Gen. McChrystal fired for insubordination!

Ab-Titchaz

JF-Expert Member
Jan 30, 2008
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General McChrystal offers to resign


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UPDATE: Gen. Stanley McChrystal has offered to resign his position in the wake of an explosive Rolling Stone interview, according to Time magazine's Joe Klein.

Appearing on CNN on Tuesday afternoon, Klein said, "I think he's probably going to lose his job. A little bit of news: I was just talking to a very reliable source who tells me that McChrystal has submitted his resignation and it's going to be up to the president...to accept it or not tomorrow." After the television appearance, Klein clarified that his source says McChrystal has offered to resign, but has not officially submitted his resignation. More details soon

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WASHINGTON (AP) -- President Barack Obama weighed whether to fire the general charged with turning around the Afghanistan war Tuesday, after the most extraordinary airing of military-civilian tensions since Harry Truman stripped Gen. Douglas MacArthur of his command a half century ago.

The White House summoned Gen. Stanley McChrystal to Washington to explain disparaging comments about his commander in chief and Obama's top aides. The meeting set for Wednesday was a last-ditch moment for the general once considered the war's brightest hope.

If not insubordination, the remarks in a forthcoming Rolling Stone magazine article were at least an indirect challenge to civilian management of the war in Washington by its top military commander.

Obama said McChrystal showed "poor judgment" and he wanted to talk to him face to face before making any decision about the general's job.

A senior U.S. military official in Afghanistan told The Associated Press the general has been given no indication that he'll be fired - but no assurance he won't be. The official spoke on condition of anonymity to describe internal discussions between Washington and the general's office in Kabul.

The eruption comes as the war and public support for it are at a tipping point, a perilous time to change military leadership. A majority of Americans now say the war is probably not worth fighting, and Defense Secretary Robert Gates has said that public dissatisfaction means the U.S.-led international coalition must show progress this year.

General McChrystal Offers To Resign, According To Report
 
General Stanley McChrystal offers resignation to President Barack Obama

General Stanley McChrystal has offered his resignation to President Barack Obama after he was summoned to the White House to explain derisive comments he made about the US leader and his administration.

McChrystal_1663288c.jpg


General Stanley McChrystal Photo: AFP/GETTY IMAGES


The White House is actively considering how a successor could be swiftly confirmed by the United States Senate, according to a senior congressional source.

The US commander in Afghanistan was ordered to fly back from Kabul for a carpeting after he and his aides were quoted in "Rolling Stone" magazine mocking the president and senior officials.


The Capitol Hill official said that General James Mattis, the outgoing head of the US Joint Forces Command and due to retire after being passed over as US Marine Corps commander, and Lieutenant General William Caldwell, commander of Nato's Training Mission in Afghanistan, were being discussed as possible replacements.


However, it remained to be seen whether Mr Obama would accept the resignation.

Although the worst barbs came from the lips of aides, they indicated that the general did not respect Mr Obama. One was quoted as saying Mr Obama appeared "uncomfortable and intimidated" by the military and "didn't seem very engaged" when he first met Gen McChrystal.

A terse Robert Gibbs, Mr Obama's spokesman, struggled to control his fury yesterday as he described the normally placid Mr Obama as "angry" when he read the article. Mr Gibbs said pointedly that "all options are on the table" when he was asked if Gen McChrystal might be sacked.

Robert Gates, the Pentagon chief and the man who picked Gen McChrystal to succeed Gen David McKiernan, who was fired last May amid fears that the US was facing defeat in Afghanistan, issued a statement berating the former Special Forces commander in Iraq for a "significant mistake".

Whether to fire Gen McChrystal, the architect of a new counter-insurgency strategy designed to turn around the nine-year Afghan war, for insubordination is one of the most momentous decisions of Mr Obama's presidency.

It comes at a time when his Afghan surge strategy is faltering. Gen McChrystal has delayed the summer offensive on Kandahar and said that Marja, which was "cleared" in a major operation at the start of the year, was a "bleeding ulcer".

In a profile in the magazine Rolling Stone by freelance journalist Michael Hastings, McChrystal told the magazine that he felt "betrayed" by Karl Eikenberry, the US ambassador to Kabul and a former three-star general, in a White House debate over war strategy last year.

Referring to Richard Holbrooke, Mr Obama's senior envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, a McChrystal aide is quoted saying: "The boss says he's like a wounded animal. Holbrooke keeps hearing rumours that he's going to get fired, so that makes him dangerous."

At one point, McChrystal reacted with exasperation when he received an email from Mr Holbrooke. The general said: "Oh, not another email from Holbrooke. I don't even want to read it."

He also appeared to mock Vice President Joe Biden, known to be a sceptic of the McChrystal war strategy, imagining ways of "dismissing the vice president with a good one-liner."

Gen McChrystal said in a statement: "I extend my sincerest apology for this profile. It was a mistake reflecting poor judgment and it should have never happened."

"Throughout my career, I have lived by the principles of personal honour and professional integrity," the general said. "What is reflected in this article falls far short of that standard." He added that he had "enormous respect and admiration for President Obama and his national security team" Before boarding a plane bound for Washington, Gen McChrystal telephoned a string of senior officials, including Mr Biden, Mr Gates and Mr Holbrooke, to apologise.

Mr Gates was said to be livid at the damage to the Afghan strategy that Gen McChrystal's actions could cause.

"We are fighting a war against al-Qaeda and its extremist allies, who directly threaten the United States, Afghanistan, and our friends and allies around the world," he said.

"Going forward, we must pursue this mission with a unity of purpose. Our troops and coalition partners are making extraordinary sacrifices on behalf of our security, and our singular focus must be on supporting them and succeeding in Afghanistan without such distractions."

General Stanley McChrystal offers resignation to President Barack Obama - Telegraph
 
Stanley A. McChrystal



General Stanley A. McChrystal, USA (born August 14, 1954) is the Commander, International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Commander, U.S. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A). He previously served as Director, Joint Staff from August 2008 to June 2009 and as Commander, Joint Special Operations Command from 2003 to 2008, where he was credited with the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, but also criticized for his alleged role in the cover-up of the Pat Tillman friendly fire incident. McChrystal has a reputation for saying and thinking what other military leaders are afraid to, one of the reasons cited for his current appointment, which he assumed on June 15, 2009.Following unflattering remarks about the vice president and other administration officials attributed to McChrystal in a Rolling Stone article, McChrystal has been summoned to Washington, D.C. and has reportedly offered his resignation to Defense Secretary Robert Gates.

McChrystal graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1976 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army. His initial assignment was to C Company, 1st Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division, serving as weapons platoon leader from November 1976 to February 1978, as rifle platoon leader from February 1978 to July 1978, and as executive officer from July 1978 to November 1978.

In November 1978, McChrystal enrolled as a student in the Special Forces Officer Course at the Special Forces School at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Upon completing the course in April 1979, he remained at Fort Bragg as commander of Detachment A, A Company, 1st Battalion, 7th Special Forces Group (Airborne) until June 1980, when he attended the Infantry Officer Advanced Course at the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, until February 1981.

In February 1981, McChrystal moved to South Korea as intelligence and operations officer (S-2/S-3) for the United Nations Command Support Group—Joint Security Area. He reported to Fort Stewart, Georgia, in March 1982 to serve as training officer in the Directorate of Plans and Training, A Company, Headquarters Command. He moved to 3rd Battalion, 19th Infantry, 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized), in November 1982, where he commanded A Company before becoming battalion operations officer (S-3) in September 1984.

McChrystal moved to 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, as battalion liaison officer in September 1985, became commander of A Company in January 1986, served again as battalion liaison officer in May 1987, and finally became battalion operations officer (S-3) in April 1988, before reporting to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, as a student in the Command and Staff Course in June 1989. After completing the course in June 1990, he was assigned as Army Special Operations action officer, J-3, Joint Special Operations Command until April 1993, in which capacity he deployed to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.

From April 1993 to November 1994, McChrystal commanded the 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82d Airborne Division; then commanded the 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, from November 1994 to June 1996. During this time he would spur the beginnings of Modern Army Combatives by prompting a review of the existing hand-to-hand combat curricula. After a year as a senior service college fellow at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, he moved up to command the entire 75th Ranger Regiment from June 1997 to August 1999, then spent another year as a military fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations.

General officer



McChrystal upon promotion to brigadier general in 1999.


Promoted to brigadier general on January 1, 2001, he served as assistant division commander (operations) of the 82d Airborne Division from June 2000 to June 2001, including duty as Commander, United States Army Central (dubbed "Coalition/Joint Task Force Kuwait") in Camp Doha, Kuwait. From June 2001 to July 2002 he was chief of staff of XVIII Airborne Corps, including duty as chief of staff of Combined Joint Task Force 180, the headquarters formation contributed by XVIII Airborne Corps to direct all Operation Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan.

At the beginning of the Iraq War in March 2003, he was serving in the Pentagon as a member of the Joint Staff, where he had been vice director of operations, J-3, since July 2002.[6] McChrystal was selected to deliver nationally televised Pentagon briefings on U.S. military operations in Iraq, including one in April 2003 shortly after the fall of Baghdad in which he announced, "I would anticipate that the major combat engagements are over."

Commander, Joint Special Operations Command


Joint Special Operations Command emblem.


He commanded the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) for five years, serving first as Commanding General, Joint Special Operations Command, from September 2003 to February 2006, and then as Commander, Joint Special Operations Command/Commander, Joint Special Operations Command Forward, from February 2006 to August 2008. Nominally assigned to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, he spent most of his time in Afghanistan, at U.S. Central Command's forward headquarters in Qatar, and in Iraq. Early successes included the capture by JSOC forces of Saddam Hussein in December 2003. He was promoted to lieutenant general on February 16, 2006.

As head of what Newsweek termed "the most secretive force in the U.S. military," McChrystal maintained a very low profile until June 2006, when his forces were responsible for the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq.

After McChrystal's team successfully located Zarqawi and called in the airstrike that killed him, McChrystal accompanied his men to the bombed-out hut to personally identify the body.

McChrystal's Zarqawi unit, Task Force 6-26, became well-known for its interrogation methods, particularly at Camp Nama, where it was accused of abusing detainees. After the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal became public in April 2004, 34 members of the task force were disciplined.

McChrystal was also criticized for his role in the aftermath of the 2004 death by friendly fire of Ranger and former professional football player Pat Tillman. Within a day of Tillman's death, McChrystal was notified that Tillman was a victim of fratricide. Shortly thereafter, McChrystal was put in charge of paperwork to award Tillman a posthumous Silver Star for valor. On April 28, 2004, six days after Tillman's death, McChrystal approved a final draft of the Silver Star recommendation and submitted it to the acting Secretary of the Army, even though the medal recommendation deliberately omitted any mention of friendly fire, included the phrase "in the line of devastating enemy fire," and was accompanied by fabricated witness statements. On April 29, McChrystal sent an urgent memo warning White House speechwriters not to quote the medal recommendation in any statements they wrote for President Bush because it "might cause public embarrassment if the circumstances of Corporal Tillman's death become public." McChrystal was one of eight officers recommended for discipline by a subsequent Pentagon investigation but the Army declined to take action against him.

According to Pulitzer Prize-winning Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward, beginning in late spring 2007 JSOC and CIA Special Activities Division teams launched a new series of highly-effective covert operations that coincided with the Iraq War troop surge of 2007. They did this by killing or capturing many of the key al-Qa'ida leaders in Iraq. In a CBS 60 Minutes interview, Woodward described a new special operations capability that allowed for this success, noting that it was developed by the joint teams of CIA and JSOC. Several senior U.S. officials stated that the "joint efforts of JSOC and CIA paramilitary units were the most significant contributor to the defeat of al-Qa'ida in Iraq."

Director, Joint Staff

McChrystal was considered a candidate to succeed General Bryan D. Brown as commander of U.S. Special Operations Command in 2007, and to succeed General David H. Petraeus as commanding general of Multi-National Force - Iraq or Admiral William J. Fallon as commander of U.S. Central Command in 2008, all four-star positions. Instead, McChrystal was nominated by President Bush to succeed Lieutenant General Walter L. Sharp as director of the Joint Staff in February 2008, another three-star position.

Normally a routine process, McChrystal's Senate confirmation was stalled by members of the Senate Armed Services Committee who sought more information about the alleged mistreatment of detainees by Special Operations troops under McChrystal's command in Iraq and Afghanistan. After meeting with McChrystal in private, the Senate Armed Services Committee confirmed his reappointment as lieutenant general in May 2008 and he became Director of the Joint Staff in August 2008.

Commander of Afghanistan Forces



President Obama receives McChrystal in the Oval Office in May 2009.


With his June 10, 2009 Senate approval to take command in Afghanistan, McChrystal was promoted to general.Shortly after McChrystal assumed command of NATO operations, Operation Khanjar commenced, marking the largest offensive operation and the beginning of the deadliest combat month for NATO forces since 2001.

McChrystal submitted a 66 page report to Defense SecretaryRobert Gates calling for more troops in Afghanistan, saying "We are going to win," which became public on September 20, 2009. McChrystal warned that the war in Afghanistan may be lost if more troops are not sent, but the report ends on a note of cautious optimism: “While the situation is serious, success is still achievable.”McChrystal's release to the public of his recommendation to the Secretary of Defense was decried by critics as an "unprecedented" move by a general to force the hand of the president, and some in Congress have called on the president to fire McChrystal for making the report public. Congressman Dennis Kucinich stated the view that generals are "subordinate to the president who is the commander-in-chief. He’s the boss. And when generals start trying to suggest publicly what the president should do, they shouldn’t be generals anymore."

McCrystal's "strategic assessment team" included: Fred Kagan, Kim Kagan of Institute for the Study of War (ISW)s, Stephen Biddle of the Council on Foreign Relations, Anthony Cordesman of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Andrew Exum of the Centre for a New American Security (CNAS), and Jeremy Shapiro of the Brookings Institution. The campaigns and coordinated efforts by generals and policy institutions seek to articulate to the public and policy-makers why they should support military policies, as well as current and proposed wars. Such joint civilian-military public relations, say critics, raises important questions about the appropriate role of the military in promoting particular policies and whether there is enough transparency and accountability in the work of policy groups.

In 2009, McChrystal publicly suggested between 30,000 and 40,000 more troops were needed in Afghanistan, as the lowest risk option out of a number of possible troop level changes. Scott Ritter, former Chief U.N. Weapons Inspector in Iraq, has stated that McChrystal should be fired for insubordination for disclosing information that he should have said only in private to the president of the United States.

In an article written by freelance journalist Michael Hastings, "The Runaway General," appearing in the June 25, 2010 issue of Rolling Stone, McChrystal and his staff mock civilian government officials, including Vice President Joe Biden, National Security Advisor James L. Jones, US Ambassador to Afghanistan Karl W. Eikenberry, and Richard Holbrooke. McChrystal subsequently issued an apology for the article, saying that the Rolling Stone profile "was a mistake reflecting poor judgment." In lieu of attending the president's monthly security team meeting via secure video teleconference, McChrystal has been summoned to the White House to attend in person "where he will have to explain to the Pentagon and the commander in chief his quotes about his colleagues in the article."

McChrystal has reportedly offered his resignation to Defense Secretary Robert Gates.

Personal

McChrystal's father was Major General Herbert McChrystal. He was the fourth child in a family of five boys and a girl, all of whom would serve or marry into the military. His older brother, retired Colonel Scott McChrystal, was an Army Chaplain, and is the endorsing agent for the Assemblies of God. McChrystal is married and has an adult son. He runs 7 to 8 miles a day, eats one meal, and sleeps for four hours a night.

Dates of rank


  • 2LT - June 2, 1976
  • 1LT - June 2, 1978
  • CPT - August 1, 1980
  • MAJ - July 1, 1987
  • LTC - September 1, 1992
  • COL - September 1, 1996
  • BG - January 1, 2001
  • MG - May 1, 2004
  • LTG - February 16, 2006
  • GEN - June 15, 2009
 
Huo ni mwanzo tu wa kujiuzulu kwa Mkuu huyo katika Jeshi la Amerika bado kuna wengi watakaofuata baada yake wanauwa watu huko iraki na Afghanistan pasipo na hatia? kazi kweli Eee Mungu wasaidie wairaki na Wa Afghanstan.
 
Hii ya kujiuzulu mbona haijatangazwa rasmi. Mpaka dakika hii taarifa ni kuwa jamaa anaplan kujiuzulu kesho kama raisi ataonyesha kutokuwa na imani nae.
 
He should be fired on the spot! Mwanajeshi gani anaenda kufanya interview nyeti na Rolling Stone? Kwanza hata kazi yenyewe huko Afghanistan imemshinda, Taliban ndio kwanza wanaendelea kupeta.
 
Kuna kosa moja la kiuongozi ambalo Obama alikosea katika kuongoza vita ya Afghanstani na linaweza kuharibu matumaini yote ya Amerika katika vita hiyo. Kosa alilofanya ni lile la kumtenga jamaa huyu baada ya kumpa majukumu ya kuongoza vita ile. Wakati jamaa alipoomba apatiwe wapiganaji zaidi, Obama hakumvuta katika circles zake badala yake alimwona kama ni bully, na akaamua kumjibu kwa kuchelewesha uamuzi wa kupeleka wapiganaji. Hilo lilikuwa ni kosa kubwa sana la kiuongozi wakati wa vita kwani lilijenga chuki baina ya wapiganaji na uongozi wa White house. Interview hii ni matokeo ya chuki hiyo, hata kama jamaa huyu ana matatizo mengine ya kidiplomasia.

Kinachotakiwa sasa hivi ni kwa Obama kumkatalia asijiuzulu, bali aonywe tu, halafu arudishwe vitani kwa vile hatujui ni wapiganaji wengine wangapi walio na chuki za aina yake. Ila baadaye akifanya kosa dogo tu la kivita, siyo la kidplomasia kama hili, ndipo afukuzwe, wala asipewe nafasi ya kujiuzulu. Asubiriwe afanye kosa litakalosababisha kupoteza uhai wa wapiganaji wengi; makosa ya aina ahii hutokea kila mara huko Afghansitan, lakini sasa likitokea moja ndilo litumike kumuadhibu.
 
Kuna kosa moja la kiuongozi ambalo Obama alikosea katika kuongoza vita ya Afghanstani na linaweza kuharibu matumaini yote ya Amerika katika vita hiyo. Kosa alilofanya ni lile la kumtenga jamaa huyu baada ya kumpa majukumu ya kuongoza vita ile. Wakati jamaa alipoomba apatiwe wapiganaji zaidi, Obama hakumvuta katika circles zake badala yake alimwona kama ni bully, na akaamua kumjibu kwa kuchelewesha uamuzi wa kupeleka wapiganaji. Hilo lilikuwa ni kosa kubwa sana la kiuongozi wakati wa vita kwani lilijenga chuki baina ya wapiganaji na uongozi wa White house. Interview hii ni matokeo ya chuki hiyo, hata kama jamaa huyu ana matatizo mengine ya kidiplomasia.

Kinachotakiwa sasa hivi ni kwa Obama kumkatalia asijiuzulu, bali aonywe tu, halafu arudishwe vitani kwa vile hatujui ni wapiganaji wengine wangapi walio na chuki za aina yake. Ila baadaye akifanya kosa dogo tu la kivita, siyo la kidplomasia kama hili, ndipo afukuzwe, wala asipewe nafasi ya kujiuzulu. Asubiriwe afanye kosa litakalosababisha kupoteza uhai wa wapiganaji wengi; makosa ya aina ahii hutokea kila mara huko Afghansitan, lakini sasa likitokea moja ndilo litumike kumuadhibu.

Jeshini Nidhamu ni kitu ambacho hakivumiliwi..................ukikosa nidhamu kwa mkubwa wako.............unaadhibiwa........kwa ngazi ya huyu Gen.........inabidi afukuzwe.............Obama akimsamehe na kumuonya atakuwa ameweka precedence mbaya sana.................na midomo ya mamba GoP wanamsubiri kwa hamu afanye kosa hilo................
kusema asubiri afanye kosa jingine..........kama ulivyoweka.........again halitakuwa kosa la ku-tantamount kumfukuza mtu........otherwise GoP watamshikia bango wakisema Obama ana kinyongo bado.............
 
Gen. David Petraeus replaces Gen. McChrystal! Kiburi yote kwisha, arudi asaidie kusafisha mafuta ya BP.
 
Huyu McChrystal thought he was too big to be fired, let him go with his sturbones~this war is too big for one man!.
 
Moja ya makomandoo hatari wa jeshi la marekani ambao wameshikiriki katika special operations kama Grenada na Somalia. Zamani ilikuwa mwiko kuona CV yake popote pale in public kwasababu alikuwa ndi kinara wa black operations ambazo zilikuwa zikifanywa kwa madhumuni ambayo wamarekani walikuwa hawataki watu wengine wajue.
Kufukuzwa kazi inawezekana ila huyu bwana ana heshima kubwa sana hata Afghanstan ambako ndio kinara wa operations dhidi ya tarabani. Obama yuko kwenye mtihani mgumu. He needs this General.Otherwise anaweza kumpeleka traditional soldier akaharibu mipangilio yote iliyokuwepo. Tradition soldiers wanajua kubwaga mabomu makubwa makubwa tu, bila kutumia akili za nini zitakuwa consequences.
 
Gen. David Petraeus replaces Gen. McChrystal! Kiburi yote kwisha, arudi asaidie kusafisha mafuta ya BP.

Do you know how chain of commands works? How come Gen Patreus who is the senior to McChrystal could replace him? It would be a demotion.
 
Just fire him to move on,la sivyo distractions za GOP zitaharibu kila kitu....good move by President Obama,he just got fired:A S 103:
 
Kuna kosa moja la kiuongozi ambalo Obama alikosea katika kuongoza vita ya Afghanstani na linaweza kuharibu matumaini yote ya Amerika katika vita hiyo. Kosa alilofanya ni lile la kumtenga jamaa huyu baada ya kumpa majukumu ya kuongoza vita ile. Wakati jamaa alipoomba apatiwe wapiganaji zaidi, Obama hakumvuta katika circles zake badala yake alimwona kama ni bully, na akaamua kumjibu kwa kuchelewesha uamuzi wa kupeleka wapiganaji. Hilo lilikuwa ni kosa kubwa sana la kiuongozi wakati wa vita kwani lilijenga chuki baina ya wapiganaji na uongozi wa White house. Interview hii ni matokeo ya chuki hiyo, hata kama jamaa huyu ana matatizo mengine ya kidiplomasia.

Kinachotakiwa sasa hivi ni kwa Obama kumkatalia asijiuzulu, bali aonywe tu, halafu arudishwe vitani kwa vile hatujui ni wapiganaji wengine wangapi walio na chuki za aina yake. Ila baadaye akifanya kosa dogo tu la kivita, siyo la kidplomasia kama hili, ndipo afukuzwe, wala asipewe nafasi ya kujiuzulu. Asubiriwe afanye kosa litakalosababisha kupoteza uhai wa wapiganaji wengi; makosa ya aina ahii hutokea kila mara huko Afghansitan, lakini sasa likitokea moja ndilo litumike kumuadhibu.

Japo he's gone ila ngoja niweke sawa hapa. Huyu jamaa alianza kuharibu hali ya hewa tokea kwenye presentation yake London na kuongea na vyombo vya habari kuwa kuna uwezekano wa kushindwa vita Afgh, katika suala la usalama wa Taifa kila analosema mtu kama huyu lenye lengo ya kuweaken ushindi ni threat kwa Taifa. Nafikiri hii itakuwa ni mfano kuwa hata kama wamarekani wakimchagua $£%$% kwa mujibu wa katiba anakuwa ni C-I-C, yaani ni mwenye final say kuhusu masuala ya vita na ulinzi. Soldiers Obey ndiyo maana katika mahakama za uhalifu wa kivita wanashitakiwa ni watawala wa kiraia.
 
McChrystal anataka kuwa McArthur?

Obama better pull a Truman. Those who do not learn from history are condemned to repeat it.
 
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