CSS Tutorial

[Srebrina]

Introduction - Free CSS Tutorial

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a fantastic tool to add layout to your websites. It can save you a lot of time and it enables you to design websites in a completely new way. CSS is a must for anyone working with web design.

This tutorial will get you started with CSS in just a few hours. It is easy to understand and it will teach you all the sophisticated techniques.

Learning CSS is fun. As you go along through the tutorial, remember to take enough time to properly experiment with what you learn in each lesson.

Using CSS requires basic experience with HTML. If you are not familiar with HTML, please start with our HTML tutorial before moving on to CSS.

Which software do I need?

Please avoid using software such as FrontPage, DreamWeaver or Word with this tutorial. Advanced software will not help you learn CSS. Instead, it will limit you and slow down your learning curve significantly.

All you need is a free and simple text editor.

For example, Microsoft Windows comes with a program called Notepad. It is usually located in Accessories in the start menu under Programs. Alternatively, you can use a similar text editor e.g. Pico for Linux or Simple Text for Macintosh.

A simple text editor is ideal for learning HTML and CSS because it doesn't affect or change the codes you type. That way, your successes and errors can only be attributed to yourself - not the software.

You can use any browser with this tutorial. We encourage you to always keep your browser updated and use the latest version.

A browser and a simple text editor is all you need.

Let's get started!

 

[Srebrina]

Lesson 1: What is CSS?

Maybe you already heard about CSS without really knowing what it is. In this lesson you will learn more about what CSS is and what it can do for you.

CSS is an acronym for Cascading Style Sheets.

What can I do with CSS?

CSS is a style language that defines layout of HTML documents. For example, CSS covers fonts, colours, margins, lines, height, width, background images, advanced positions and many other things. Just wait and see!

HTML can be (mis-)used to add layout to websites. But CSS offers more options and is more accurate and sophisticated. CSS is supported by all browsers today.

After only a few lessons of this tutorial you will be able to make your own style sheets using CSS to give your website a new great look.

What is the difference between CSS and HTML?

HTML is used to structure content. CSS is used for formatting structured content.

Okay, it sounds a bit technical and confusing. But please continue reading. It will all make sense to you soon.

Back in the good old days when Madonna was a virgin and a guy called Tim Berners Lee invented the World Wide Web, the language HTML was only used to add structure to text. An author could mark his text by stating "this is a headline" or "this is a paragraph" using HTML tags such as <h1> and <p>.

As the Web gained popularity, designers started looking for possibilities to add layout to online documents. To meet this demand, the browser producers (at that time Netscape and Microsoft) invented new HTML tags such as for example <font> which differed from the original HTML tags by defining layout - and not structure.

This also led to a situation where original structure tags such as <table> were increasingly being misused to layout pages instead of adding structure to text. Many new layout tags such as <blink> were only supported by one type of browser. "You need browser X to view this page" became a common disclaimer on web sites.

CSS was invented to remedy this situation by providing web designers with sophisticated layout opportunities supported by all browsers. At the same time, separation of the presentation style of documents from the content of documents, makes site maintenance a lot easier.

Which benefits will CSS give me?

CSS was a revolution in the world of web design. The concrete benefits of CSS include:

.control layout of many documents from one single style sheet;
.more precise control of layout;
.apply different layout to different media-types (screen, print, etc.);
.numerous advanced and sophisticated techniques.

In the next lesson we take a closer look at how CSS actually works and how you get started.

 

[tafakari kali]

Samahani Srebrina kwa kukurudisha nyuma kwenye somo la HTML kipi cha kwanza kati ya kuweka background colour na kuanza kuweka maneno?

 

[Srebrina]

Samahani Srebrina kwa kukurudisha nyuma kwenye somo la HTML kipi cha kwanza kati ya kuweka background colour na kuanza kuweka maneno?

all is same unaweza ukaweka background kadla au baada ya maneno kwasababu ile ni rangi 2 au picha inayo kaa nyuma ya vitu vitakavo onekana kwa mbele pia kuwa makini kwasababu unifananisha rangi kati ya background and link or text jua kwamba zile text zako hazita onekana

 

[tafakari kali]

all is same unaweza ukaweka background kadla au baada ya maneno kwasababu ile ni rangi 2 au picha inayo kaa nyuma ya vitu vitakavo onekana kwa mbele pia kuwa makini kwasababu unifananisha rangi kati ya background and link or text jua kwamba zile text zako hazita onekana

Asante mkuu Sasa nimejaribu kutengeneza web(kwa kuanzia si mbaya ) na nimejumuisha vitu vyote ulivyotufundisha ila kuweka picha bado nachemka . Picha zangu zipo kwe my pictures na nimeipa jina zinja sasa nikaweka hiv <img src="zinja.png"alt=Zinja"/> haijaja katika page zangu.. NACHEMSHA WAPI MKUU?

 

[Srebrina]

Asante mkuu Sasa nimejaribu kutengeneza web(kwa kuanzia si mbaya ) na nimejumuisha vitu vyote ulivyotufundisha ila kuweka picha bado nachemka . Picha zangu zipo kwe my pictures na nimeipa jina zinja sasa nikaweka hiv <img src="zinja.png"alt=Zinja"/> haijaja katika page zangu.. NACHEMSHA WAPI MKUU?

tafakari kali samahani kidogo maswali kuhusiana na HTML kwa sasa naomba uniulizie kwenye tutorial yake maana tutajaza maswali na majibu humu wakati sio sehemu ya HTML hivyo naomba nikujibu tukiwa kule

 

[tafakari kali]

tafakari kali samahani kidogo maswali kuhusiana na HTML kwa sasa naomba uniulizie kwenye tutorial yake maana tutajaza maswali na majibu humu wakati sio sehemu ya HTML hivyo naomba nikujibu tukiwa kule

Asante mkuu.nimekuelewa

 

[tafakari kali]

Mkuu mbona.somo limesimama? Css.

 

[Srebrina]

Lesson 2: How does CSS work?

In this lesson you will learn how to make your first style sheet. You will get to know about the basic CSS model and which codes are necessary to use CSS in an HTML document.

Many of the properties used in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are similar to those of HTML. Thus, if you are used to use HTML for layout, you will most likely recognize many of the codes. Let us look at a concrete example.

The basic CSS syntax

Let's say we want a nice red color as the background of a webpage:

Using HTML we could have done it like this:

	<body bgcolor="#FF0000">

With CSS the same result can be achieved like this:

	body {background-color: #FF0000;}

As you will note, the codes are more or less identical for HTML and CSS. The above example also shows you the fundamental CSS model:

But where do you put the CSS code? This is exactly what we will go over now.

Applying CSS to an HTML document

There are three ways you can apply CSS to an HTML document. These methods are all outlined below. We recommend that you focus on the third method i.e. external.

Method 1: In-line (the attribute style)

One way to apply CSS to HTML is by using the HTML attribute style. Building on the above example with the red background color, it can be applied like this:

	<html>
	  <head>
		<title>Example</title>
	  </head>
	  <body style="background-color: #FF0000;">
		<p>This is a red page</p>
	  </body>
	</html>

Method 2: Internal (the tag style)

Another way is to include the CSS codes using the HTML tag <style>. For example like this:

	<html>
	  <head>
		<title>Example</title>
		<style type="text/css">
		  body {background-color: #FF0000;}
		</style>
	  </head>
	  <body>
		<p>This is a red page</p>
	  </body>
	</html>

Method 3: External (link to a style sheet)

The recommended method is to link to a so-called external style sheet. Throughout this tutorial we will use this method in all our examples.

An external style sheet is simply a text file with the extension .css. Like any other file, you can place the style sheet on your web server or hard disk.

For example, let's say that your style sheet is named style.css and is located in a folder named style. The situation can be illustrated like this:

The trick is to create a link from the HTML document (default.htm) to the style sheet (style.css). Such link can be created with one line of HTML code:

	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style/style.css" />

Notice how the path to our style sheet is indicated using the attribute href.

The line of code must be inserted in the header section of the HTML code i.e. between the <head> and </head> tags. Like this:

	<html>
	  <head>
		<title>My document</title>
		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style/style.css" />
	  </head>
	  <body>
	  ...

This link tells the browser that it should use the layout from the CSS file when displaying the HTML file.
The really smart thing is that several HTML documents can be linked to the same style sheet. In other words, one CSS file can be used to control the layout of many HTML documents.

This technique can save you a lot of work. If you, for example, would like to change the background color of a website with 100 pages, a style sheet can save you from having to manually change all 100 HTML documents. Using CSS, the change can be made in a few seconds just by changing one code in the central style sheet.

Let's put what we just learned into practice.

Try it yourself

Open Notepad (or whatever text editor you use) and create two files - an HTML file and a CSS file - with the following contents:

default.htm

	<html>
	  <head>
		<title>My document</title>
		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
	  </head>
	  <body>
		<h1>My first stylesheet</h1>
	  </body>
	</html>

style.css

	body {
	  background-color: #FF0000;
	}

Now place the two files in the same folder. Remember to save the files with the right extensions (respectively ".htm" and ".css")

Open default.htm with your browser and see how the page has a red background. Congratulations! You have made your first style sheet!

Hurry on to the next lesson where we will take a look at some of the properties in CSS.

 

[Srebrina]

Mkuu mbona.somo limesimama? Css.

kijana somo halija simama sema pc yangu ilikuwa inanizingua

 

[tafakari kali]

Pamoja sana

 

[Given Edward]

Are you the one writing these tutorials? Not typing but WRITING.

 

[Srebrina]

Are you the one writing these tutorials? Not typing but WRITING.

unamaanisha nini GIVENALITY mbona kama sijakuelewa

 

[Given Edward]

unamaanisha nini GIVENALITY mbona kama sijakuelewa

Ni busara kama kuna sehemu unatoa basi utoe credits. E.g mwisho wa post unaandika "Source: Html.net" bila hata kuweka link inatosha.

 

[Srebrina]

Ni busara kama kuna sehemu unatoa basi utoe credits. E.g mwisho wa post unaandika "Source: Html.net" bila hata kuweka link inatosha.

najua ilo ila ukumbuke kuwa mpaka unaona nimeamua kuanzisha hizi tutorial haya mambo ya kuelekezana source tumeelekezana sana lakini watu wanasema kule wanashindwa kuelewa hivyo inabidi uwapeleke kidogo kidogo maana huku mnajifunza huku unajua kuwa anaefundisha ni nani kwa hiyo inakuwa ni virahisi kuuliza endapo una kwama

 

[Given Edward]

najua ilo ila ukumbuke kuwa mpaka unaona nimeamua kuanzisha hizi tutorial haya mambo ya kuelekezana source tumeelekezana sana lakini watu wanasema kule wanashindwa kuelewa hivyo inabidi uwapeleke kidogo kidogo maana huku mnajifunza huku unajua kuwa anaefundisha ni nani kwa hiyo inakuwa ni virahisi kuuliza endapo una kwama

Great..nimekuelewa 🙂

 

[Srebrina]

Lesson 3: Colors and backgrounds

In this lesson you will learn how to apply colors and background colors to your websites. We will also look at advanced methods to position and control background images. The following CSS properties will be explained:

color
background-color
background-image
background-repeat
background-attachment
background-position
background

Foreground color: the 'color' property

The color property describes the foreground color of an element.

For example, imagine that we want all headlines in a document to be dark red. The headlines are all marked with the HTML element <h1>. The code below sets the color of <h1> elements to red.

	[color=red]h1 {
		color: #ff0000;
	}[/color]

Colors can be entered as hexadecimal values as in the example above (#ff0000), or you can use the names of the colors ("red") or rgb-values (rgb(255,0,0)).

The 'background-color' property

The background-color property describes the background color of elements.

The element <body> contains all the content of an HTML document. Thus, to change the background color of an entire page, the background-color property should be applied to the <body> element.

You can also apply background colors to other elements including headlines and text. In the example below, different background colors are applied to <body> and <h1> elements.

	[color=red]body {
		background-color: #FFCC66;
	}

	h1 {
		color: #990000;
		background-color: #FC9804;
	}[/color]

Notice that we applied two properties to <h1> by dividing them by a semicolon.

Background images [background-image]

The CSS property background-image is used to insert a background image.

As an example of a background image, we use the butterfly below. You can download the image so you can use it on your own computer (right click the image and choose "save image as"), or you can use another image as you see fit.

To insert the image of the butterfly as a background image for a web page, simply apply the background-image property to <body> and specify the location of the image.

	[color=red]body {
		background-color: #FFCC66;
		background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
	}

	h1 {
		color: #990000;
		background-color: #FC9804;
	}[/color]

NB: Notice how we specified the location of the image as url("butterfly.gif"). This means that the image is located in the same folder as the style sheet. You can also refer to images in other folders using url("../images/butterfly.gif") or even on the Internet indicating the full address of the file: url("http://www.html.net/butterfly.gif").


Repeat background image [background-repeat]

In the example above, did you notice that by default the butterfly was repeated both horizontally and vertically to cover the entire screen? The property background-repeat controls this behaviour.

The table below outlines the four different values for background-repeat.

Value	                        Description	                        
background-repeat: repeat-x	The image is repeated horizontally	
background-repeat: repeat-y	The image is repeated vertically	
background-repeat: repeat	The image is repeated both horizontally and vertically	
background-repeat: no-repeat	The image is not repeated

For example, to avoid repetition of a background image the code should look like this:

	[color=red]body {
		background-color: #FFCC66;
		background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
		background-repeat: no-repeat;
	}

	h1 {
		color: #990000;
		background-color: #FC9804;
	}[/color]

Lock background image [background-attachment]

The property background-attachment specifies whether a background picture is fixed or scrolls along with the containing element.

A fixed background image will not move with the text when a reader is scrolling the page, whereas an unlocked background image will scroll along with the text of the web page.

The table below outlines the two different values for background-attachment. Click on the examples to see the difference between scroll and fixed.

Value	                        Description	
Background-attachment: scroll	The image scrolls with the page - unlocked	
Background-attachment: fixed	The image is locked

For example, the code below will fix the background image.

	[color=red]body {
		background-color: #FFCC66;
		background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
		background-repeat: no-repeat;
		background-attachment: fixed;
	}

	h1 {
		color: #990000;
		background-color: #FC9804;
	}[/color]

Place background image [background-position]

By default, a background image will be positioned in the top left corner of the screen. The property background-position allows you to change this default and position the background image anywhere you like on the screen.

There are numerous ways to set the values of background-position. However, all of them are formatted as a set of coordinates. For example, the value '100px 200px' positions the background image 100px from the left side and 200px from the top of the browser window.

The coordinates can be indicated as percentages of the browser window, fixed units (pixels, centimetres, etc.) or you can use the words top, bottom, center, left and right. The model below illustrates the system:

The table below gives some examples.

Value	                        Description
background-position: 2cm 2cm	The image is positioned 2 cm from the left and 2 cm down the page
background-position: 50% 25%	The image is centrally positioned and one fourth down the page	
background-position: top right	The image is positioned in the top-right corner of the page

The code example below positions the background image in the bottom right corner:

	[color=red]body {
		background-color: #FFCC66;
		background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
		background-repeat: no-repeat;
		background-attachment: fixed;
		background-position: right bottom;
	}

	h1 {
		color: #990000;
		background-color: #FC9804;
	}[/color]

Compiling [background]

The property background is a short hand for all the background properties listed in this lesson.

With background you can compress several properties and thereby write your style sheet in a shorter way which makes it easier to read.

For example, look at these five lines:

	[color=red]background-color: #FFCC66;
	background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
	background-attachment: fixed;
	background-position: right bottom;
	[/color]

Using background the same result can be achieved in just one line of code:

	[color=red]background: #FFCC66 url("butterfly.gif") no-repeat fixed right bottom;
	[/color]

The list of order is as follows:

[background-color] | [background-image] | [background-repeat] | [background-attachment] | [background-position]

If a property is left out, it will automatically be set to its default value. For example, if background-attachment and background-position are taken out of the example:

	[color=red]
	background: #FFCC66 url("butterfly.gif") no-repeat;
	[/color]

These two properties that are not specified would merely be set to their default values which as you know are scroll and top left.

Summary

In this lesson, you have already learned new techniques that would not be possible using HTML. The fun continues in the next lesson which examines the broad range of possibilities when using CSS to describe fonts.

 

[Srebrina]

wadau wangu tuendelee na somo kwa sasa nimerudi

 

[Srebrina]

Lesson 4: Fonts

In this lesson you will learn about fonts and how they are applied using CSS. We will also look at how to work around the issue that specific fonts chosen for a website can only be seen if the font is installed on the PC used to access the website. The following CSS properties will be described:

font-family
font-style
font-variant
font-weight
font-size
font

Font family [font-family]

The property font-family is used to set a prioritized list of fonts to be used to display a given element or web page. If the first font on the list is not installed on the computer used to access the site, the next font on the list will be tried until a suitable font is found.

There are two types of names used to categorize fonts: family-names and generic families. The two terms are explained below.

Family-name
Examples of a family-name (often known as "font") can e.g. be "Arial", "Times New Roman" or "Tahoma".

Generic family
Generic families can best be described as groups of family-names with uniformed appearances. An example is sans-serif, which is a collection of fonts without "feet".
The difference can also be illustrated like this:

When you list fonts for your web site, you naturally start with the most preferred font followed by some alternative fonts. It is recommended to complete the list with a generic font family. That way at least the page will be shown using a font of the same family if none of the specified fonts are available.

An example of a prioritized list of fonts could look like this:

	h1 {font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif;}
	h2 {font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;}

Headlines marked with <h1> will be displayed using the font "Arial". If this font is not installed on the user's computer, "Verdana" will be used instead. If both these fonts are unavailable, a font from the sans-serif family will be used to show the headlines.

Notice how the font name "Times New Roman" contains spaces and therefore is listed using quotation marks.

Font style [font-style]

The property font-style defines the chosen font either in normal, italic or oblique. In the example below, all headlines marked with <h2> will be shown in italics.

	h1 {font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif;}
	h2 {font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic;}

Font variant [font-variant]

The property font-variant is used to choose between normal or small-caps variants of a font. A small-caps font is a font that uses smaller sized capitalized letters (upper case) instead of lower case letters. Confused? Take a look at these examples:

If font-variant is set to small-caps and no small-caps font is available the browser will most likely show the text in uppercase instead.

	h1 {font-variant: small-caps;}
	h2 {font-variant: normal;}

Font weight [font-weight]

The property font-weight describes how bold or "heavy" a font should be presented. A font can either be normal or bold. Some browsers even support the use of numbers between 100-900 (in hundreds) to describe the weight of a font.

	p {font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif;}
	td {font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;}

Font size [font-size]

The size of a font is set by the property font-size.

There are many different units (e.g. pixels and percentages) to choose from to describe font sizes. In this tutorial we will focus on the most common and appropriate units. Examples include:

	h1 {font-size: 30px;}
	h2 {font-size: 12pt;}
	h3 {font-size: 120%;}
	p {font-size: 1em;}

There is one key difference between the four units above. The units 'px' and 'pt' make the font size absolute, while '%' and 'em' allow the user to adjust the font size as he/she see fit. Many users are disabled, elderly or simply suffer from poor vision or a monitor of bad quality. To make your website accessible for everybody, you should use adjustable units such as '%' or 'em'.

Below you can see an illustration of how to adjust the text size in Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer. Try it yourself - neat feature, don't you think?

Compiling [font]

Using the font short hand property it is possible to cover all the different font properties in one single property.

For example, imagine these four lines of code used to describe font-properties for <p>:

	p {
		font-style: italic;
		font-weight: bold;
		font-size: 30px;
		font-family: arial, sans-serif;
	}

Using the short hand property, the code can be simplified:

	p {
		font: italic bold 30px arial, sans-serif;
	}

The order of values for font is:

font-style | font-variant | font-weight | font-size | font-family

Summary

You have now learned about some of the possibilities related to fonts. Remember that one of the major advantages of using CSS to specify fonts is that at any given time, you can change font on an entire website in just a few minutes. CSS saves time and makes your life easier. In the next lesson we will look at text.

 

[dav22]

Lesson 2: How does CSS work?

In this lesson you will learn how to make your first style sheet. You will get to know about the basic CSS model and which codes are necessary to use CSS in an HTML document.

Many of the properties used in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are similar to those of HTML. Thus, if you are used to use HTML for layout, you will most likely recognize many of the codes. Let us look at a concrete example.

The basic CSS syntax

Let's say we want a nice red color as the background of a webpage:

Using HTML we could have done it like this:

    <body bgcolor="#FF0000">

With CSS the same result can be achieved like this:

    body {background-color: #FF0000;}

As you will note, the codes are more or less identical for HTML and CSS. The above example also shows you the fundamental CSS model:

But where do you put the CSS code? This is exactly what we will go over now.

Applying CSS to an HTML document

There are three ways you can apply CSS to an HTML document. These methods are all outlined below. We recommend that you focus on the third method i.e. external.

Method 1: In-line (the attribute style)

One way to apply CSS to HTML is by using the HTML attribute style. Building on the above example with the red background color, it can be applied like this:

    <html>
      <head>
        <script type="text/javascript">var NREUMQ=NREUMQ||[];NREUMQ.push(["mark","firstbyte",new Date().getTime()]);</script>
<title>Example</title>
      </head>
      <body style="background-color: #FF0000;">
        <p>This is a red page</p>
      <script type="text/javascript">if(!NREUMQ.f){NREUMQ.f=function(){NREUMQ.push(["load",new Date().getTime()]);var e=document.createElement("script");e.type="text/javascript";e.src=(("http:"===document.location.protocol)?"http:":"https:")+"//"+"d1ros97qkrwjf5.cloudfront.net/42/eum/rum.js";document.body.appendChild(e);if(NREUMQ.a)NREUMQ.a();};NREUMQ.a=window.onload;window.onload=NREUMQ.f;};NREUMQ.push(["nrfj","beacon-3.newrelic.com","44d6aec0dc","1775296","ZAZUZUJZXxEFABZYX11MY0NZF0cAFwYNH0BbEw==",0,46,new Date().getTime(),"","","","",""]);</script>
</body>
    </html>

Method 2: Internal (the tag style)

Another way is to include the CSS codes using the HTML tag <style>. For example like this:

    <html>
      <head>
        <title>Example</title>
        <style type="text/css">
          body {background-color: #FF0000;}
        </style>
      </head>
      <body>
        <p>This is a red page</p>
      </body>
    </html>

Method 3: External (link to a style sheet)

The recommended method is to link to a so-called external style sheet. Throughout this tutorial we will use this method in all our examples.

An external style sheet is simply a text file with the extension .css. Like any other file, you can place the style sheet on your web server or hard disk.

For example, let's say that your style sheet is named style.css and is located in a folder named style. The situation can be illustrated like this:

The trick is to create a link from the HTML document (default.htm) to the style sheet (style.css). Such link can be created with one line of HTML code:

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style/style.css" />

Notice how the path to our style sheet is indicated using the attribute href.

The line of code must be inserted in the header section of the HTML code i.e. between the <head> and </head> tags. Like this:

    <html>
      <head>
        <title>My document</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style/style.css" />
      </head>
      <body>
      ...

This link tells the browser that it should use the layout from the CSS file when displaying the HTML file.
The really smart thing is that several HTML documents can be linked to the same style sheet. In other words, one CSS file can be used to control the layout of many HTML documents.

This technique can save you a lot of work. If you, for example, would like to change the background color of a website with 100 pages, a style sheet can save you from having to manually change all 100 HTML documents. Using CSS, the change can be made in a few seconds just by changing one code in the central style sheet.

Let's put what we just learned into practice.

Try it yourself

Open Notepad (or whatever text editor you use) and create two files - an HTML file and a CSS file - with the following contents:

default.htm

    <html>
      <head>
        <title>My document</title>
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
      </head>
      <body>
        <h1>My first stylesheet</h1>
      </body>
    </html>

style.css

    body {
      background-color: #FF0000;
    }

Now place the two files in the same folder. Remember to save the files with the right extensions (respectively ".htm" and ".css")

Open default.htm with your browser and see how the page has a red background. Congratulations! You have made your first style sheet!

Hurry on to the next lesson where we will take a look at some of the properties in CSS.

wape utaalamu vijana ili wajiajiri bana waachane na copy and paste za joomla, wordpress etc...wae creative aisee....maana naona siku hizi hata wale maexperienced programmers wanazikimbia hizi vitu na kukomalia end-to-end softwares.....