Suley2019
JF-Expert Member
- Oct 7, 2019
- 1,815
- 4,565
Katika mwezi mmoja uliopita, chanjo kadhaa za COVID-19 zimeidhinishwa kwa matumizi ya jumla au ya dharura katika Mataifa ya Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini (MENA). Bado kuna mkanganyiko juu ya ni chanjo ipi ambayo ina faida zaidi au nini kinafanyika mpaka serikali fulani kuchagua.
Andiko hili halipo kwa ajili ya kushauri aina bora ya chanjo ya kutumia hilo litabaki kuwa chaguo lako binafsi lakini tunachoweza kueleza ni kwamba chanjo zote hufanya kazi kwa kuingia mwilini na kukutana na chembechembe za molekyuli ambazo huleta mwitiko katika kinga za mwili. kufunua mwili wa binadamu kwa chembe au molekuli ambazo husababisha mwitikio wa kinga, na hivyo kulinda mada kutoka kwa maambukizo ya baadaye. Tofauti kuu kati ya aina kuu nne za chanjo ni njia ya mfiduo inayotumika. Utofauti mkuu wa chanjo hizi upo katika namna au njia za kutumika.
Zifuatazo ni tofauti za msingi wa chanjo hizi:
1. Chanjo ya kwanza inajumuisha Sinopharm, Sinovac
- Chanjo hii inajumuisha dozi mbili
Faida: Chanjo hii imetengenezwa kwa teknolojia madhubuti na inafaa hata kwa watu wenye kinga za mwili dhaifu.
2. Chanjo ya pili ni Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna
- Chanjo hii inajumuisha dozi mbili
Faida: Kwa mujibu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge, chanjo hii ina faida na usalama wa hali ya juu na ni rahisi kutengeneza.
3. Chanjo ya tatu ni Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute)
- Chanjo hii pia inahusisha dozi mbili.
Faida: Chanjo hii ya Covid-19 imetumia teknolojia iliyosimamiwa vizuri ambayo husababisha mwitiko mkubwa katika kinga za mwili wa binadamu pia hujumuisha seli za B na seli za T.
4. Chanjo ya nne ni Novavax
- Hii hujumuisha dozi mbili.
Faida: Chanjo hii pia imetumia teknolojia madhubuti na inafaa kutumiwa hata kwa watu wenye kinga dhaifu za mwili.
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Zaidi kuhusu chanjo hizi soma
1) WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE
Vaccines include: Sinopharm, Sinovac
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
What to know: The whole virus vaccine uses a weakened or deactivated form of the pathogen that causes COVID-19 to trigger protective immunity to it.
The two vaccines mentioned above – Sinopharm and Sinovac – both use inactivated pathogens, therefore they cannot infect cells and replicate, but can trigger an immune response.
Benefits: According to Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (GAVI), the advantages of an inactivated whole virus vaccine include the fact its technology is well established, it is suitable for people with compromised immune systems, and it’s relatively simple to manufacture.
Challenges: Booster shots may be required.
2) RNA or mRNA VACCINE
Vaccines include: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
Other licensed vaccines that use this type of technology: None
What to know: Since no other existing licensed or approved vaccine uses this type of technology, the Messenger RNA (mRNA) variety could be mistaken for something completely new to healthcare. However, a number of mRNA vaccines have been studied in the past for illnesses and diseases including cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, rabies, and the Zika virus.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Researchers have been studying and working with mRNA vaccines for decades. Interest has grown in these vaccines because they can be developed in a laboratory using readily available materials. This means the process can be standardised and scaled up, making vaccine development faster than traditional methods of making vaccines.”
So how does it reportedly work? The COVID-19 RNA vaccine consists of mRNA molecules made in a lab that code for parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus – specifically the virus’ spike protein.
Once injected into the body, the mRNA instructs the cells to produce antigens – such as the spike protein mentioned – which are then detected by immune cells, triggering a response by the body’s lymphocytes.
The killer T-cells destroy the infected cells, while the B-cells and helper T-cells support antibody production. Whoever is exposed to the COVID-19 coronavirus in the future would have an immune system that recognises it, and in turn fight off the infection.
Benefits: According to the University of Cambridge’s PHG Foundation, advantages include good safety (since there are no live components, there’s no risk of the vaccine triggering disease), reliability, and that it’s relatively simple to manufacture.
Challenges: Disadvantages include unintended effects (such as an unintended immune reaction), ensuring effective delivery into the body (since free RNA in the body is quickly broken down), storage issues, plus the fact that this type of vaccine has never previously been licensed for humans.
3) NON-REPLICATING VIRAL VECTOR
Vaccines include: Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute)
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
What to know: This type of vaccine introduces a safe, modified version of the virus – known as “the vector” – to deliver genetic code for the antigen. In a COVID-19 vaccine, the “vector” is the spike proteins found on the surface of the coronavirus.
Once the body’s cells are “infected”, the cells are instructed to produce a large amount of antigens, which in turn trigger an immune response.
Benefits: Viral vector-based vaccination is another well-established technology that can trigger a strong immune response as it also involves both B cells and T cells.
Challenges: Previous exposure to the vector could reduce effectiveness, plus these types of vaccines are relatively complex to manufacture compared to others.
4) PROTEIN SUBUNIT
Vaccines include: Novavax
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
What to know: The protein subunit vaccine contains purified “pieces” of a pathogen rather than the whole pathogen to trigger an immune response. It is thought that by restricting the immune system to the whole pathogen, the risk of side effects is minimised.
Benefits: The protein subunit vaccination is also a well-established technology that’s advantageous for those with compromised immune systems.
Challenges: This type of vaccine is relatively complex to manufacture, and adjuvants and booster shots may be required.
Editor’s note: Information is accurate at time of publishing; however, given the ongoing updates in research – plus possible changes in governmental decisions – the availability and reliability of these vaccines is subject to change at any time.
Andiko hili halipo kwa ajili ya kushauri aina bora ya chanjo ya kutumia hilo litabaki kuwa chaguo lako binafsi lakini tunachoweza kueleza ni kwamba chanjo zote hufanya kazi kwa kuingia mwilini na kukutana na chembechembe za molekyuli ambazo huleta mwitiko katika kinga za mwili. kufunua mwili wa binadamu kwa chembe au molekuli ambazo husababisha mwitikio wa kinga, na hivyo kulinda mada kutoka kwa maambukizo ya baadaye. Tofauti kuu kati ya aina kuu nne za chanjo ni njia ya mfiduo inayotumika. Utofauti mkuu wa chanjo hizi upo katika namna au njia za kutumika.
Zifuatazo ni tofauti za msingi wa chanjo hizi:
1. Chanjo ya kwanza inajumuisha Sinopharm, Sinovac
- Chanjo hii inajumuisha dozi mbili
Faida: Chanjo hii imetengenezwa kwa teknolojia madhubuti na inafaa hata kwa watu wenye kinga za mwili dhaifu.
2. Chanjo ya pili ni Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna
- Chanjo hii inajumuisha dozi mbili
Faida: Kwa mujibu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge, chanjo hii ina faida na usalama wa hali ya juu na ni rahisi kutengeneza.
3. Chanjo ya tatu ni Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute)
- Chanjo hii pia inahusisha dozi mbili.
Faida: Chanjo hii ya Covid-19 imetumia teknolojia iliyosimamiwa vizuri ambayo husababisha mwitiko mkubwa katika kinga za mwili wa binadamu pia hujumuisha seli za B na seli za T.
4. Chanjo ya nne ni Novavax
- Hii hujumuisha dozi mbili.
Faida: Chanjo hii pia imetumia teknolojia madhubuti na inafaa kutumiwa hata kwa watu wenye kinga dhaifu za mwili.
===
Zaidi kuhusu chanjo hizi soma
1) WHOLE VIRUS VACCINE
Vaccines include: Sinopharm, Sinovac
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
What to know: The whole virus vaccine uses a weakened or deactivated form of the pathogen that causes COVID-19 to trigger protective immunity to it.
The two vaccines mentioned above – Sinopharm and Sinovac – both use inactivated pathogens, therefore they cannot infect cells and replicate, but can trigger an immune response.
Benefits: According to Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (GAVI), the advantages of an inactivated whole virus vaccine include the fact its technology is well established, it is suitable for people with compromised immune systems, and it’s relatively simple to manufacture.
Challenges: Booster shots may be required.
2) RNA or mRNA VACCINE
Vaccines include: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
Other licensed vaccines that use this type of technology: None
What to know: Since no other existing licensed or approved vaccine uses this type of technology, the Messenger RNA (mRNA) variety could be mistaken for something completely new to healthcare. However, a number of mRNA vaccines have been studied in the past for illnesses and diseases including cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, rabies, and the Zika virus.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Researchers have been studying and working with mRNA vaccines for decades. Interest has grown in these vaccines because they can be developed in a laboratory using readily available materials. This means the process can be standardised and scaled up, making vaccine development faster than traditional methods of making vaccines.”
So how does it reportedly work? The COVID-19 RNA vaccine consists of mRNA molecules made in a lab that code for parts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus – specifically the virus’ spike protein.
Once injected into the body, the mRNA instructs the cells to produce antigens – such as the spike protein mentioned – which are then detected by immune cells, triggering a response by the body’s lymphocytes.
The killer T-cells destroy the infected cells, while the B-cells and helper T-cells support antibody production. Whoever is exposed to the COVID-19 coronavirus in the future would have an immune system that recognises it, and in turn fight off the infection.
Benefits: According to the University of Cambridge’s PHG Foundation, advantages include good safety (since there are no live components, there’s no risk of the vaccine triggering disease), reliability, and that it’s relatively simple to manufacture.
Challenges: Disadvantages include unintended effects (such as an unintended immune reaction), ensuring effective delivery into the body (since free RNA in the body is quickly broken down), storage issues, plus the fact that this type of vaccine has never previously been licensed for humans.
3) NON-REPLICATING VIRAL VECTOR
Vaccines include: Oxford-AstraZeneca, Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute)
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
What to know: This type of vaccine introduces a safe, modified version of the virus – known as “the vector” – to deliver genetic code for the antigen. In a COVID-19 vaccine, the “vector” is the spike proteins found on the surface of the coronavirus.
Once the body’s cells are “infected”, the cells are instructed to produce a large amount of antigens, which in turn trigger an immune response.
Benefits: Viral vector-based vaccination is another well-established technology that can trigger a strong immune response as it also involves both B cells and T cells.
Challenges: Previous exposure to the vector could reduce effectiveness, plus these types of vaccines are relatively complex to manufacture compared to others.
4) PROTEIN SUBUNIT
Vaccines include: Novavax
Number of doses required: 2 doses, intramuscular
What to know: The protein subunit vaccine contains purified “pieces” of a pathogen rather than the whole pathogen to trigger an immune response. It is thought that by restricting the immune system to the whole pathogen, the risk of side effects is minimised.
Benefits: The protein subunit vaccination is also a well-established technology that’s advantageous for those with compromised immune systems.
Challenges: This type of vaccine is relatively complex to manufacture, and adjuvants and booster shots may be required.
Editor’s note: Information is accurate at time of publishing; however, given the ongoing updates in research – plus possible changes in governmental decisions – the availability and reliability of these vaccines is subject to change at any time.
