UZUSHI Ugonjwa wa Macho mekundu (Red eyes) huambukizwa kwa kutazamana na Mgonjwa

Baada ya tathmini, tumebaini kuwa taarifa hii ni ya uzushi
Je, ni kweli ugonjwa wa macho mekundu (Red eyes) huambikizwa kwa kutazamana?

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Tunachokijua
Januari 15, 2023, Wizara ya Afya iliwaasa Watanzania kuchukua tahadhari dhidi ya ugonjwa macho mekundu (Red eyes), Maambukizi ya Kirusi kwenye ngozi ya juu ya gololi ya jicho yajulikanayo kitaalamu “Viral Keratoconjunctivitis uliyoibuka nchini hivi karibuni.

Kwa mujibu wa Kituo cha Udhibiti na Kinga ya Magonjwa (CDC), Ugonjwa huu husababishwa na vitu vingi ikiwemo virusi, bakteria, mzio (Allergy), uwepo wa magonjwa mengine, fangasi na Kemikali mbalimbali.

Kwa mujibu wa utafiti, pamoja na uwepo wa visababishi vingi vya ugonjwa huu, adenovirus (aina ya virusi) ndio husababisha vusa vingi. Kwa ujumla wake, virusi huchangia takriban 75% ya visa vyote vya ugonjwa huu.

Uwepo wa viashiria vya Ugonjwa huu nchini
Taarifa ya Serikali iliyotolewa Januari 15 ilitanguliwa na uwepo wa taarifa mitandaoni zilizochapishwa na watu mbalimbali.

Mathalani, Januari 13, mdau wa JamiiForums.com alitoa dokezo linalohoji juu ya uwepo wa ugonjwa huu baada ya yeye kupata maumivu ya macho, na baada ya kupata ushauri wa daktari alifika kwenye duka la dawa (Famasi) na kukuta idadi kubwa ya dawa za macho zikiwa juu ya kaunta, na baadae kusikia mtaaani watu wengi wakilalamika.

Ugonjwa huu unaweza kuambukiza kwa kutazamana?
JamiiCheck imefuatilia njia za maambukizi za ugonjwa huu na kubaini kuwa hauwezi kuambukizwa kwa kutazamana.

Taarifa ya Wizara ya Afya iliyochapishwa kwenye mtandao wa X, Januari 16, 2023, ilibaibisha njia mbili zinazoweza kusambaza ugonjwa huu ambazo ni kupitia kugusa tongotongo au machozi kutoka kwenye macho ya mtu mwenye maambukizi au kupitia kugusana mikono na mtu mwenye maambukizi au kwa kugusa sehemu au kitu ambacho kimeguswa au kuapata machozi au tongotongo.

Taarifa hii ilibainisha pia kuwa dalili zake huanza kuonekana kuanzia siku 5 hadi 14 baada ya kupata vimelea vya maambukizi. Aidha, mara chache inaweza kuchukua muda mrefu zaidi.

Kwa mujibu wa American Academy of Opthalmology, ugonjwa huu kwa lugha rahisi husambaa kwa kugusa kitu au mtu aliyeambukizwa. Aidha, haiwezekani kuupata ugonjwa kwa kutazamana pekee.

Hata baada ya kupitia vyanzo vingine vya kuaminika, JamiiCheck haijapata uthibitisho wa uambukizwaji wa ugonjwa huu kwa njia ya kutazamana.

Dalili za ugonjwa
Dalili za ugonjwa huu ni pamoja na macho kuwasha, kuchomachoma, kuuma, macho kutoa machozi na kutoa tongo tongo za njano.

Dalili hizi zinaweza kutofautiana ukubwa kati ya mtu mmoja na mwingine.

Matibabu
Taarifa za uchunguzi zinaonesha Maambukizi ugonjwa huu hasa ukisababishwa na Kirusi kwenye ngozi ya juu ya gololi ya jicho, ujulikanayo kitaalamu “Viral Keratoconjunctivitis” husambaa kwa kasi kubwa.

Hakuna tiba maalumu kwa ugonjwa huu na hata bila tiba dalili huisha zenyewe ndani ya muda mfupi, ambao unaweza kufikia hadi wiki mbili.

Jinsi ya kujikinga
Katika kujikinga na ugonjwa huu, Wizara ya Afya ya Tanzania inashauri kufanya mambo yafuatayo:
  • Jizuie usiguse macho yako kadri uwezavyo. Iwapo utagusa macho yako, nawa mikono na maji tiririka na sabuni.
  • Jizuie usiguse mtu mwingine isipokuwa tuu pale unapokuwa
    umetoka kusha mikono yako na maji tiririka na sabuni
  • Tupa au safisha kwa makini (kwa maji moto na sabuni) vitu vilivyogusa macho yako.
  • Usichangie vipodozi na vitu vingine unavyotumia kama vile taulo za karatasi au nguo au dawa za macho
  • Tumia taulo tofauti na leso tofauti kwa kila mwana familia.
  • Funika mdomo wako na pua wakati wa kukohoa au kupiga chafya.
  • Watoto wadogo wagoniwa wanaoenda shule wanashauriwa wakae nyumbani hadi dalili zinapoisha kwa kuwa ni ngumu kuzuia maambukizi yasisambae kwenye mazingira ya shule.
Wizara inashauri pia Watu wazima wanaweza kwenda kazini ila wanapaswa kuzingatia kanuni za kuzuia kutokuambukizwa au kuambukiza wengine kwa kufuata kanuni za kuzuia maambukizi. Aidha, Watumishi wa Afya wazingatie kutokupeleka maambukizi hayo nyumbani kwa kufuata kanuni za kuzuia maambukizi.
nyie sometimes mnatuonaga hamnazo eti ?

mngesema labda ugonjwa huu huambukizwa kwa njia ya hewa ningewalewa ila hizo sababu mnazotaja hazina mantiki kabisa.
 
Kwa mujibu wa American academy of ophthalmology haya majibu ni ya kwenu wenye uwezo mdogo wa kufikiria kila mtakachoambiwa na mzungu mnaamini huu ugonjwa unaambukiza kwa kumtazamana na mgonjwa kwa 60% siamini mgonjwa mmoja wa macho aambukize watu zaidi ya 7 mpaka 8 kwenye eneo moja ikiwa watu wameshika tahadhali wengne hata kumsogeleo tu wanaogopa kitendo cha kukutana tu macho unapa msisimko dalili zinaanza kama machozi, mngesema njia ya hewa labda pengne kidogo ningeelewa.
 
Uzi mreefu usio na maana wewe admin unajua nini kuhusu Airborne disease...Mfano wa magonjwa yanayoambukizwa kwa Hewa ni Flui sababishwayo na Influenza virus...Unajua hii Conjuctivitis ni kama epidermic outbreak ya mafua ya ndege yalitokea kipindi cha miaka ya nyuma

Mwanza na Ukerewe zamani kidogo huu ugonjwa ulizuka uko na uliitwa HAHA yani mtu alieathirika akikutazama karibu tu Unaukwaa kesho unaamka Jicho nyanya..Ni ukichaa kusema hauambukizwi kwa kutazamana
 
Malays Fam Physician. 2018; 13(3): 27–28.
Published online 2018 Dec 31.
PMCID: PMC6382084
PMID: 30800230

Gonococcal conjunctivitis: A case report​

N Anuar1,1 and NS Idris2
Author information Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer


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Case Summary​

We report a case of acute gonococcal conjunctivitis in a 36-year-old woman who presented with eye redness and a history of discharge for one month. Prior to presenting to us, she was treated for bacterial conjunctivitis with three courses of local antibiotics by three different clinics after brief assessments and without improvement. The final diagnosis of gonococcal conjunctivitis was made after a complete history was elicited and supported by the presence of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in the eye swab culture test. She and her sexual partner were treated successfully with intramuscular Ceftriaxone and oral Azithromycin. This case highlights the importance of complete history taking, including sexual history, which translates into early recognition and treatment, thus preventing complications.

Introduction​

Due to the increased incidence of genitourinary-related, sexually-transmitted illnesses, gonococcal conjunctivitis is no longer uncommon in adults. Proper sexual history is mandatory in each patient presenting with purulent eye discharge1,2. This will aid the doctor in coming up with a proper diagnosis and treatment, which is crucial. Early treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis may prevent further complications, which threaten the eyesight.2
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Case report​

A 36-year-old woman was referred by the ophthalmology team for screening and treatment of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae infection. She presented with right eye redness and pain dating back a month, associated with thick, yellowish discharge. She denied visual impairment. Her condition was worsening despite antibiotic eye drops that were prescribed by doctors from three different clinics. During the fourth week of the illness, her eyes condition remained the same. In our clinic, further history revealed that she had just learned that her husband, who is currently a prisoner, had multiple sexual partners previously. She also had a yellowish, smelly vaginal discharge over the past 3 months, associated with pain on urination and vaginal itchiness.
On examination, her right eyelid was swollen, her right eye conjunctiva was red and copious yellowish discharge was present. There was chemosis, as well. Her left eye conjunctiva was not swollen and no discharge was seen. Bilateral pupils were equal, round and reactive and there was no evidence of keratitis. She was also afebrile. A vaginal examination revealed yellowish vaginal discharge. However, there was no ulceration or rash over the genital area.
Right eye and vaginal swabs were sent for gram stain and culture and sensitivity. The gram stain was done immediately and revealed the presence of gram-negative diplococci.
She received a single dose of intramuscular Ceftriaxone 1 gram and a tablet of Azithromycin 1 gram immediately. Notification for contact tracing was done on the same day. With her permission, we contacted the doctor in charge of the prisoner to counsel and treat her husband and reassured the patient regarding the maintenance of confidentiality.
She was given appointments at the primary care and ophthalmology clinics. One week after she completed treatment, her eye symptoms were completely resolved with no visual problems. The culture and sensitivity proved the presence of a Neisseria Gonorrhoeae infection, the vaginal swab was positive for Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, and both the vaginal swab and urine culture were negative for Chlamydia Trachomatis. Infective screenings for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Syphilis were negative.
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Discussion​

Gonorrhoea infections can be asymptomatic in women. The most common presentations of gonococcal infection in women include vaginal discharge, itchiness, dysuria, dyspareunia, anal pain, anal discharge and lower abdominal pain3.
The patient may present with extra-genital symptoms, such as ocular conjunctivitis, as in our patient.1 The presentations of gonococcal conjunctivitis can be similar to other forms of bacterial conjunctivitis, such as conjunctival injection, purulent eye discharge, chemosis and swelling of the eyelids.1 Untreated gonococcal conjunctivitis may lead to keratitis, corneal ulceration, panophtalmitis1,4 and corneal perforation5.
A meticulous history, including sexual and social histories, should be obtained from the patient in order for a health care provider to diagnose gonococcal conjunctivitis.1,6 Obtaining a robust sexual and social history can be a great challenge to the health care provider, as not all patients are comfortable discussing such matters. These limitations can be tackled by developing a good rapport with the patient using good communication skills. A convenient environment and a patient-centered doctor who demonstrates empathy will encourage patients to share their problems, as needed.68 Every patient should be asked about their sexual partners, practices, previous history of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) and any protection used to prevent STDs and pregnancy.9
A high index of suspicion is always important when there is prolonged, unresolved, treated conjunctivitis in a patient. Immediate treatment and proper investigations are obligatory, for instance, collecting an eye swab for gram stain and culture and sensitivity.5 In our patient, the treatment, notification, contact screening and treatment were carried out as recommended by the 2015 CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guideline.10
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Conclusion​

A prolonged conjunctivitis, especially one lasting more than 2 weeks, which does not respond to usual treatments should raise suspicion and result in further investigation. Prompt treatment of the patient and the sexual partner will prevent disastrous complications. A patient-centered doctor with empathy and a conducive consultation room, along with a complete physical examination, will improve the quality of treatment and prevent unwanted complications.
 
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