Mkuu intelligence imegawanyika mara tatu yani Human intelligence(Humint),signal intelligence(Signit) na electronic intelligence(Elect-in)
Kwa amateur kama wewe inabidi uanze ngazi ya kwanza kabisa ya intelligence gathering yani Human intelligence.Hii ina involve kupata information na kuzifanyia analysis kwa kutumia akili yako mwenyewe bila kifaa cha aina yeyyte ile
Mambo kama dead drops,losing a tail,blending in,kujifunza lugha mbali mbali,ku sharpen spartial memory yako,disguise na hand to hand combat yanahusika hapa.Sijajua system gani ya mapigano umejifunza hapo ila standard martial art ya spy ni Judo
Sasa tukija kwa signal intelligence ndo tunakutana na mambo ya encyption and decryption,interception of enemy communication na kadhalika.Hapa unatakiwa uwe mzima kwenye hesabu na uwe mwepesi kuelewa.Morse code inatakiwa iwe second nature
Mambo ya electronic intelligence waachie watu wa IT.Hii type of intelligence ime evovle juzi tu kutoka signal intelligence
Pamoja mkuu
rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Morse code is a method of transmitting
text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment. The International Morse Code[SUP]
[1][/SUP] encodes the
ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the
Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals as standardized sequences of short and long signals called "dots" and "dashes",[SUP]
[1][/SUP] or "dits" and "dahs". Because many non-English natural languages use more than the 26 Roman letters, extensions to the Morse alphabet exist for those languages.
Each character (letter or numeral) is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes. The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash is followed by a short silence, equal to the dot duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space equal to three dots (one dash), and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in code transmission.[SUP]
[1][/SUP] For efficiency, the length of each character in Morse is approximately inversely proportional to its frequency of occurrence in English. Thus, the most common letter in English, the letter "E," has the shortest code, a single dot.
Morse code is most popular among
amateur radio operators, although it is no longer required for
licensing in most countries.
Pilots and
air traffic controllers usually need only a cursory understanding. Aeronautical
navigational aids, such as
VORs and
NDBs, constantly identify in Morse code. Compared to voice, Morse code is less sensitive to poor signal conditions, yet still comprehensible to humans without a decoding device. Morse is therefore a useful alternative to synthesized speech for sending automated data to skilled listeners on voice channels. Many
amateur radio repeaters, for example, identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications.
For emergency signals, Morse code can be sent by way of improvised sources that can be easily "keyed" on and off, making it one of the simplest and most versatile methods of
telecommunication. The most common distress signal is
SOS or three dots, three dashes and three dots, internationally recognized by treaty.
[h=2]Development and history[/h]
A typical "straight key." This U.S. model, known as the J-38, was manufactured in huge quantities during
World War II, and remains in widespread use today. In a straight key, the signal is "on" when the knob is pressed, and "off" when it is released. Length and timing of the dots and dashes are entirely controlled by the operator.
Beginning in 1836, the American artist
Samuel F. B. Morse, the American
physicist Joseph Henry, and
Alfred Vail developed an
electrical telegraph system. This system sent pulses of
electric current along wires which controlled an
electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the silence between them. Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern International Morse code.
In 1837,
William Cooke and
Charles Wheatstone in
England began using an electrical telegraph that also used electromagnets in its receivers. However, in contrast with any system of making sounds of clicks, their system used pointing needles that rotated above alphabetical charts to indicate the letters that were being sent. In 1841, Cooke and Wheatstone built a telegraph that printed the letters from a wheel of typefaces struck by a hammer. This machine was based on their 1840 telegraph and worked well; however, they failed to find customers for this system and only two examples were ever built.[SUP]
[2][/SUP]
On the other hand, the three Americans' system for
telegraphy, which was first used in about 1844, was designed to make indentations on a paper tape when electric currents were received. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape. When an electrical current was received, an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape, making an indentation on the tape. When the current was interrupted, a spring retracted the stylus, and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked.
The Morse code was developed so that operators could translate the indentations marked on the paper tape into text messages. In his earliest code, Morse had planned to only transmit numerals, and use a dictionary to look up each word according to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded by
Alfred Vail to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. Vail determined the frequency of use of letters in the
English language by counting the movable type he found in the type-cases of a local newspaper in
Morristown.[SUP]
[3][/SUP] The shorter marks were called "dots", and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shorter sequences of dots and dashes.
n the original Morse telegraphs, the receiver's armature made a clicking noise as it moved in and out of position to mark the paper tape. The telegraph operators soon learned that they could translate the clicks directly into dots and dashes, and write these down by hand, thus making the paper tape unnecessary. When Morse code was adapted to
radio communication, the dots and dashes were sent as short and long pulses. It was later found that people became more proficient at receiving Morse code when it is taught as a language that is heard, instead of one read from a page.[SUP]
[4][/SUP]
To reflect the sounds of Morse code receivers, the operators began to vocalise a dot as "dit", and a dash as "dah". Dots which are not the final element of a character became vocalised as "di". For example, the letter "c" was then vocalised as "dah-di-dah-dit".[SUP]
[5][/SUP][SUP]
[6][/SUP]
In the 1890s, Morse code began to be used extensively for early
radio communication, before it was possible to transmit voice. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, most high-speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines, undersea cables and radio circuits. In aviation, Morse code in radio systems started to be used on a regular basis in the 1920s. Although previous transmitters were bulky and the
spark gap system of transmission was difficult to use, there had been some earlier attempts. In 1910 the U.S. Navy experimented with sending Morse from an airplane.[SUP]
[7][/SUP] That same year a radio on the airship
America had been instrumental in coordinating the rescue of its crew.[SUP]
[8][/SUP] However, there was no aeronautical radio in use during
World War I, and in the 1920s there was no radio system used by such important flights as that of
Charles Lindbergh from
New York to
Paris in 1927. Once he and the
Spirit of St. Louis were off the ground, Lindbergh was truly alone and incommunicado. On the other hand, when the first
airplane flight was made from California to Australia in the 1930s on the
Southern Cross, one of its four crewmen was its radio operator who communicated with ground stations via
radio telegraph.
Beginning in the 1930s, both civilian and military pilots were required to be able to use Morse code, both for use with early communications systems and identification of navigational beacons which transmitted continuous two- or three-letter identifiers in Morse code.
Aeronautical charts show the identifier of each navigational aid next to its location on the map.
Radio telegraphy using Morse code was vital during
World War II, especially in carrying messages between the
warships and the
naval bases of the belligerents. Long-range ship-to-ship communications was by radio telegraphy, using
encrypted messages, because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range, and their security. Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by
warplanes, especially by long-range
patrol planes that were sent out by these navies to scout for enemy warships, cargo ships, and troop ships.
In addition, rapidly moving armies in the field could not have fought effectively without radiotelegraphy, because they moved more rapidly than telegraph and telephone lines could be erected. This was seen especially in the
blitzkrieg offensives of the
Nazi German Wehrmacht in
Poland,
Belgium,
France (in 1940), the
Soviet Union, and in
North Africa; by the
British Army in
North Africa,
Italy, and the
Netherlands; and by the
U.S. Army in France and Belgium (in 1944), and in southern Germany in 1945.
Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until 1999, when it was replaced by the
Global Maritime Distress Safety System. When the
French Navy ceased using Morse code on January 31, 1997, the final message transmitted was "Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence."[SUP]
[9][/SUP] In the United States the final commercial Morse Code transmission was on July 12, 1999, signing off with Samuel Morse's original 1844 message, "
What hath God wrought", and the
prosign "SK".[SUP]
[10][/SUP]
The
United States Coast Guard has ceased all use of Morse code on the radio, and no longer monitors any
radio frequencies for Morse code transmissions, including the international medium frequency (MF) distress frequency of
500 kHz.[SUP]
[11][/SUP] However the
Federal Communications Commission still grants commercial radiotelegraph operator licenses to applicants who pass its code and written tests.[SUP]
[12][/SUP] Licensees have reactivated the old California coastal Morse station
KPH and regularly transmit from the site under either this
Call sign or as KSM. Similarly, a few US
Museum ship stations are operated by Morse enthusiasts.[SUP]
[13] S
[/SUP]
Source:
Morse code - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
