. Kwa nilivyoelewa mimi (please correct me if Im wrong), wanaongelea hatua zinazochukuliwa kutokana na sheria husika ndizo zaweza kuwa batili, lets say Sheria no xx , kifungu yy Unyang'anyi, labda sheria hiyo inadai kwamba mtu yeyote akipatikana na kesi za Unyang'anyi, hukumu yake itakuwa kifungo jela kwa miaka thelathini. Then wakati wa uendeshwaji kesi hiyo, in the judgement mtuhumiwa huyo akahukumiwa kunyongwa. That means Sheria ya Unyang'anyi ilikuwa na bado ipo sahihi, ISIPOKUWA hatua zilizochukuliwa (hukumu) ndizo batili (Kunyongwa badala ya 30yrs imprisonment as mentioned ktk sheria husika). In this case, ndo mambo ya appeal yanakuwepo, then Mahakama kuu (Kwa huku Tanzania), baada ya kusikiliza pande zote husika, katika mfano huu, HAITATENGUA SHERIA, BALI ITATENGUA HATUA (hukumu)ZILIZOCHUKULIWA,.
- Je, Neno "badala" linapotumika hapo juu ni sawa au neno "baada" ndilo lingetumika.
Neno badala kama lilivyotumika hapo ni sahihi kabisa. "badala ya kutamka kuwa sheria au hatua
hiyo ni batili, itakuwa na uwezo wa kuamua kutoa fursa kwa ajili
ya Serikali au mamlaka nyingine yoyote inayohusika kurekebisha
hitilafu iliyopo katika sheria inayotuhumiwa au hatua inayohusika
katika muda na kwa jinsi itakavyotajwa na Mahakama Kuu, na
sheria hiyo au hatua inayohusika itaendelea kuhesabiwa kuwa ni
halali hadi ama marekebisho yatakapofanywa au muda
uliowekwa na Mahakama Kuu utakapokwisha" Kwamba sheria mfano Unyang'anyi haiko wazi sana, lakini sio kwamba ni batili. Kumbuka nimetoa mfano kwamba labda sheria ya unyang'anyi hatua/hukumu yake inatakiwa kuwa 30yrs imprisonment, lakini haijaeleza ni unyang'anyi wa aina gani, (nguvu, silaha ama unyang'anyi upi). Hivyo basi, Serikali ama mamlaka inayohusika inaweza kuirekebisha sheria hiyo kwamba sheria xx, kifungu yy Unyang'anyi itakuwa na hatua/hukumu yake let say 10yrs imprisonment, sheria xx kifungu yy (1) Unyang'anyi wa kutumia nguvu,hatua/hukumu 20yrs, sheria xx kifungy yy 1 (1) Unyang'anyi wa kutumia Silaha, hatua 30yrs imprisonmement.
- Kama Mahakama inasema sheria fulani ni kinyume na Katiba kwa misingi gani sheria hiyo inaendelea kuwa halali?
Yeah, sheria ama hatua zitaendelea kuwa halali hadi hapo mabadiliko yatakapofanyika. Kwamba mtu yule alihukumiwa 30yrs kabla ya mabadiliko ya sheria kufanywa (kuchambua kesi za unyang'anyi), ataendelea kutumikia kifungo hicho cha 30yrs, as long as alitenda kosa la unyang'anyi even though wake ulikuwa unyang'anyi wa kutumia nguvu, ambapo kwa sheria mpya angestahili kuwa na 20yrs, instead of 30yrs. Mara nyingi and I think all the time, mabadiliko ya sheria yanakuwa na impact kwenye future decision/cases.
Hivi kama Katiba ingesema kuwa Mahakama ikitangaza kuwa sheria fulani ni kinyume na Katiba kama ilivyofanya kwenye kesi ya wagombea huru au kesi nyingine, kwanini sheria ileya uchaguzi inaendelea kutumika?
Ninachosema ni kuwa ibara hii ndiyo ibara hatari sana ya mabadiliko ya kisheria nchini kwa sababu inakupa kwa upande mmoja na kwa upande mwingine inanyima.
Nchi nyingine (hasa US) kipengele cha sheria au sheria nzima ikitangazwa kuwa ni unconstitutional sheria nzima inasitishwa hadi ifanyiwe mabadiliko.
Hiki ndio kinachoitwa claw back laws.......baada ya mahakama kutaka pawepo na mgombea huru lilikuwa ni jukumu la bunge kutunga sheria ili iruhusu mgombea huru, sasa kutokana na udhaifu wa taasisi zetu kama vile mahakama na bunge dhidi ya executive unakuta hakuna linalofanyika na wala hakuna hatua zinachukuliwa .....kifupi ni kuwa executive haiheshimu Judiciary na hata parliament.
Mpaka kieleweke,
Kwa maelezo hapo juu, ni kwamba Tanzania hakuna sheria inayoruhusu mgombe huru, na kwamba mahakama ikaomba sheria hiyo itungwe, si ndiyo ama nimekuelewa vibaya? Au tuna sheria ya kuzuia mgombea huru? Kama ipo, nakiri sifahamu japo ningefurahi kufahamishwa?
Samahani kwa maswali haya coz najaribu kulinganisha na suala la mkjj kuona ni wapi sheria ya mgombea huru ilikosewa.
Natanguliza shukrani.
For all the above reasons we now come to the inevitable conclusion that this petition must succeed. We are of the settled view that the amendments to Articles 21(1) Article 39(1)c) and Article 67(1)(b) introduced by Act No. 34 of 1994 or popularly known as the 11th Amendment are unnecessary and unreasonable restrictions to the fundamental right of the citizens of Tanzania to run for the relevant elective posts either as party members or as private candidates. We thus proceed to declare the alleged amendments unconstitutional and contrary to the International Covenants to which Tanzania is a party.
In REV. MTIKILA Vs. ATTORNEY GENERAL [1995] TLR. 31, at p. 68 this Court through Lugakingira, J. (as he then) declared and directed that:
it shall be lawful for independent candidates along with candidates sponsored by political parties to contest, presidential, parliament and local council elections.
We shall also declare kin the present case that in principle it shall be lawful for private candidates to contest for the posts of president and Member of Parliament along with candidates nominated by political parties. However unlike the learned late judge we will not just leave it at that. Exercising our powers under any other relief as prayed in the petition and cognizant of the fact that a vacuum might give birth to chaos and political pandemonium we shall proceed to order that the Respondent in the true spirit of the original Article 21(1) and guided by the Fundamental Objectives and Principles of State Policy contained in Part 11 of the Constitution between now and the next general elections, put in place, a legislative mechanism that will regulate the activities of private candidates. So as to let the will of the people prevail as to whether or not such candidates are suitable. As this is a public interest litigation the parties shall bear their own costs.
It is so ordered.
A.R. MANENO
PRINCIPAL JUDGE
Lizy,
Tofauti iliyopo iko hivi: Mahakama ya Marekani ikitangaza kuwa sheria au kipengele fulani cha sheria ni kinyume cha Katiba, sheria au kipengele hicho hakitumiki, yaani kinapoteza nguvu yake mara moja.
"kesi ya Brown Vs School Board ambayo ilifungua shule za umma kwa watu wa rangi zote hapa Marekani, msingi wake ni kuwa Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani iliona sheria na hukumu iliyohalalisha kutengwa kinasaba kwa wanafunzi kulivunja vipengele vya Katiba ya Marekani na hivyo havina nguvu. Mahakama ilipotangaza hivyo, hakukuwa na jinsi yoyote ya wao (Board of education) kuendelea na sheria ya zamani, au kuifuata kwanza.. as a matter of fact mara tu walipotangaza kuwa "ni kinyume na Katiba" basi sheria ile au kipengele kile kilipoteza nguvu yake.
Mwkjj,
It takes time kubadili sheria, na inabadilishwa pale inapoonekana haikidhi mahitaji ya Umma. Kwa kesi ya Brown Vs School Board (1954) haikuwa ya kwanza kufile allegations za segregation. Nimeona kuna Roberts Vs City of Boston (1849) ilifile same case na claims zake zilitupiliwa mbali. Hata hivyo, napenda kukiri kwamba nilichoona ni claims za segregation ambazo ni kweli zilikuwepo, japo sijajua kifungu gani cha sheria kilikuwa kinaruhusu segregation. Inawezekana sheria against segregation ilikuwepo ila haikuwafuatwa na hawa Brown V School Board wakafile ili sheria hiyo ifuatwe.
Sivyo ilivyo, kwa Tanzania sheria hiyo ingeendelea kutumika hadi Bunge liamua kuibadili au muda uliotolewa upite. Na kama haikutolewa muda maalum na Bunge halijaamua kufanya mabadiliko kimsingi sheria ile itaendelea na itakuwa halali na hivyo kufanya maamuzi ya mahakama kuwa ni ya bure.
Liz.. hii ni sehemu ya uamuzi wa Mahakama 2006 kuhusu wagombea binafsi katika kesi ya Mtikila Vs. Mwanasheria Mkuu
Ukisoma hukumu hiyo unaweza kujiuliza kwanini miaka miwili baadaye hakuna wagombea huru? Jibu Ibara 30:5
There were further implications in the warnings that I should "go along" - implications of the rewards that would follow fulfillment of my obligations to follow the party leadership whom I helped select.All of us in the Congress are made fully aware that the importance of party unity (what sins have been commited in that name!) and the adverse effect upon our party's chances in the next election which any rebellious conduct might bring.Moreover, in these days of Civil Service, the loaves and fishes of patronage available to the legislator - for distribution to those avid campaigners whose efforts were inspired by something than mere conviction- are comparatively few; and he who breaks the party's rank may find that there are suddenly none at all. Even the success of the legislation in which he is interested depends in part on the extent to which his support for his party's program has won him the assistance of his party's leaders. Finally, the Senator who foillows the independent course of conscience is likely to discover that he has earned the disdain not only of his colleagues in the Senate and his associates in his party but also of the all-important contributors to his campaign fund
Kwa ninavyoelewa mimi, and that is just the basics, ni kwamba mahakama ndiyo ina wajibu na uwezo wa ku interpret laws, na moja kati ya kazi hizo ni ku ascertain the constitutionality of the said laws.
The constitution being the primary law of the land, if the judiciary deems a certain law unconstitutional that law ceases to be a law.
It is up to the legislative body to provide a replacement law which will be subject to the interpretations and validations of the judiciary.
Lizy, ilijaribiwa huko Tunduru na tume ya uchaguzi ilikataa kwa sababu sheria haijabadilishwa licha ya kukiri kuwa mahakama imeamua vinginevyo lakini wao (tume) wanafuata sheria na walinukuu hiyo Ibara.
IBARA YA 30(5)Lizy... hapa itakuwa kazi kidogo.. itabidi ufanye sehemu ya homework hii wewe mwenyewe. Kwa kifupi ni kuwa kulifanyika mabadiliko ya Katiba ambayo yaliingiza kipengele kinachotaka wagombea wa nafasi za uongozi kuwa wanatoka vyama vya kisiasa. Kabla ya hapo mgombea hakulazimishwa kuwa mwanachama wa chama cha kisiasa. Vipengele hivyo vya Katiba unaweza kuvisoma kwenye Katiba nenda http://www.tanzania.go.tz na utaiona Katiba na uvifuatilie.
Mabadiliko hayo ya vipengele vya Katiba yakapingana na kile kinachoitwa Haki za Msingi (Bill of Rights) ambapo mtu anayo haki ya kuchagua na kuchaguliwa akitimiza masharti fulani. Itafute hukumu nzima (google Mtikila Vs. Attorney General, Private Candidate"..
IBARA YA 30(5)
Nimefuatilia vizuri mjadala baina ya M'Kijiji, Pundit na Lizzy kuhusu Ibara ya 30(5) ya Katiba ya Tanzania.
kipengele hicho cha Katiba kinaongelea pale ambapo Mahakama Kuu itachukua option ya "kuishauri" Serikali irekebishe sheria au hatua inayolalamikiwa. Otherwise, Mahakama Kuu inapochukua the other option ya kutangaza moja kwa moja kuwa sheria au hatua fulani ni unconstitutional, sheria au hatua hiyo inakuwa unconstitutional mara moja!
Katika suala tunaloliongelea la independent candidates, tuna mazingira tofauti kidogo. Position ni kwamba kuzuia independent candidates nchini Tanzania kwa sasa si halali, ni unconstitutional! Tatizo ni kuwa haki ya independent candidates kushiriki kwenye chaguzi kunahitaji mabadiliko ya sheria ya uchaguzi yatakayozingatia uwepo wa hao wababe wapya. Vilevile, huwezi kulilaumu Bunge pale ambapo tayari one of the parties katika kesi hiyo, Serikali, wame-file nia ya kupinga uamuzi huo wa Mahakama kwa njia ya rufaa. Muda wa rufaa ukiisha, hapo tutaanza kulishinikiza Bunge kubadili sheria ya uchaguzi.