Ubongo wa binadamu na utunzaji wa kumbukumbu

[apakak]

Mada nzuri sana hii mkuu

 

[Monstgala]

hapa sasa ndipo inakuja kitu kinaitwa Genetics -- koo zingine zinakuwa na tatizo hili la kutotunza kumbukumbu.

Inawezekana kabisa. Kuna athari za kuoa katika ukoo mmoja ingawa kuna baadhi ya watu wa Middle East si jambo jipya. Kuna cases za watoto kuzaliwa na tatizo kubwa zaidi wakiwa wamerithi kutoka kwa mama na baba ambao walikuwa na kiwango fulani cha tatizo.

 

[TGInnocent]

kaka si ubongo tu, system nzima ya mwili wa binadamu ni so complicated kiasi kwamba ukisoma unaweza kuogopa hasa kwa sisi ambao hatukusomea elimu ya viumbe hai.

Kuna siku daktari wa wanawake, alinisimulia namna process ya kujifungua inavyofanyika - aisee niliogopa sana, nikatamani nisingemuuliza!! very complicated - kama process moja itachelewa tu basi unaweza kupoteza mama au mtoto.

Mungu atabaki kuwa Mungu maana katuumba wanadamu kwa jinsi ya ajabu sana.

 

[Monstgala]

kaka si ubongo tu, system nzima ya mwili wa binadamu ni so complicated kiasi kwamba ukisoma unaweza kuogopa hasa kwa sisi ambao hatukusomea elimu ya viumbe hai.

Kuna siku daktari wa wanawake, alinisimulia namna process ya kujifungua inavyofanyika - aisee niliogopa sana, nikatamani nisingemuuliza!! very complicated - kama process moja itachelewa tu basi unaweza kupoteza mama au mtoto.

Kweli nakubaliana nawe juu ya complexity. Mambo mengine yanaendelea katika mwili bila ya sisi kujua/kuamua. Unconsicous mind ndiyo inaendesha mambo haya lakini bado ni mfumo huu huu wa fahamu ambao unahusisha ubongo. Hivyo basi ubongo uko nyuma ya matendo yote ya mwili ikiwemo kujifungua, kupumua, mapigo ya moyo, kubalance joto la mwili etc. Vitu ambavyo hata ukilala usingizi vinaendelea kama kawaida. Hii si kwa binadamu tu bali wanyama wote.

 

[akazuba]

Makala hii ya Patricia Anne Kinser inaweza kupanua kidogo uelewa wetu katika mpangilio na kazi za ubongo.

Brain Structures and their Functions​

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Limbic System
• Brain Stem

The nervous system is your body's decision and communication center. The central nervous system (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made of nerves. Together they control every part of your daily life, from breathing and blinking to helping you memorize facts for a test. Nerves reach from your brain to your face, ears, eyes, nose, and spinal cord... and from the spinal cord to the rest of your body. Sensory nerves gather information from the environment, send that info to the spinal cord, which then speed the message to the brain. The brain then makes sense of that message and fires off a response. Motor neurons deliver the instructions from the brain to the rest of your body. The spinal cord, made of a bundle of nerves running up and down the spine, is similar to a superhighway, speeding messages to and from the brain at every second.
The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the brainstem.
The Cerebrum: The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Here is a visual representation of the cortex:

​

What does each of these lobes do?

• Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
• Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
• Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
• Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Note that the cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled. Essentially this makes the brain more efficient, because it can increase the surface area of the brain and the amount of neurons within it. We will discuss the relevance of the degree of cortical folding (or gyrencephalization) later. A deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two halves, known as the left and right hemispheres. The two hemispheres look mostly symmetrical yet it has been shown that each side functions slightly different than the other. Sometimes the right hemisphere is associated with creativity and the left hemisphere is associated with logic abilities. The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons which connects these two hemispheres. Nerve cells make up the gray surface of the cerebrum which is a little thicker than your thumb. White nerve fibers underneath carry signals between the nerve cells and other parts of the brain and body The neocortex occupies the bulk of the cerebrum. This is a six-layered structure of the cerebral cortex which is only found in mammals. It is thought that the neocortex is a recently evolved structure, and is associated with "higher" information processing by more fully evolved animals (such as humans, primates, dolphins, etc)The Cerebellum: The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance. The cerebellum is assumed to be much older than the cerebrum, evolutionarily. What do I mean by this? In other words, animals which scientists assume to have evolved prior to humans, for example reptiles, do have developed cerebellums. However, reptiles do not have neocortex. Limbic System: The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old. This system contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. Here is a visual representation of this system, from a midsagittal view of the human brain:
Click on the words to learn what these structures do:

• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Amygdala
• Hippocampus

Brain Stem: Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Scientists say that this is the "simplest" part of human brains because animals' entire brains, such as reptiles (who appear early on the evolutionary scale) resemble our brain stem. Look at a good example of this here.
The brain stem is made of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Click on the words to learn what these structures do:

• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla

 

[olele]

Na ngumu zaidi ni kwamba hakuna kinachoonekana zaidi ya kuobserve activities (za umeme) katika regions mbalimbali za ubongo. Hii ni sawa na kuangalia matokeo ya behaviours fulani na kujaribu kurelate na nadharia tofauti. Lakini kwa sasa stadi za eneo hili zinaadvance sana kwa kuwa na tech inayorahisisha majaribio tofauti.

mkuu nashukuru kwa elimu nzuri mi nna swali naomba unisaidie..
imewahi kunitokea si maa moja.. kwamba kuna saa nahisi tukio au siku kuwa imewahi kutokea au inafanana na siku nyingine......
sijui kama naeleweka... mfano jambo/tukio linaweza kutoa alafu katika ubongo nahisi jambo/tukio kama hilo limewahi kutokea tena katika mazingira yaleyale....

hii inasababishwa na nini

 

[uaminifukazi]

Mungu atabaki kuwa Mungu maana katuumba wanadamu kwa jinsi ya ajabu sana.

Nyie ndo huwa mnaharibu ladha ya jukwaa. Watu wanaongelea tafiti za kisayansi wapuuzi kama nyie mnaleta habari za mungu na imani zake... jinga sana.

 

[Mashaxizo]

Dah! mkuu mada safi sana hii.

Binafsi sipendi nyau. Napenda sana mbwa! Na sitakikuamini mbwa ni vilaza ukilinganisha na paka! Kwa maana kumtrain mbwa ni rahisi kuliko paka. (in my opinion) Embu toa udambwi udambi udambwi kuhusiana na bongo ya mbwa.

 

[Monstgala]

mkuu nashukuru kwa elimu nzuri mi nna swali naomba unisaidie..
imewahi kunitokea si maa moja.. kwamba kuna saa nahisi tukio au siku kuwa imewahi kutokea au inafanana na siku nyingine......
sijui kama naeleweka... mfano jambo/tukio linaweza kutoa alafu katika ubongo nahisi jambo/tukio kama hilo limewahi kutokea tena katika mazingira yaleyale....

hii inasababishwa na nini

Mkuu olele hiyo ni phenomenon ambayo imepewa jina la deja vu, ni kifaransa hicho neno likimaanisha "seen already". kwamba unaona jambo fulani ambalo kama vile lilishatokea na kama unakumbuka vile. Ni moja ya activities za ubongo ndani sana, ngumu kupima, ngumu kutengeneza mazingira yake. Kwa kweli ni moja ya vitu vigumu sana kuelewa ingawa vimekuwepo muda wote (sio kitu kipya). Kutokana na ugumu wake wa kuelezwa nini kinasababisha na kwa nini basi nadharia mbali mbali zisizokuwa rasmi zilijitokeza lakini wataalam wa saikoloji na mambo ya ubongo wakajikita kutafuta uelewa mzuri zaidi. Unajua kusoma tabia na mambo ya ubongo ni moja ya sehemu ngumu na maswali mengi magumu pamoja na nadharia nyingi zimepata kuthibitishwa miaka ya karibuni baada ya kukua kwa technology. Basi deja vu ni moja ya maswali haya magumu.

Kuna hypothesis baadhi ingawa sio majibu ya mwisho nikiwa na maana bado hili suala linatafitiwa tu na labda kutakuja kuwa na majibu yanayojitosheleza mbeleni. Deja vu kwa upande mmoja inahusishwa na kupishana/kuwa na tatizo kidogo kwa seli zile za fahamu (neurological dissorder)- kwamba wagonjwa wa epilepsy wanapata deja vu zaidi ya wasio na ugonjwa huu.

Pili, kuna ile hypothesis ya brain error ambayo ni katika kumbukumbu zetu. Hii ndio inaonekana kawaida sana kwa watu wengi maana haihusiani na ugonjwa bali ubongo unaposhindwa kuvuta kumbukumbu vizuri na kuishia kutoa alternative fulani na hii inakufanya uhisi ushaona hiyo kitu wakati ukweli hujawahi. Kwa hiyo kwa situation yako kama uliona tukio na ukahisi ushawahi kuliona ni kwamba katika kujaribu kufafanua "ubongo" ulijaribu kuvuta kumbukumbu fulani inayoshabihiana na tukio hilo na kukupa kama "ufafanuzi" lakini ni error kwa kuwa kile ni kitu kipya ambacho hakikutunzwa katika memory kabla. Hii inatokea kwa kasi kwa sababu stimuli zile ni za umeme na hiyo moment inakuwa ni katika sekunde tu. Ufafanuzi wa tukio lile unahusishwa na kumbukumbu iliyotunzwa lakini ni "kimakosa" matokeo ndio hali ya kuhisi tukio lile somehow lilitokea.

 

[Eiyer]

Ni eneo dogo la ubongo linalohusika na utunzaji wa kumbukumbu, sio mfumo wa fahamu wote. Lakini hizo tafiti zinapendekeza ni wapi hasa memories zinatunzwa apart from sehemu ya ubongo?

Hizi tafiti zinaonesha kumbukumbu hazitunzwi kabisa kwenye ubongo

Kuna tafiti mbali mbali ambazo wataalam walikuwa watatafiti kama kuna maisha baada ya kifo na hapo ndipo ambapo waligundua maajabu

Kuna watu ambao walikuwa "clinical dead" walipokuwa wanafanyiwa upasuaji wa maradhi mbali mbali,baada ya upasuaji ule baadhi waliweza kuelezea kile ambacho madaktari walikuwa wanakifanya na kujadiliana wakati wa upasuaji ule

Kuna mmoja aliweza kumuona mama yake akilia nje ya chumba cha upasuaji wakati yeye akiwa amelala huku akifanyiwa upasuaji na hata aliweza kusema maneno aliyokuwa anayatamka wakati analia na zaidi sana aliweza kuona mahali alipokuwa ameweka funguo za gari lake wakati akiwa amekaa nje ya chumba cha upasuaji huku akiwa amechanganyikiwa

Matukio hayo yote mawili yaliweza kushuhudiwa na na watu ambao waliyathibitisha kuwa ni kweli,watu hao kama walikuwa clinical dead hiyo inamaana kuwa hawakuweza kuyaingiza hayo matukio kwa milango mitano ya fahamu ili yaingie kwenye kumbukumbu kama kweli zikanaa kwenye ubongo

Nimekueleza kwa kifupi sana mkuu,ngoja nikapekue halafu nitarudi hapa!

 

[NDAGLA]

Asante kwa elimu mkuu.

Kuna mkulima alichezea kichapo kikali sana kutoka kwa mfugaji ni ugomvi baada ya kukuta mifugo shambani kwake.

Inasemekana alipigwa sana fimbo kichwani mpaka akapoteza fahamu.

Baada ya fahamu kumjia,alikuwa amepoteza kumbukumbu zote muhimu yaani hadi sura za watoto wake wanne pamoja na mke wake hadi kwake amepasau na ndugu zake wote akawa hawakumbuki lakini majina anayakumbuka vizuri Tu.

Mpaka umauti wake baada ya miaka 37 alikuwa katika hiyo hali.

SWALI:Hivi hii kitu inaweza kuelezewa kitaalamu kweli ikawa inaeleweka? Yaani nini hasa kilitokea kwenye ubongo wake?

 

[Jumong S]

Hii inasababisha nitamani kurudi kusoma mambo ya afya!
Napenda sana sayansi ya viumbe hai

Sent from my BlackBerry 9220 using JamiiForums

 

[TGInnocent]

Nyie ndo huwa mnaharibu ladha ya jukwaa. Watu wanaongelea tafiti za kisayansi wapuuzi kama nyie mnaleta habari za mungu na imani zake... jinga sana.

Mungu akitajwa inakuzuia vipi wewe kuchangia kisayansi. Hayo mashetani si uliyatafuta mwenyewe.

 

[Globu]

Mkuu Monstgala. Ahsante kwa mada nzuri. Jee kuna uhusiano kati ya ubongo na uti wa mgongo?

 

[beefinjector]

Nyie ndo huwa mnaharibu ladha ya jukwaa. Watu wanaongelea tafiti za kisayansi wapuuzi kama nyie mnaleta habari za mungu na imani zake... jinga sana.

Mkuu umeniwahi, nilitaka kumfurumushia mbali huyu. Hivi hatuwezi kuwa na rational discussion kuhusu kitu chochote bila kumhusisha Mungu?

 

[beefinjector]

Hizi tafiti zinaonesha kumbukumbu hazitunzwi kabisa kwenye ubongo

Kuna tafiti mbali mbali ambazo wataalam walikuwa watatafiti kama kuna maisha baada ya kifo na hapo ndipo ambapo waligundua maajabu

Kuna watu ambao walikuwa "clinical dead" walipokuwa wanafanyiwa upasuaji wa maradhi mbali mbali,baada ya upasuaji ule baadhi waliweza kuelezea kile ambacho madaktari walikuwa wanakifanya na kujadiliana wakati wa upasuaji ule

Kuna mmoja aliweza kumuona mama yake akilia nje ya chumba cha upasuaji wakati yeye akiwa amelala huku akifanyiwa upasuaji na hata aliweza kusema maneno aliyokuwa anayatamka wakati analia na zaidi sana aliweza kuona mahali alipokuwa ameweka funguo za gari lake wakati akiwa amekaa nje ya chumba cha upasuaji huku akiwa amechanganyikiwa

Matukio hayo yote mawili yaliweza kushuhudiwa na na watu ambao waliyathibitisha kuwa ni kweli,watu hao kama walikuwa clinical dead hiyo inamaana kuwa hawakuweza kuyaingiza hayo matukio kwa milango mitano ya fahamu ili yaingie kwenye kumbukumbu kama kweli zikanaa kwenye ubongo

Nimekueleza kwa kifupi sana mkuu,ngoja nikapekue halafu nitarudi hapa!

Mkuu, mtu kuwa "clinically dead" inamaanisha nini?

 

[Monstgala]

Mkuu Monstgala. Ahsante kwa mada nzuri. Jee kuna uhusiano kati ya ubongo na uti wa mgongo?

Uti wa mgongo katikati yake kuna Spinal cord ambayo hii pamoja na ubongo ndio vinaunda mfumo mkuu wa fahamu. Spinal cord inaundwa na tissues ambazo zina mkusanyiko wa nerve cells au neurons na hizi zina-extend mpaka kwenye medulla oblongata.

Uti wa mgongo ukiumizwa either kwa ajali au ugonjwa, mtu anaweza kuwa na matatizo madogo au makubwa kutegemea na sehemu. Kubwa zaidi ni kupoteza ushirikiano kati ya kiungo na mfumo wa fahamu au kuparalyse eneo fulani.

 

[TGInnocent]

Mkuu umeniwahi, nilitaka kumfurumushia mbali huyu. Hivi hatuwezi kuwa na rational discussion kuhusu kitu chochote bila kumhusisha Mungu?

Usitishe watu wewe! Hakuna aliye kuzuia kujadili rationally.

 

[Monstgala]

Asante kwa elimu mkuu.

Kuna mkulima alichezea kichapo kikali sana kutoka kwa mfugaji ni ugomvi baada ya kukuta mifugo shambani kwake.

Inasemekana alipigwa sana fimbo kichwani mpaka akapoteza fahamu.

Baada ya fahamu kumjia,alikuwa amepoteza kumbukumbu zote muhimu yaani hadi sura za watoto wake wanne pamoja na mke wake hadi kwake amepasau na ndugu zake wote akawa hawakumbuki lakini majina anayakumbuka vizuri Tu.

Mpaka umauti wake baada ya miaka 37 alikuwa katika hiyo hali.

SWALI:Hivi hii kitu inaweza kuelezewa kitaalamu kweli ikawa inaeleweka? Yaani nini hasa kilitokea kwenye ubongo wake?

Mkuu, kitaalam hiyo ni brain concussion na si kitu cha ajabu. Inatokea pale ubongo unapotikiswa kwa nguvu na ukagongana na fuvu hivyo kuumiza eneo fulani la ubongo. Force yoyote ya ghafla kichwani iwe ajali, kupigwa, kuanguka, kugonga kichwa ukutani etc inaweza sababisha brain concussion na matokeo yanategemea ubongo umeumizwa kiasi gani. Wengine hupoteza fahamu na wengine hupoteza kumbukumbu mara baada ya concussion. Ubongo hujaribu kujirudisha katika hali yake taratibu na hii inatokea baadhi ya wagonjwa wakipumzika na kutulia kama alipoteza kumbukumbu zinaweza kurudi.

Ubongo unaundwa na tissue laini sana na unalindwa na fuvu ambalo ni gumu sana. Ili ubongo usigongane na fuvu katika matendo ya kawaida ya mwili kama kuruka kukimbia au chochote kinachofanya ubongo utikisike, kuna fluid inayouzunguka na inaepusha hilo. Lakini force kubwa kama kugonga kichwa kwenye concrete, ajali, au kupigwa na kitu kigumu inapita uwezo wa fluid hiyo na ubongo unajigonga kwenye fuvu ndani kwa ndani. Uvaaji wa helmet hata katika kuendesha baiskeli ni muhimu kuliko watu wanavyofikiri.

Sasa kwenye issue ya huyo mzee itakuwa kwamba damage iliyofanyika ni kubwa na ilikuwa ya kujirudia (repeated concussions) kwa kuwa alipigwa mara nyingi na kitu kigumu kichwani hivyo inawezekana kulikuwa na concussion zaidi ya mara moja. Hii ni mbaya sana na inaweza kuwa sababu ya mzee huyo kushindwa kurecover kabisa. Katika hali nyingine pia mwathirika wa severe brain concussion anaweza kusahau kuongea, kushindwa kujongea au hata kujifunza kitu chochote kipya mbali na yale yote yaliyofutika katika ubongo wake.

 

[Monstgala]

Dah! mkuu mada safi sana hii.

Binafsi sipendi nyau. Napenda sana mbwa! Na sitakikuamini mbwa ni vilaza ukilinganisha na paka! Kwa maana kumtrain mbwa ni rahisi kuliko paka. (in my opinion) Embu toa udambwi udambi udambwi kuhusiana na bongo ya mbwa.

Asante, si kwamba mbwa ni vilaza la hasha! 🙂 Mbwa na social IQ kubwa kuliko paka. Na pia ukweli ni kwamba mbwa anafundishika zaidi kuliko paka ingawa hii pia si kigezo kwamba paka ni kilaza. Unajua paka yeye anakuwa frustuated haraka na anauamuzi kwamba afuatilie unachotaka au aendelee na mambo yake, wakati mbwa yeye anataka apate reward au akufurahishe katika kile unachomtaka afanye au unapokuwa unamfundisha. Hali halisi iko katika kujifunza mazingira na kujaribu ku-survive kwa kutumia ile intelligence waliyokusanya hapa mbwa ataachwa. Katika hali ngumu kabisa pasipo na msaada wowote, paka ana uwezo wa kujifunza namna ya kufit katika mazingira mapya na mbwa anaweza kufa kwa kushindwa kutumia kumbukumbu zake mwenyewe pasipo katika kusolve mambo bila guidance.

Kwa hiyo kama utabase kwenye kigezo cha training zile za kumsaidia binadamu kwenye mambo yake mbwa ni mdau mzuri kabisa na hapa kuna wengine ambao wanamzidi paka katika hili mfano tembo, dolphin, panya buku lakini ukija kwenye uwezo wa kuchanganua complex proplems hasa zinazohusu survival au zenye manufaa kwa mnyama mwenyewe, paka ana long lasting memories na ana uwezo mkubwa wa kurecall memories na kuzitumia kuliko mbwa.