Level ya UJINGA wako ni ya kiwango cha juu sana! Google na usome na kuelewa kiapo cha Doctors. Usionyeshe upuuzi wako mbele za watu.
Short White,
Nafikiri level ya ujinga wangu ikilinganishwa na ya kwako, ya kwako ni super sonic! Angalia ethics za madaktari zinasemaje? Nime google hapa kwa manufaa yako!
Hii ni ile ya kwenye Wikipedia, pitia pia ethics za Waingereza na baadaye soma za Walatini na Egyptians! Acha uzuzu!
Values in medical ethics
Six of the values that commonly apply to medical ethics discussions are:
- autonomy - the patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment. (Voluntas aegroti suprema lex.)
- beneficence - a practitioner should act in the best interest of the patient. (Salus aegroti suprema lex.)
- non-maleficence - "first, do no harm" (primum non nocere).
- justice - concerns the distribution of scarce health resources, and the decision of who gets what treatment (fairness and equality).
- respect for persons - the patient (and the person treating the patient) have the right to be treated with dignity.
- truthfulness and honesty - the concept of informed consent has increased in importance since the historical events of the Doctors' Trial of the Nuremberg trials and Tuskegee syphilis experiment.
Values such as these do not give answers as to how to handle a particular situation, but provide a useful framework for understanding conflicts.
When moral values are in conflict, the result may be an ethical
dilemma or crisis. Sometimes, no good solution to a dilemma in medical ethics exists, and occasionally, the values of the medical community (i.e., the hospital and its staff) conflict with the values of the individual patient, family, or larger non-medical community. Conflicts can also arise between health care providers, or among family members. Some argue for example, that the principles of autonomy and beneficence clash when patients refuse
blood transfusions, considering them life-saving; and truth-telling was not emphasized to a large extent before the HIV era.