Lectures: Jifunze English katika Thread hii Bure kabisa

[ArD67]

Katika mada ambazo nitazifuatilia hadi mwisho basi ni hii.

Ila vipi hapo kuhusu Cry,Sky,Spy e.t.c

Ulitaka kusema nini ktk maneno haya Mkuu? Kama ni Kuhusiana na vowel, yote yanazo hayo.

 

[ArD67]

Mkuu ujue kiswahili kinachanganya sana ,ila kwa lugha nyingine ni pale unapoongea kwa kushangaa.Yani mungu wangu!

Vihisishi, linatokana na neno hisia. Vihusishi ni yale ya juu.

 

[Deadbody]

LECTURE #3


THE NOUN:NUMBER

Leo tutaongelea namba ila tofauti na za hisabati

Number:A word which indicates whether a noun is singular or plural is known as number(In English)

KINDS OF NUMBERS:

A noun has two numbers

• The Singular Number
• The Plural Number

SINGULAR NUMBER-A noun which denotes one person or thing is known as singular number.

Examples:

Tree,box,ox,man,boy,girl,cow,bird,pen,book, etc

(Hapa nimetoa mifano ya umoja hivyo naongelea umoja tu)

THE PLURAL NOUN-A noun which denotes more than one person or thing is known as plural number.

Examplea:

Trees,boxes,oxen,men,boys,girls,cows,birds,pen(hii haibadiliki),books etc

A.HOW TO FORM PLURALS
1.Most nouns form their plurals by adding "s" to the singular .

2.Nouns ending with 'ch' form their plurals by adding 'es'

3.Nouns ending with 'y' and which have a consonant form before 'y' forms their Plural by changing 'y' into 'ies'

NOTE:
But only 's' is added to the singular,if 'y' comes after a vowel

4.Nouns ending with 'f' or ,'fe' ,plural is formed by changing 'f' or 'fe' into 'ves'

But exceptions are:

5.Most nouns ending with 'O' are turned plural by adding 'es' to the singular

Exceptions:

6.Some nouns form their plural by vowel chanfe

7.Compound nouns are turned plural by adding 's' to the principal word

8.Some nouns have the same form for singular and plural

LATIN WORDS"

GREEK WORDS:

B.THE CORRECT USE OF OF SOME NOUNS
1.Nouns which are always used in plural

Examples:
Riches,thanks,Stocks,proceeds,annals,premises,Surroundings,Tidings,Fetters,spectacles,alms,mumps,breeches,pantaloons,measles,shorts,bowels,arms,eatables,billiards,goods,wages,valuables,trousers,scissors,tongs,movables,stockings

USAGE:

• Where are my spectacles ?
• Alms are offered to the beggar.
• The goods are delivered.

2.Nouns plural in appearance but singular in use

Examples:

Mathematics,Gymnastics,news,Summons,politics,ethics,innings,mechanics,statistics,electrostatics ,Physics,Gallows,Economics,classics

USAGE:

• Mathematics is a difficult subject to understand
• The news was telecast on T.V.yesterday
• Politics is a part and parcel of the day
• Ethics is meant for self-purification
• Physics is an exact science

3.Collective Nouns used in plural

Examples:
Gentry,Mankind,police,cattle,people,poultry,clergy,peasantry,audience,folk,nation,vermin,public

USAGE:

• The gentry of our area are well educated
• The police are trying to find out who shot Tundu Lissu
• People are not so foolish as we think
• The cattle are grazing in the field
• Whose poultry are these?
• Vermin destroy our property and health

4.Abstract nouns have no plurals

Examples:
Copper,iron,tin,wood,gold,water,milk
(Napoongelea abstract noun namaanisha nouns zinataja vitu)

NOTE:

They may be used in plural with a different meaning.

Examples:

Coppers,irons,tins,woods,forests,fetters,chains

5.Letters,figures and other symbols are turned plural by adding an apostrophe (') and 's'

Examples:

• There are two M's and Two T's in the word committee .
• Five 5's are twenty five.

6.Means is used as singular or plural

Example:

• Cinema is a means of entertainment

NOTE:
But it is plural in the sense of wealth

Example:

• His wealth are plenty.

HII NI MIFANO MICHACHE ILA MINGI UNAWEZA KUIPATA KWA KUSOMA SANA VITABU VYA ENGLISH.KWA KUJIFUNZIA TU HII MIFANO INATOSHA KWA KIASI KIKUBWA SANA

WE ARE DONE

 

[chigaile]

Kazi nzuri

 

[marigy]

Hongera kwa kazi nzuri mkuu, bado nafwatilia nami

 

[maguzumunda]

Mnazidi kusaidia kutimiza ndoto zangu za kuoa mzungu........ shukrani sana.

 

[Deadbody]

Hongera kwa kazi nzuri mkuu, bado nafwatilia nami

Pamoja sana kwenye nyama utakuwa unajazia mkuu.

 

[Deadbody]

Mnazidi kusaidia kutimiza ndoto zangu za kuoa mzungu........ shukrani sana.

Hahahahah unataka mtoto wa mchanganyiko mzungu na mswahili

 

[Deadbody]

LECTURE #4

THE AGREEMENT OF NOUN WITH VERB

1.The verb must agree with the subject(noun) in number and person

-Hapa naongelea mahusiano ya mtenda na kitendoyani kama watenda ni wengi basi inabidi tendo liwe katika wingi,mfano kwa kiswahili huwezi sema watu anakula ugali(yani hapa watenda na kitendo havijaendana)

Examples:

• I am in the room
• You are in the garden
• Irene is beautiful
• My sisters are not married

Umeona hapo huwezi sema my sisters is not married????????
Au pia huwezi sema Irene are beautiful wakati irene ni mmoja

I,you,Irene,sisters are nouns ,and am,are,is, are verbs


2.The verb should agree with the real noun(Subject)

(Hii hutokea baada ya kuona mtenda na tendo vipo katikati ya sentensi kubwa kiasi kwamba unashindwa kuelewa nani katenda na tendo liko wapi)

Examples:

• The knowledge of social science is essential for a psychologist
• The basics of English Grammar are essential for a good speaker.

Hapo kinachoongelewa ni Knowledge ambayo ipo katika umoja ,verb ikawa is maana noun(Knowledge ipo katika umoja)
Pia basics ni wingi na ndio topic hapo(noun) hivyo verb yake inapaswa kuwa kwenye wingi(are)

3.Two singular nouns joined by 'and' require a plural verb

Examples:

• My father and my brother are worried about our sister's marriage
• Maxence and Pawpaw are moderators

Hapa nimemaanisha kuwa unapounganisha majina mawili au vitu viwili kwa kutumia 'and'unapaswa utumie verb(kitendo cha wingi)

Mfano huwezi sema charles na Johni anakula

4.Nouns joined by 'with' or 'as well as' must be used with a singular verb

Examples:

• Juma with his wife is going to Dodoma
• Charles as well as his sister is good at English.
• She as well as her mother is in Kilimanjaro.

5.Two or more nouns connected by 'or' or 'nor' require singular verb

(Hapa namaanisha ukiunganisha nouns kwa kutumia au basi tendo(verb) liwe la umoja maana hawajatenda kwa pamoja)

Examples:

• Either Irene or Ashura is clever
• Neither my father nor my mother is educated

NOTE:A plural verb is required ,if one of the subjects is plural

Examples:

• Either the principal or the teachers are good at teaching
• Neither Tanzanians nor Americans are taking part of the game

6.Nouns joined by 'or' or 'nor' differing in person ,the verb must agree with the nearest noun

Examples:

• Either she or I am very serious about it
• Neither he nor his parents are thinking about the matter

7.Either/neither/each/everyone/one + 'of' + plural noun and the phrase 'many a' must be used with a singular verb

Examples:

• Either of the books is interesting
• Neither of the two sisters is willing to marry him
• Each of the students is given a text book
• Everyone of my sisters was married
• One of my friends has returned from China

8.Two nouns qualified by 'each' or 'every' and connected by 'and' must be used with a singular verb

Examples:

• Each actor and actress is very popular
• Every man and every woman was killed bu terrorists
• Each poem and story was published

9.The words 'pains' and 'means' may be used as singular or plural

Examples:

• A great deal of pains has(have) been taken .
• Car is a means of transport

10.'None' may be used as singular or plural

Examples:

• None of them has agreed with me
• None of poets have attended the meeting

11.When a proper noun(name of particular person or place) treated as a single unit is used as singular but a collective noun(name of collection of things or persons) treated as separate individuals is used as plural

Examples:

• The committee has agreed to the proposal
• The army have continued fighting bravely.

12.When proper noun is plural name,the verb must be singular

Examples:

• The adventures of Tom Sawyer is written by Mark Twain
• The United States of America is a rich country
• The Arabian Nights is a famous book.

13.Plural nouns denoting quantity/amount/distance/time/ must be used with a singular verb

Examples:

• Ten years is a long period .
• Five hundred shillings is a small amount.
• Fifty kilograms of rice is sufficient for us.

WE ARE DONE WITH THIS LECTURE
================================

 

[Deadbody]

LECTURE #5

NOUN AND CASE

CASE:

A word which indicates whether a noun or pronoun is used as a subject ,object or an indirect object and a word which is used to address a person or indicate ownership or possession is known as case.

(Yani kwa urahisi case huonyesha umiliki wa kitu,mfano kwenye kiswahili tunasema hili ni gari la juma,hapo jumla ndio mmiliki.Katika English kuna namna yake ya kuonyesha juma ndio mmiliki na kinachonyesha huo umiliki ni wa juma kinaitwa case)

KINDS OF CASES:

1.Nominative Case
2.Objective Case
3.Possessive Case
4.Nominative of Address
5.Dative Case
6.Noun in Apposition

(Hapo wewe unapaswa usubiri mfano tu maana haujifunzi kujibia mtihani hapa)

1.NOMINATIVE CASE

A noun or pronoun used as the subject of the verb is known as nominative or subjective case.

Examples:

• Charles wrote a letter(kama sentensi inavyojieleza kuwa charles ndio kaandika barua)

Who wrote a letter? Charles

• Hard works brings success(Mafanikio yanaletwa na kufanya kazi kwa bidii)

What brings success? Hard work

Pronouns in Nominative Case:I,We,You,She,He,It,They

NOTE:
Nominative case answers the question 'who' or 'what'

2.OBJECTIVE CASE

A noun or pronoun used as the object of the verb is known as objective or accusative case.

Examples:

• I loved Irene(object ni kilichotendewa hivyo Irene ndio kapendwa hapa,Who did I love? Irene)
• We enjoy poetry(What do we enjoy?poetry)

NOTE:
Objective noun answers the question 'whom','what','what'.

Pronouns in objective caseUs,him,her,you,them,it,me

Yani kwa kifupi Subjective case zinakaa kabla ya verb(kitendo) na objective case zinakaa baada ya kitendo.Cha msingi ni kusoma sentensi kwa makini kujua nani anamiliki kinachozungumziwa

3.POSSESSIVE CASE

A noun with apostrophe(') and 's' or a pronoun which indicates possession is known as possessive case.

Examples:

This is Juma's car(Hili ni gari la juma).

alama ' na s ndio zinaonyesha kuwa juma ndio mmiliki wa kilichotajwa mbele ya s car.

(Whose car is this? Juma)

NOTE:The possessive answers the question 'whose'

Pronouns in the possessive case:My,our,your,his,her,its,their

4.NOMINATIVE OF ADDRESS

A noun used to address persons with their names is known as nominative of address.

Example:

• Come on,Juma.
• Juma,let me tell something
• Joseph,tell me the truth

Hapa kwa namna nyingine tunaweza kuona nani anaongeleshwa.Ndio umiliki wenyewe huo

5.DATIVE CASE

A noun or pronoun used as an indirect object of the verb is known as dative case

Examples:

• I presented her a watch(Nilimpa nani saa,jibu ni her.....Whom did I present the watch? To her)
• We made them beautiful toys(To whom did we make a toys????? To them)

6.NOUN IN APPOSITION

A noun used to refer to another noun is known as noun in apposition

Example:

• Maige,the author of book,is an american
• I met Maxence Melo,JF Founder

A.FORMATION OF POSSESSIVE CASE
(Hapa ndio patamu zaidi na tutaganda kidogo hapa)

1.The possessive of the singular noun is formed by adding (apostrophe ) ' and 's'
(nilieleza juu kidogo ila nakazia)

Examples:

• Juma's house (Kwa sababu juma ni umoja ndio tunaweka ' na s)

Father's retirement.

NOTE:'S' is omitted when there are hissing sounds

Examples:

• For conscience' sake
• For goodness' sake
• For justice' sake

(Ina maanisha kwa yale maneno ambayo yanaishia na sound ya unaweka tu kama mifano inavyoonyesha.Mfano hiyo ina saundi godinesiiiiiii ina maana tayar 's' ipo)

2.The possessive of the plural nouns ending with 's' is formed by adding only an apostrophe.

Examples:

• Girls' school
• Boys' school
• Horses' tails

(Hapa naongelea maneno ya wingi tayari na yanaishiwa na s,mfano shule ya wasichana hapo juu.usiweke s maana tayari ipo kwenye girls)

3.The possessive of the plurals not ending with 's' is formed by adding apostrophe(') na s''
(Yani hapa ni kama kawaida aisee)

Examples:

• Men's pub
• Children's books

(men na children ni wingi ila hayana s hivyo tunafanya kama kawida tulivyokuwa tunafanya kwa maneno ambayo hayana s)

4.Nouns having several words must have possessive only to the last word

Examples:

• The prime minister of Tanzania's speech
• The door of my friend's house

5.The possessive of nouns in apposition must be put to the second noun

Examples:

• This is Juma,the teacher's favorite student
• This is Ashura,my wife's friend.
• He lives in Dodoma,Tanzania's capital.

6.Two nouns having close association must have the possessive to the latter

Examples:

• Hasan and Hamis's sister.
• Johnson and Joseph's baby face powder

7.Two different nouns having no relation require separate possessive forms

Examples:

• Mima's and mama's books
• America's and Tanzania's armies

WE ARE DONE WITH THIS LECTURE

 

[mwampepe]

Sijaelewa tofauti kati ya preposition (kihusishi) na interjection (!vihusishi)?

 

[marigy]

Pamoja sana kwenye nyama utakuwa unajazia mkuu.

Poa poa mkuu, lkn kuna jamaa alini pm, kuhusu njia ya kuelekeza anaona kutumia ki english kuelekeza inakuwa ngumu kwake..... Sijui tunamsaidiaje?

 

[Deadbody]

Sijaelewa tofauti kati ya preposition (kihusishi) na interjection (!vihusishi)?

Mkuu achana na maana hayo ya kwenye mabano mana kiswahili kitakuchanganya ila preposition inaonyesha mahusiano ya maneno mawili ila interjection inaonyesha maamuzi ya gafla mfano unapokuwa unashangaa na kusema My God!

Mfano He walks across the road

(Across ndio preposition )

Halafu hiyo interjection ndio fano welldone!(mara kwa mara ! hutumika)

 

[Deadbody]

Poa poa mkuu, lkn kuna jamaa alini pm, kuhusu njia ya kuelekeza anaona kutumia ki english kuelekeza inakuwa ngumu kwake..... Sijui tunamsaidiaje?

Na mimi kuna mmoja alinifata pia,nikamjibu kuwa nitajitahidi kuweka sana kiswahili kwenye lecture na nikafanya zaidi iliyopita.Pia nikamwambia awe na dictionary ya kingereza-kiswahili

 

[dr filip]

Asante sana

 

[MSILOMBO]

Ahsante

 

[goldie ink]

" natamba " vowels and syllable

 

[Deadbody]

" natamba " vowels and syllable

Mkuu kwanini unatamba?

 

[pumzihaiuzwi]

Elimu buree

 

[artisan]

Nipo pembeni apa napitia makosa yatakayo jitokeza kweny huu ufundishaji....... Kwa ulipo anzia sio mbaya na upo sahihi kabisa ilivyoelezea............ Japo maoni yangu ungeanzia kwenye TENSES mana hapo ndo kilipo ki english... Kwa nini ungeanzia hapo? Kwa sababu uliyoeleza leo yapo ken topic ya form six SPEAKING na kwa vile namin kila aliyepo uku anajua kusoma basi tenses ingekuwa njema zaidi ..........huwezi ku communicate bila kujua nyakati vzr ambazo ndo imekuwa mziz wa ki english.....Hata kujua grammar unahitajika uwe na kitu kinaitwa COMPETENCE and PERFOMANCE.....sasa utajuaje bila kujua tenses... Lkn kama umachukulia wote walioko huku wanajua tenses vzr basi sawa, ila tenses ni tatizo sana kwenye ki english cha wabongo ukisikiliza presentation zao N.B ni maoni yangu tu

Kweli

JIFUNZE ENGLISH

Kama inavyojulikana kuwa English ndio lugha kuu wa mawasiliano duniani hivyo pasipokujua English itakufanya ushindwe kuingia katika dunia ya Utandawazi moja kwa moja.

Katika dunia hii ya Utandawazi ina lengo la kuwaunganisha watu wote Duniani kuwa kitu kimoja yaani Dunia sasa ni kama kijiji.Kutokana na hilo,kuna fursa nyingi sana za vijana kutoka sehemu mbalimbali dunia kukutanishwa sehemu pamoja kufanya kazi kwa pamoja.

Hii huwa ni changamoto kubwa sana kwa wote ambao hawajui English na hivyo kushindwa kuchangamkia fursa hii.

Huenda tu unashindwa kujua tu kuwa upungufu wa ajira ni wa kiasi kidogo sana kuliko unavyofikiria au kusema.Unaweza ukawa sahihi kusema ajira Tanzania ni ndogo sana ila ukawa haupo sahihi kusema umekosa ajira kabisa.

Nimejitolea kufundisha English Bure kabisa hapa JF

Ila unachotakiwa ni uwe na Idea kidogo tu yaani uwe unajua kwenye English kuna Maneno kama "Yes" na "No".

Sasa leo naanza katika GRAMMAR(Kwa kifupi Grammar ya English ndio English yenyewe)

INTRODUCTION

It is essentially important,before we study grammar ,to know what language is and why and how we should learn a particular language.

We,first of all ,learn language for the purpose of communication.

A.Language :

As a matter of common knowledge ,is the medium of communication through which we express our emotions,ideas,feelings and thoughts to our fellow people.

B.Alphabet:

Language is mainly composed of letters which stand for signs or sounds.The letters are totally treated as the alphabet of the language.The number of letters are different from language to language.
The alphabet of English is composed of 26 letters(twenty six letters).These 26 letters are known as the alphabet are used either for printing or writing.

Accordingly,printing letters are different from script letters.

Various forms of printing and script letters are given below:

PRINT CAPITAL LETTERS

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z

PRINT SMALL LETTERS

a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z

View attachment 670284


SCRIPT CAPITAL LETTERS

SCRIPT SMALL LETTERS

C.Division of alphabet:

The alphabet of of English is divided into two classes namely

• Vowel(Inasomeka vawo kwa kiswahili)
• Consonant

1.Vowels-The five letters "a,e,i,o,u" are known as vowels in English and we cannot write even a single sentence without using a vowel

2.Consonant-The remaining 21 letters of the alphabet are known as the consonants in English.
They are b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z.

D.Syllable(Inasomeka silabo kwa kiswahili)

A word or a part of word which consists of a vowel sound.It is a combination of consonant and vowel.(Yani hapa kwa kifupi ni sawa na kiswahili unaposema anakula yani umeunganisha silabi mbili "ana" na "Kula".Na hapa tunaona kuwa mwishoni kabisa wakati unatamka inasikika sana vowel ) mfano mwingine ni neno "Kata" ambapo ukiwa unaliongea utapumzika mara mbili tu,ya kwanza "Ka" na ya pili ni "ta"

Hizo ndio mfano wa Syllable in swahili

Turudi kwenye Engish sasa,

Example the word Examination has 4 syllables

-Exa
-Mi
-Na
-Tion

E.Word:

A word is the basic element in every language.A word is a proper combination of letters.The letters in a particular language are arranged in such a manner that they should represent either objects or ideas.

Example of words are:
-Nation
-Examination
-Book

F.Grammar:

Grammar is a systematic study of scientific method which provides us information and guidance necessary to learn a language(yani hapa kwenye grammar ndio kwenye lugha husika ,na tutajikita hapa mpaka siku ya mwisho nasema sasa tumemaliza Grammar).

The science of grammar teaches us how a language is spoken and written correctly and effectively.

(Nasisitiza kuwa matatizo yako yote katika lugha ya kingereza humalizwa hapa kwenye Grammar)

THE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF GRAMMAR
​

Kama nilivyosema kuwa Grammar is a scientific study of languages kwahiyo ina husika na matatizo yote katika lugha yoyote.

Unless we have mastered grammar ,we do not or cannot speak or write English correctly.

English(language) is very much controlled,conditioned and regulated by grammar.
It is due to these reasons that we should gain a considerable mastery over this grammar.

It may be pointed out,that it is very difficulty to define the scope and the practical value of grammar.

An attempt has,however,been made to illustrate the functions of grammar:

1.THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

Grammar is primarily concerned with the study of language.It explains to us the difficulties and problems involved in learning a language and it guides us how language is effectively used in our day to-day-life.

2.THE STUDY OF WORD

Grammar tells us how words are formed and why they are classified into various categories.It also instructs us how words are combined and grouped into sentences.
It also tells us when and where a particular word should be used.

3.THE STUDY OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND PATTERNS

What we study in grammar is the sentence structure.As a matter of fact,sentence structure is very essential in every language.Grammar makes us familiar with these sentence patterns.It enables us to understand how sentences are patterned and how they are used in our practical life for proper and effective communication.

4.THE STUDY OF PARTS OF SPEECH

Grammar surveys and defines various parts of speech in detail and studies their functions elaborately .
It provides adequate information as to where,when and how these parts of speech are used in speech and writing(Naposema parts of speech namaanisha maneno yote unayotumia kwenye speech).

So,grammar might be considered to be a standard reference book for the parts of speech.

5.THE STUDY OF WRITING SKILLS

Grammar is essential and beneficial for writers,journalists and poets who are engaged in literary field.It trains us how paragraphs essays, and letters should be written in simple and dignified style.

Due to this,grammar is regarded as an introduction of literary composition.

6.THE STUDY OF COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDENCE

Language ,broadly speaking,is one of the best and the most effective means of communication without which we cannot live a civilized life.
Unless we communicate with our fellow people properly ,we can never be successfully in society.
So,grammar is a science which equips us with the powerful communication abilities and aids.

It tells us how to impress people with our speech and conversation.A professor or a politician cannot be successful in his profession,unless he is well equipped with linguistic skills(Grammar).
So ,grammar deals with communication and correspondence.

So due to these functions,grammar is treated as a science of communication.

WE ARE DONE WITH OUR INTRODUCTION TODAY

====

UPDATES :

Muendelezo, LECTURE #1 ipo post #55 page ya 3-PARTS OF SPEECH
Muendelezo, LECTURE #2 ipo post #65 page ya 4-THE NOUN:GENDER
Muendelezo, LECTURE #3 ipo post #83 page ya 5-THE NOUN:NUMBER
Muendelezo, LECTURE #4 ipo post #89 page ya 5-SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Muendelezo, LECTURE #5 ipo post #90 page ya 5-NOUN AND CASE

==================
LEARN ENGLISH FOR FREE THROUGH JF
HOME OF GREATEST THINKERS