Mwanzo mwisho ukweli tusiyofahamu kuhusu chura wa Kihansi

Billal Saadat

Billal Saadat

Senior Member
Nov 30, 2022
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Uamuzi wa kupeleka vyura wa Kihansi Marekani, ulifanywa na Wizara ya Nishati na Madini mwaka 2000. Waziri akiwa Abdallah Kigoda na Rais alikuwa Benjamin Mkapa. Vyura 500 walipelekwa Marekani kwenye Bustani za Kuhifadhia Wanyama za Bronx na Toledo.

Je ni nani alikuwa analipia gharama..?

Kuanzia mwaka 2000 mpaka June 2019 gharama za matunzo ya vyura hawa Marekani zililipwa na World Bank na Global Environment Facility.

Ilipofika Mwaka 2020 mkataba ukaisha. Rais John Magufuli na Waziri wa Nishati Medard Kalemani, wakaongeza contract vyura wa Kihansi waendelee kuhifadhiwa Marekani kwa miaka mingine miwili 2020/2021 na 2021/22 hili halikufanyika kwa ubaya.

Rais Samia alimteua January Makamba September 2021 alikuta tayari kuna mkataba umeshaongezwa na bajet na commitments za malipo ya 2021/22 zimeshafanywa na Kalemani.

Ni wazi watanzania tunaisoma ripoti ya CAG kama koti la kutungua tu kama alivyoeleza CAG, malipo ya TSh. Millioni 611.92 (USD 260,000) yamelipwa kwa kiwango cha USD 130,000 kwa mwaka – kwenye miaka yote miwili – kiwango kile kile alichopanga Kalemani kabla hajaondoka na Mkataba uliisha June 2022.

Mwaka 2022 kuna makubaliano yalifikiwa kati ya Tanzania na Bustani za Wanyama za Marekani (Bronx & Toledo) kuanza kuwarudisha vyura hawa Tanzania. Tokea hapo Wizara ya Nishati chini ya January Makamba iliridhia haitolipa tena gharama za kuhifadhi vyura hawa Marekani. Mpango wa serikali ni kuwarudisha vyura hawa Tanzania kuanzia April 2023. Vyura hawa wataifadhiwa kwenye vituo maalum vilivyojengwa UDSM na Kihansi.

Ikumbukwe kuwa Tanzania imekuwa ikilipia gharama hizi za matunzo ya vyura hawa nchi Marekani kwa sababu moja kubwa Mradi wa Bwawa la Kihansi uligharimiwa na World Bank.

Moja ya masharti ya World Bank kuipa Tanzania fedha hizi ilikua kufanya Environmental Impact Assessment na kuhakisha utunzaji wa Mazingira na viumbe vilivyopo. Baada ya vyura hawa kugundulika na kutangazwa kuwa kwenye hatari ya Kupotea duniani, masharti haya yaliilazimu Tanzania kuhakikisha vyura hawa wanalindwa.

Tanzania ilizingati umuhimu na faida kubwa za kiuchumi na kijamii za Bwawa la Kihansi katika kuzalisha umeme, Tanzania iliridhia mpango huu na vyura 500 wakapelekwa Marekani kama jitihada ya kuwaokoa wasipotee duniani. Bila kufanya hivi Tanzania insingepata fedha za ujenzi wa Bwawa la Kihansi.

Tunaweza kuwa wapiga kelele je tumejiuliza sisi kama nchi tumepata faida gani? Mpaka sasa Bwawa la Kihansi limezalisha units za umeme (kwh) Bilioni 17.2 (ambazo ni sawa na Shilingi za Kitanzania Trilioni 3.4). Umeme huu umeingizwa kwenye gridi ya taifa na kuchangia kwa kiasi kikubwa upatikanaji na usambazaji wa umeme nchini ambao umeboresha maendeleo ya kijamii, uendeshaji wa viwanda,

Repoti ya CAG siku zote inaonyesha makadirio gharama zilizotumika kwenye miaka yote 22 ya kuhudumia vyura hawa ni USD milioni 2.86. Hii ni sawa takriban Tsh. Billion 6.7 – sawa na asilimia 0.2% ya fedha zinazozalishwa na mradi wa Kihansi kwa uzalishaji umeme. Kwa wachaga tunasema nchi imepata faida.

Hivyo basi uamuzi wa kukubali kugharimia kuhifadhi vyura ili tuweze kujenga Bwawa Umeme la Kihansi ulikua uamuzi sahihi na wenye tija kubwa kwa Tanzania kiuchumi, kijamii na kimazingira.

Niwagusie kidogo juu ya vyura wa Kihansi wanaojulikana kama “Nectophrynoides Asperginis” ni aina ya vyura wadogo wanaopatikana katika bonde la mto Kihansi, Tanzania pekee. Hii ni mali ya Tanzania hata huko walipo siku tukiwataka hawawezi kubaki nao.

Vyura hawa waligunduliwa na kutanganzwa rasmi 1996 baada ya kuanza kwa ujenzi wa Bwawa la Kihansi. Kabla ya hapo vyura hawa walikuwa hawajawahi onekana duniani.

Ujenzi wa Bwawa la Kihansi ulichukua (divert) 90% ya maji yaliyokuwa yanapita ndani ya makazi ya vyura (form the waterfalls to gorge) hii ilisababisha vyura kuanza kufa na kutozaliana, idadi yao ikapungua kwa haraka sana – kutoka takribani vyura 20,000 wakati wanagunguliwa, mpaka kupotea kabisa (Nahayo et al. 2019).

Ilipofika Nov 2009 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ilitangaza rasmi vyura hawa wametoweka kwenye mazingira yao halisi (Extinct in the Wild).

Mwaka 2000 kabla vyura hawa hawajapotea kabisa (wakati bwawa la Kihansi linaanza rasmi kufanya kazi), mpago wa kuwaokoa (captive breeding program) ulianziswa na Serikali ya Rais Benjamin Mkapa. Vyura 500 wakapelekwa Marekani kwenye bustani za Wanyama za Bronx na Toledo zenye utaalam na miundombinu bora zaidi ya kuwatunza vyura hawa wasipotee kabisa duniani.

Ilipofika mwaka 2010 idadi ya vyura hawa kwenye bustani hizi za Marekenai ilikadiriwa kufika 6,000 (Nahayo et al. 2019). Mwaka huo pia Center mbili za uzalishaji zilianzishwa Tanzania – Moja UDSM na moja Kihansi.

Yameshafanyika majaribio kadhaa awali ya kuwarudisha vyura hawa Kihansi hayakunafikiwa (vyura walikufa kutoka na madiliko ya mazingira). Hata hivyo jitihada hii ya kuwarudhisha vyura hawa kwenye mazingira yao halisi bado inaendelea chini uangalizi wa wataam wabobezi.

Swali la kujiuliza ni wapi kama Waziri mwenye dhamana ndugu January Makamba amehusika na maamuzi au bajeti ya kupeleka vyura wa Kihansi marekani. Maamuzi haya yalifanywa na Rais Mkapa, Waziri akiwa Kigoda mwaka 2000, na kisha Kalemani na Magufuli wakaongeza mkataba na kupanga malipo 2020.

Maamuzi ya kuhifadhi vyura hawa marekani yalikua maamuzi sahahi na yenye tija kubwa kwa Tanzania.

Nimeziona jitihada tangu july 2022 Wizara ya Nishati chini ya January Makamba ikiwa haijalipa gharama za kuwahifadhi vyura hawa Marekani.

Rais Samia ameridhia kwa awamu ya sita mpango ni kuwarudisha vyura hawa Tanzania kuanzia mwezi April 2023.

Nawatakia kila la heri. Tusome na kuelewa kabla ya kurukia hoja.

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Bujibuji Simba Nyamaume said:
Walisema chura hao nje ya mazingira ya Kihansi hawawezi kuishi wala kuzaana. Je kwa miaka yote hiyo wamewezaje kuishi USA 🇺🇸 bila kufa? Au lifespan yao ni mamia mangapi ya miaka?
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An ex situ breeding program is maintained by North American zoos in the effort to reintroduce the species back into the wild. The program was initiated in 2001 by the Bronx Zoo when almost 500 Kihansi spray toads were taken from their native gorge and placed in six U.S. zoos as a possible hedge against extinction.[10][11][12] Initially its unusual life style and reproduction mode caused problems in captivity, and only Bronx Zoo and Toledo Zoo were able to maintain populations.[11] By December 2004, fewer than 70 remained in captivity, but when their exact requirements were discovered greater survival and breeding success was achieved.[10][11] In November 2005, the Toledo Zoo opened an exhibit for the Kihansi spray toad, and for some time this was the only place in the world where it was on display to the public.[10] The Toledo Zoo now has several thousand Kihansi spray toads,[10][13] the majority off-exhibit. The Bronx Zoo also has several thousand Kihansi spray toads,[13] and it opened a small exhibit for some of these in February 2010.[11][14] In 2010 Toledo Zoo transferred 350 toads to Chattanooga Zoo,[10] which has created a small exhibit for them. Groups numbering in the hundreds are now also maintained at Detroit Zoo and Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo.[13]

Reintroduction into the wildEdit​

In August 2010, a group of 100 Kihansi spray toads were flown from the Bronx Zoo and Toledo Zoo to their native Tanzania,[10] as part of an effort to reintroduce the species into the wild, using a propagation center at the University of Dar es Salaam.[12][15] In 2012, scientists from the center returned a test population of 48 toads to the Kihansi gorge, having found means to co-inhabit the toads with substrates presumed to contain chytrid fungus.[16][17] The substrates were extracted from the Kihansi gorge spray wetlands, and mixed with captive toads with their surrogate species from the wild. Reintroduction commenced because its substrate appeared to not harbor any infectious agents that could threaten the survival of the species.[17] In 2017 a reintroduction program will be launched and currently a few Kihansi spray toads will be successfully reintroduced in Tanzania.

Despite strict protocols in the breeding facilities, toads are occasionally attacked by chytrid fungus, resulting in mass deaths at the Kihansi facility. Air conditioning and water filtration system malfunctions have also contributed to toad mortality. Researchers suggest that reintroduction of the species in the wild might take time because it needs to adapt slowly to the wild habitat in which it needs to search for food, evade predators, and overcome disease, in contrast to the controlled environment they lived in during captivity.[17]
 
Billal Saadat said:
Uamuzi wa kupeleka vyura wa Kihansi Marekani, ulifanywa na Wizara ya Nishati na Madini mwaka 2000. Waziri akiwa Abdallah Kigoda na Rais alikuwa Benjamin Mkapa. Vyura 500 walipelekwa Marekani kwenye Bustani za Kuhifadhia Wanyama za Bronx na Toledo.
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Hili jibu kwa nini CAG hakupewa? Maelezo yako kisayansi, yamenyooka na ni kweli tupu.

Mimi ninamlaumu ambaye alipaswa kumpa CAG jibu hili halafu hakufanya hivyo.
 
Stuxnet said:
Hili jibu kwa nini CAG hakupewa? Maelezo yako kisayansi, yamenyooka na ni kweli tupu.

Mimi ninamlaumu ambaye alipaswa kumpa CAG jibu hili halafu hakufanya hivyo.
Click to expand...

Wakaguzi nao ni binadamu katika balance check kuna muda wanakosea pamoja na yote ni muhimu kuisoma ripoti yake tukiishia kwenye muhtasari wa ripoti hatutakuwa tumefaidika kupata taarifa sahihi.
 
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