UDUKUZI: Laura Poitras na Edward Snowden

Baada ya 9/11, serikali ya Merika ilianza kuandaa orodha ya saa ya kigaidi ambayo kwa wakati mmoja inakadiriwa kuwa na majina karibu milioni. Kuna angalau orodha mbili ndogo zinazohusiana na kusafiri kwa ndege. Orodha isiyo ya kuruka ina majina ya makumi ya maelfu ya watu ambao hawaruhusiwi kuruka ndani au nje ya nchi. Orodha ya Selectee, ambayo ni kubwa kuliko orodha isiyo ya kuruka, inawapatia watu ukaguzi wa ziada wa uwanja wa ndege na kuhoji. Orodha hizi zimekosolewa na vikundi vya haki za raia kwa kuwa pana sana na kiholela na kwa kukiuka haki za Wamarekani ambao wako juu yao.

Huko Vienna, Poitras hatimaye aliwekwa wazi ili kupanda safari yake ya ndege kwenda New York, lakini alipofika JF.K., alikutwa kwenye lango na maafisa wawili wa kutekeleza sheria wenye silaha na kupelekwa kwenye chumba cha kuhojiwa. Ni utaratibu ambao umetokea mara nyingi tangu wakati huo - kwa zaidi ya mara 40 - kwamba amepoteza hesabu sahihi. Hapo awali, alisema, viongozi walipendezwa na jarida alilobeba, kunakili risiti zake na, mara moja, daftari lake. Baada ya yeye kuacha kuchukua maandishi yake, walilenga elektroniki badala yake, wakimwambia kwamba ikiwa hakujibu maswali yao, wangemnyakua gia lake na kupata majibu yao hivyo. Katika tukio moja, Poitras anasema, walimkamata kompyuta zake na simu za rununu na kuzitunza kwa wiki. Aliambiwa pia kwamba kukataa kwake kujibu maswali yenyewe ilikuwa tendo la tuhuma. Kwa sababu mahojiano yalifanyika kwenye misalaba ya bweni ya kimataifa, ambapo serikali inashikilia kwamba haki za kawaida za kikatiba hazitumiki, hakuruhusiwa kuwa na wakili.

"Ni ukiukwaji kabisa," Poitras alisema. "Ndio hivyo kuhisi. Wanavutiwa na habari inayohusiana na kazi ninayofanya ambayo ni ya faragha na ya bahati nzuri. Ni hali ya kutisha wakati watu wenye bunduki watakutana na wewe unaposhuka kwenye ndege. "

Ingawa amewaandikia wanachama wa Congress na amewasilisha maombi ya Sheria ya Uhuru wa Habari, Poitras hajawahi kupata maelezo yoyote kwa nini aliwekwa kwenye orodha ya watazamaji. "Inasikitisha kwamba lazima nibashiri kwanini," alisema. "Ulimwengu huo ulianza lini, kwamba watu wamewekwa kwenye orodha na hawaambiwa kamwe na wamesimamishwa miaka sita? Sijui kwanini walifanya hivyo. Ni kusimamishwa kabisa kwa mchakato unaofaa. "Aliongezea:" Hakuambiwa chochote, sijaulizwa chochote, na hakuna kitu ambacho nimefanya. Ni kama Kafka. Hakuna mtu aliyewaambia mtuhumiwa ni nini. "

Baada ya kuwekwa kizuizini kwa kurudia, Poitras alianza kuchukua hatua za kulinda data yake, akimwuliza mwenzi kusafiri kubeba kompyuta yake ya mbali, akiachia madaftari yake nje ya nchi na marafiki au kwenye masanduku salama ya amana. Angeifuta kompyuta na simu zake za rununu ili kusiwe na kitu kwa mamlaka kuona. Au alisisitiza data yake, ili watekelezaji wa sheria wasiweze kusoma faili zozote ambazo wanaweza kupata. Maandalizi haya ya usalama yanaweza kuchukua siku au zaidi kabla ya kusafiri kwake.

Haikuwa utaftaji wa mpaka tu ambao ilibidi ahangaike. Poitras alisema alihisi kwamba ikiwa serikali ingetuhumu vya kutosha kumhoji katika viwanja vya ndege, inawezekana pia kumchunguza barua-pepe yake, simu na kuvinjari kwa Mtandao. "Nadhani kuna barua za Usalama wa Kitaifa kwenye barua pepe yangu," aliniambia, akimaanisha moja ya zana za uchunguzi wa usiri zinazotumiwa na Idara ya Sheria. Barua ya Usalama wa Kitaifa inahitaji wapokeaji wake - katika hali nyingi, watoa huduma za mtandao na kampuni za simu - kutoa data ya wateja bila kuwajulisha wateja au vyama vingine yoyote. Poitras alituhumiwa (lakini hakuweza kudhibitisha, kwa sababu kampuni yake ya simu na I.S.P ingekatazwa kwa kumwambia) kwamba F.B.I. alikuwa ametoa Barua za Usalama wa Kitaifa kwa mawasiliano yake ya kielektroniki.
 
Mara tu alipoanza kufanya kazi kwenye filamu yake ya uchunguzi mnamo 2011, aliinua usalama wake wa dijiti kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi. Alipunguza matumizi ya simu ya rununu, ambayo inasaliti sio tu unampigia nani na lini, lakini eneo lako kwa wakati wowote kwa wakati. Alikuwa mwangalifu juu ya barua-pepe nyaraka nyeti au kuwa na mazungumzo nyeti kwenye simu. Alianza kutumia programu iliyosasisha Wavuti alizotembelea. Baada ya kuwasiliana na Snowden mnamo 2013, aliimarisha usalama wake tena notch nyingine. Kwa kuongezea barua pepe yoyote nyeti, alianza kutumia kompyuta tofauti za uhariri wa filamu, kwa kuwasiliana na kusoma nyaraka nyeti (ile ya hati nyeti ni iliyochongwa hewa, ikimaanisha haijawahi kushikamana na mtandao).

Tahadhari hizi zinaweza kuonekana kama paranoid - Poitras anafafanua kama "uliokithiri" - lakini watu aliowahoji kwa filamu yake walikuwa malengo ya aina ya uchunguzi na mshtuko ambao anaogopa. William Binney, mkuu wa zamani wa N.S.A. ofisa ambaye alishtaki hadharani shirika la uchunguzi wa haramu, alikuwa nyumbani asubuhi moja mnamo 2007 wakati F.B.I. mawakala waliingia na kulenga silaha zao kwa mke wake, mtoto wake na yeye mwenyewe. Binney alikuwa, wakati huo wakala aliingia bafuni mwake na akamwashiria bunduki kichwani, akiwa uchi kwenye bafu. Kompyuta zake, diski na rekodi za kibinafsi zilinyang'anywa na bado hazijarejeshwa. Binney hajeshtakiwa kwa uhalifu wowote.

Jacob Appelbaum, mwanaharakati wa faragha ambaye alikuwa kujitolea na WikiLeaks, pia ametayarishwa na Poitras. Serikali ilitoa agizo la siri kwa Twitter la upatikanaji wa data ya akaunti ya Appelbaum, ambayo ilionekana kwa umma wakati Twitter ilipopiga agizo. Ingawa kampuni ililazimishwa kukabidhi data hiyo, iliruhusiwa kumwambia Appelbaum. Google na I.S.P ndogo. kwamba Appelbaum iliyotumiwa pia ilitumikiwa na maagizo ya siri na walipigana ili kumuonya. Kama Binney, Appelbaum haijeshtakiwa kwa uhalifu wowote.

Poitras alivumilia utaftaji wa uwanja wa ndege kwa miaka na malalamiko kidogo ya umma, ili maandamano yake yapewe tuhuma na uhasama zaidi kutoka kwa serikali, lakini mwaka jana alifikia hatua. Wakati akihojiwa huko Newark baada ya kukimbia kutoka Uingereza, aliambiwa hakuweza kuchukua maelezo. Juu ya ushauri wa wanasheria, Poitras kila wakati alirekodi majina ya mawakala wa mpaka na maswali waliyouliza na nyenzo walizonakili au walizokamata. Lakini huko Newark, wakala alimtishia kumtia mikono ikiwa ataendelea kuandika. Aliambiwa kwamba alikuwa akizuiliwa kuandika chochote kwa sababu anaweza kutumia kalamu yake kama silaha.

"Halafu niliuliza makrayoni," anakumbuka Poitras, "na akasema hapana kwa crayons."

Alipelekwa katika chumba kingine na kuhojiwa na maajenti watatu - mmoja alikuwa nyuma yake, mwingine akaulizwa maswali, wa tatu alikuwa msimamizi. "Iliendelea labda saa na nusu," alisema. "Nilikuwa naandika maelezo ya maswali yao, au kujaribu, na walinipigia. Nilisema, 'Nionyeshe sheria ambapo inasema siwezi kuchukua maelezo.' Kwa maana tulikuwa tukijadili ni nini walikuwa wanajaribu kunikataza kufanya. Wakasema, 'Sisi ndio tunauliza maswali.' Ilikuwa mkutano mkali na wa kuchukiza. "

Poitras alikutana na Greenwald mnamo 2010, wakati alipendezwa na kazi yake kwenye WikiLeaks. Mnamo mwaka wa 2011, alikwenda Rio kumuandaa filamu kwa maandishi yake. Alifahamu upekuzi huo na aliuliza mara kadhaa ruhusa ya kuandika juu yao. Baada ya Newark, alimpa taa ya kijani.

"Alisema, 'nimekuwa nayo,'" Greenwald aliniambia. "Uwezo wake wa kuandika maelezo na kuorodhesha kile kilichokuwa kikijitokeza ilikuwa akili yake moja ya wakala, kudumisha kiwango fulani cha udhibiti. Kuandika kumbukumbu ndivyo anafanya. Nadhani alikuwa akihisi kwamba jukumu moja la usalama na udhibiti katika hali hii limechukuliwa kutoka kwake, bila maelezo yoyote, kama matumizi ya nguvu ya kiholela. "

Wakati huo, Greenwald alikuwa mwandishi wa Salon. Nakala yake, "U.S. Mtengenezaji wa sinema alishikwa na mipaka mara kadhaa huko Mpakani, "ilichapishwa mnamo Aprili 2012. Muda kidogo baada ya kuchapishwa, mashtaka yalikoma. Miaka sita ya uchunguzi na udhalilishaji, Poitras alitarajia, inaweza kuwa mwisho.

Poitras haikuwa chaguo la kwanza la Snowden kama mtu ambaye alitaka kuvuja maelfu ya N.S.A. hati. Kwa kweli, mwezi mmoja kabla ya kuwasiliana naye, alifikia Greenwald, ambaye alikuwa ameandika kwa kina na kiuongozi juu ya vita vya Iraqi na Afghanistan na mmomonyoko wa uhuru wa raia mnamo 9/11. Snowden bila kumtuma alimtumia barua-pepe akisema alikuwa na hati anayotaka kushiriki, na akafuata mwongozo huo wa hatua kwa hatua juu ya jinsi ya kushinikiza mawasiliano, ambayo Greenwald hakuyapuuza. Snowden kisha alituma kiunga kwa video ya encryption, lakini haifai.

"Inasikitisha sana na ni ngumu, programu ya usimbuaji," Greenwald alisema tulipoketi kwenye ukumbi wake wakati wa uchangamfu wa kitropiki. "Aliendelea kunitesa, lakini wakati fulani alikuwa anachanganyikiwa, kwa hivyo akaenda kwa Laura."

Snowden alikuwa amesoma nakala ya Greenwald kuhusu shida za Poitras kwenye viwanja vya ndege vya Merika na alijua alikuwa anatengeneza filamu kuhusu mipango ya uchunguzi wa kupita; alikuwa pia ameona nakala fupi kuhusu N.S.A. kwamba yeye alifanya kwa New York Times Op-Nyaraka. Alifikiria kwamba angeelewa mipango anayotaka kuvuja na angejua jinsi ya kuwasiliana kwa njia salama.

Nimewasaidia kutafsir mpk alipoishia
 
miss fortune said:
Mara tu alipoanza kufanya kazi kwenye filamu yake ya uchunguzi mnamo 2011, aliinua usalama wake wa dijiti kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi. Alipunguza matumizi ya simu ya rununu, ambayo inasaliti sio tu unampigia nani na lini, lakini eneo lako kwa wakati wowote kwa wakati. Alikuwa mwangalifu juu ya barua-pepe nyaraka nyeti au kuwa na mazungumzo nyeti kwenye simu. Alianza kutumia programu iliyosasisha Wavuti alizotembelea. Baada ya kuwasiliana na Snowden mnamo 2013, aliimarisha usalama wake tena notch nyingine. Kwa kuongezea barua pepe yoyote nyeti, alianza kutumia kompyuta tofauti za uhariri wa filamu, kwa kuwasiliana na kusoma nyaraka nyeti (ile ya hati nyeti ni iliyochongwa hewa, ikimaanisha haijawahi kushikamana na mtandao).

Tahadhari hizi zinaweza kuonekana kama paranoid - Poitras anafafanua kama "uliokithiri" - lakini watu aliowahoji kwa filamu yake walikuwa malengo ya aina ya uchunguzi na mshtuko ambao anaogopa. William Binney, mkuu wa zamani wa N.S.A. ofisa ambaye alishtaki hadharani shirika la uchunguzi wa haramu, alikuwa nyumbani asubuhi moja mnamo 2007 wakati F.B.I. mawakala waliingia na kulenga silaha zao kwa mke wake, mtoto wake na yeye mwenyewe. Binney alikuwa, wakati huo wakala aliingia bafuni mwake na akamwashiria bunduki kichwani, akiwa uchi kwenye bafu. Kompyuta zake, diski na rekodi za kibinafsi zilinyang'anywa na bado hazijarejeshwa. Binney hajeshtakiwa kwa uhalifu wowote.

Jacob Appelbaum, mwanaharakati wa faragha ambaye alikuwa kujitolea na WikiLeaks, pia ametayarishwa na Poitras. Serikali ilitoa agizo la siri kwa Twitter la upatikanaji wa data ya akaunti ya Appelbaum, ambayo ilionekana kwa umma wakati Twitter ilipopiga agizo. Ingawa kampuni ililazimishwa kukabidhi data hiyo, iliruhusiwa kumwambia Appelbaum. Google na I.S.P ndogo. kwamba Appelbaum iliyotumiwa pia ilitumikiwa na maagizo ya siri na walipigana ili kumuonya. Kama Binney, Appelbaum haijeshtakiwa kwa uhalifu wowote.

Poitras alivumilia utaftaji wa uwanja wa ndege kwa miaka na malalamiko kidogo ya umma, ili maandamano yake yapewe tuhuma na uhasama zaidi kutoka kwa serikali, lakini mwaka jana alifikia hatua. Wakati akihojiwa huko Newark baada ya kukimbia kutoka Uingereza, aliambiwa hakuweza kuchukua maelezo. Juu ya ushauri wa wanasheria, Poitras kila wakati alirekodi majina ya mawakala wa mpaka na maswali waliyouliza na nyenzo walizonakili au walizokamata. Lakini huko Newark, wakala alimtishia kumtia mikono ikiwa ataendelea kuandika. Aliambiwa kwamba alikuwa akizuiliwa kuandika chochote kwa sababu anaweza kutumia kalamu yake kama silaha.

"Halafu niliuliza makrayoni," anakumbuka Poitras, "na akasema hapana kwa crayons."

Alipelekwa katika chumba kingine na kuhojiwa na maajenti watatu - mmoja alikuwa nyuma yake, mwingine akaulizwa maswali, wa tatu alikuwa msimamizi. "Iliendelea labda saa na nusu," alisema. "Nilikuwa naandika maelezo ya maswali yao, au kujaribu, na walinipigia. Nilisema, 'Nionyeshe sheria ambapo inasema siwezi kuchukua maelezo.' Kwa maana tulikuwa tukijadili ni nini walikuwa wanajaribu kunikataza kufanya. Wakasema, 'Sisi ndio tunauliza maswali.' Ilikuwa mkutano mkali na wa kuchukiza. "

Poitras alikutana na Greenwald mnamo 2010, wakati alipendezwa na kazi yake kwenye WikiLeaks. Mnamo mwaka wa 2011, alikwenda Rio kumuandaa filamu kwa maandishi yake. Alifahamu upekuzi huo na aliuliza mara kadhaa ruhusa ya kuandika juu yao. Baada ya Newark, alimpa taa ya kijani.

"Alisema, 'nimekuwa nayo,'" Greenwald aliniambia. "Uwezo wake wa kuandika maelezo na kuorodhesha kile kilichokuwa kikijitokeza ilikuwa akili yake moja ya wakala, kudumisha kiwango fulani cha udhibiti. Kuandika kumbukumbu ndivyo anafanya. Nadhani alikuwa akihisi kwamba jukumu moja la usalama na udhibiti katika hali hii limechukuliwa kutoka kwake, bila maelezo yoyote, kama matumizi ya nguvu ya kiholela. "

Wakati huo, Greenwald alikuwa mwandishi wa Salon. Nakala yake, "U.S. Mtengenezaji wa sinema alishikwa na mipaka mara kadhaa huko Mpakani, "ilichapishwa mnamo Aprili 2012. Muda kidogo baada ya kuchapishwa, mashtaka yalikoma. Miaka sita ya uchunguzi na udhalilishaji, Poitras alitarajia, inaweza kuwa mwisho.

Poitras haikuwa chaguo la kwanza la Snowden kama mtu ambaye alitaka kuvuja maelfu ya N.S.A. hati. Kwa kweli, mwezi mmoja kabla ya kuwasiliana naye, alifikia Greenwald, ambaye alikuwa ameandika kwa kina na kiuongozi juu ya vita vya Iraqi na Afghanistan na mmomonyoko wa uhuru wa raia mnamo 9/11. Snowden bila kumtuma alimtumia barua-pepe akisema alikuwa na hati anayotaka kushiriki, na akafuata mwongozo huo wa hatua kwa hatua juu ya jinsi ya kushinikiza mawasiliano, ambayo Greenwald hakuyapuuza. Snowden kisha alituma kiunga kwa video ya encryption, lakini haifai.

"Inasikitisha sana na ni ngumu, programu ya usimbuaji," Greenwald alisema tulipoketi kwenye ukumbi wake wakati wa uchangamfu wa kitropiki. "Aliendelea kunitesa, lakini wakati fulani alikuwa anachanganyikiwa, kwa hivyo akaenda kwa Laura."

Snowden alikuwa amesoma nakala ya Greenwald kuhusu shida za Poitras kwenye viwanja vya ndege vya Merika na alijua alikuwa anatengeneza filamu kuhusu mipango ya uchunguzi wa kupita; alikuwa pia ameona nakala fupi kuhusu N.S.A. kwamba yeye alifanya kwa New York Times Op-Nyaraka. Alifikiria kwamba angeelewa mipango anayotaka kuvuja na angejua jinsi ya kuwasiliana kwa njia salama.

Nimewasaidia kutafsir mpk alipoishia
Click to expand...
asante dada naleta muendelezo uwasaidie watumishi wako
 
By late winter, Poitras decided that the stranger with whom she was communicating was credible. There were none of the provocations that she would expect from a government agent — no requests for information about the people she was in touch with, no questions about what she was working on. Snowden told her early on that she would need to work with someone else, and that she should reach out to Greenwald. She was unaware that Snowden had already tried to contact Greenwald, and Greenwald would not realize until he met Snowden in Hong Kong that this was the person who had contacted him more than six months earlier.

There were surprises for everyone in these exchanges — including Snowden, who answered questions that I submitted to him through Poitras. In response to a question about when he realized he could trust Poitras, he wrote: “We came to a point in the verification and vetting process where I discovered Laura was more suspicious of me than I was of her, and I’m famously paranoid.” When I asked him about Greenwald’s initial silence in response to his requests and instructions for encrypted communications, Snowden replied: “I know journalists are busy and had assumed being taken seriously would be a challenge, especially given the paucity of detail I could initially offer. At the same time, this is 2013, and [he is] a journalist who regularly reported on the concentration and excess of state power. I was surprised to realize that there were people in news organizations who didn’t recognize any unencrypted message sent over the Internet is being delivered to every intelligence service in the world.”

In April, Poitras e-mailed Greenwald to say they needed to speak face to face. Greenwald happened to be in the United States, speaking at a conference in a suburb of New York City, and the two met in the lobby of his hotel. “She was very cautious,” Greenwald recalled. “She insisted that I not take my cellphone, because of this ability the government has to remotely listen to cellphones even when they are turned off. She had printed off the e-mails, and I remember reading the e-mails and felt intuitively that this was real. The passion and thought behind what Snowden — who we didn’t know was Snowden at the time — was saying was palpable.”

Greenwald installed encryption software and began communicating with the stranger. Their work was organized like an intelligence operation, with Poitras as the mastermind. “Operational security — she dictated all of that,” Greenwald said. “Which computers I used, how I communicated, how I safeguarded the information, where copies were kept, with whom they were kept, in which places. She has this complete expert level of understanding of how to do a story like this with total technical and operational safety. None of this would have happened with anything near the efficacy and impact it did, had she not been working with me in every sense and really taking the lead in coordinating most of it.”

Snowden began to provide documents to the two of them. Poitras wouldn’t tell me when he began sending her documents; she does not want to provide the government with information that could be used in a trial against Snowden or herself. He also said he would soon be ready to meet them. When Poitras asked if she should plan on driving to their meeting or taking a train, Snowden told her to be ready to get on a plane.

In May, he sent encrypted messages telling the two of them to go to Hong Kong. Greenwald flew to New York from Rio, and Poitras joined him for meetings with the editor of The Guardian’s American edition. With the paper’s reputation on the line, the editor asked them to bring along a veteran Guardian reporter, Ewen MacAskill, and on June 1, the trio boarded a 16-hour flight from J.F.K. to Hong Kong.
 
Kwa hiyo lugha utakuwa umewapoteza inzi wa kijani wengi.. maana ndo wanaongoza kwa kukosa elimu.
Endelea baba.. tuone udukuzi unaishia wapi..
 
EINSTEIN112 said:
By late winter, Poitras decided that the stranger with whom she was communicating was credible. There were none of the provocations that she would expect from a government agent — no requests for information about the people she was in touch with, no questions about what she was working on. Snowden told her early on that she would need to work with someone else, and that she should reach out to Greenwald. She was unaware that Snowden had already tried to contact Greenwald, and Greenwald would not realize until he met Snowden in Hong Kong that this was the person who had contacted him more than six months earlier.

There were surprises for everyone in these exchanges — including Snowden, who answered questions that I submitted to him through Poitras. In response to a question about when he realized he could trust Poitras, he wrote: “We came to a point in the verification and vetting process where I discovered Laura was more suspicious of me than I was of her, and I’m famously paranoid.” When I asked him about Greenwald’s initial silence in response to his requests and instructions for encrypted communications, Snowden replied: “I know journalists are busy and had assumed being taken seriously would be a challenge, especially given the paucity of detail I could initially offer. At the same time, this is 2013, and [he is] a journalist who regularly reported on the concentration and excess of state power. I was surprised to realize that there were people in news organizations who didn’t recognize any unencrypted message sent over the Internet is being delivered to every intelligence service in the world.”

In April, Poitras e-mailed Greenwald to say they needed to speak face to face. Greenwald happened to be in the United States, speaking at a conference in a suburb of New York City, and the two met in the lobby of his hotel. “She was very cautious,” Greenwald recalled. “She insisted that I not take my cellphone, because of this ability the government has to remotely listen to cellphones even when they are turned off. She had printed off the e-mails, and I remember reading the e-mails and felt intuitively that this was real. The passion and thought behind what Snowden — who we didn’t know was Snowden at the time — was saying was palpable.”

Greenwald installed encryption software and began communicating with the stranger. Their work was organized like an intelligence operation, with Poitras as the mastermind. “Operational security — she dictated all of that,” Greenwald said. “Which computers I used, how I communicated, how I safeguarded the information, where copies were kept, with whom they were kept, in which places. She has this complete expert level of understanding of how to do a story like this with total technical and operational safety. None of this would have happened with anything near the efficacy and impact it did, had she not been working with me in every sense and really taking the lead in coordinating most of it.”

Snowden began to provide documents to the two of them. Poitras wouldn’t tell me when he began sending her documents; she does not want to provide the government with information that could be used in a trial against Snowden or herself. He also said he would soon be ready to meet them. When Poitras asked if she should plan on driving to their meeting or taking a train, Snowden told her to be ready to get on a plane.

In May, he sent encrypted messages telling the two of them to go to Hong Kong. Greenwald flew to New York from Rio, and Poitras joined him for meetings with the editor of The Guardian’s American edition. With the paper’s reputation on the line, the editor asked them to bring along a veteran Guardian reporter, Ewen MacAskill, and on June 1, the trio boarded a 16-hour flight from J.F.K. to Hong Kong.
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Ilipofika msimu wa baridi, Poitras aliamua kwamba mgeni huyo ambaye alikuwa akiongea naye alikuwa anaaminika. Hakukuwa na visingizio ambavyo angetegemea kutoka kwa wakala wa serikali - hakuna maombi ya habari kuhusu watu aliowasiliana naye, hakuna maswali juu ya kile alikuwa akifanya kazi. Snowden alimwambia mapema kwamba atahitaji kufanya kazi na mtu mwingine, na kwamba anapaswa kumfikia Greenwald. Hakujua kwamba Snowden alikuwa tayari amejaribu kuwasiliana na Greenwald, na Greenwald hakutambua hadi alipokutana na Snowden huko Hong Kong kwamba huyu ndiye mtu ambaye alikuwa amewasiliana naye zaidi ya miezi sita iliyopita.

Kulikuwa na mshangao kwa kila mtu katika kubadilishana haya - pamoja na Snowden, ambaye alijibu maswali ambayo niliwasilisha kwake kupitia Poitras. Kujibu swali juu ya wakati angegundua anaweza kumwamini Poitras, aliandika: "Tulifika katika hatua ya uhakiki na vetting ambapo niligundua Laura alikuwa akinihujumu zaidi kuliko vile nilivyokuwa kwake, na nina wasiwasi sana. . "Wakati nilimuuliza juu ya ukimya wa kwanza wa Greenwald kujibu maombi yake na maagizo ya mawasiliano yaliyosimbwa, Snowden alijibu:" Najua waandishi wa habari wako busy na nilidhani kuchukuliwa kwa umakini itakuwa shida, haswa kwa uangalifu wa maelezo ambayo ningeweza kuyapata hapo awali. toa. Wakati huo huo, hii ni 2013, na [yeye] ni mwandishi wa habari ambaye aliripoti mara kwa mara juu ya mkusanyiko na kuzidi kwa nguvu za serikali. Nilishangaa kugundua kuwa kuna watu katika mashirika ya habari ambao hawatambui ujumbe wowote uliyotumwa uliotumwa kwa njia ya mtandao unapelekwa kwa kila huduma ya akili ulimwenguni. "

Mnamo Aprili, Poitras alimtumia barua pepe Greenwald kusema wanahitaji kuongea uso kwa uso. Greenwald alikuwa huko Amerika, akizungumza katika mkutano katika kitongoji cha jiji la New York, na wawili hao walikutana ukumbini mwa hoteli yake. "Alikuwa macho sana," Greenwald alikumbuka. "Alisisitiza nisichukue simu yangu ya rununu, kwa sababu ya uwezo huu serikali inabidi isikilize kwa simu za rununu hata wakati zimezimwa. Alikuwa amechapisha barua pepe, na ninakumbuka kusoma barua-pepe na nilihisi kwa asili kuwa hii ni kweli. Shauku na mawazo nyuma ya kile ambacho Snowden - ambaye hatujui alikuwa Snowden wakati huo - alikuwa akisema kilikuwa kinaweza kutekelezwa. "

Greenwald ilisanidi programu ya encryption na ikaanza kuwasiliana na mgeni. Kazi yao iliandaliwa kama operesheni ya ujasusi, na Poitras kama mastermind. "Usalama wa kiutendaji - aliamuru yote hayo," Greenwald alisema. "Ni kompyuta gani nilitumia, jinsi niliwasiliana, jinsi nilivyolinda habari hiyo, ambapo nakala zilitunzwa, na ambazo zilitunzwa, na maeneo gani. Ana kiwango hiki kamili cha uelewa wa jinsi ya kufanya hadithi kama hii na usalama kamili wa kiufundi na kiutendaji. Hakuna yoyote ya hii ambayo yangetokea na kitu chochote karibu na ufanisi na athari yake, ikiwa angekuwa hajafanya kazi na mimi kwa kila maana na akiongoza kwa kweli katika kuratibu zaidi ya hayo. "

Snowden alianza kutoa hati kwa wawili hao. Poitras hakuniambia alipoanza kumtumia nyaraka; hataki kutoa serikali habari inayoweza kutumiwa katika kesi dhidi ya Snowden au yeye mwenyewe. Alisema pia hivi karibuni atakuwa tayari kukutana nao. Wakati Poitras alipouliza ikiwa anapaswa kupanga kuendesha gari kwa mikutano yao au kuchukua gari moshi, Snowden alimwambia kuwa tayari kupanda kwenye ndege.

Mnamo Mei, alituma ujumbe uliosimbwa akiwaambia wawili hao waende Hong Kong. Greenwald aliruka kwenda New York kutoka Rio, na Poitras alijiunga naye kwa mikutano na mhariri wa toleo la The Guardian's American. Kwa sifa ya karatasi hiyo kwenye mstari, wahariri aliuliza wamlete mwandishi wa zamani wa Guardian, Ewen MacAskill, na mnamo Juni 1, watatu walisafiri kwa ndege ya masaa 16 kutoka kwa J.F.K. kwa Hong Kong.
 
miss fortune said:
Ilipofika msimu wa baridi, Poitras aliamua kwamba mgeni huyo ambaye alikuwa akiongea naye alikuwa anaaminika. Hakukuwa na visingizio ambavyo angetegemea kutoka kwa wakala wa serikali - hakuna maombi ya habari kuhusu watu aliowasiliana naye, hakuna maswali juu ya kile alikuwa akifanya kazi. Snowden alimwambia mapema kwamba atahitaji kufanya kazi na mtu mwingine, na kwamba anapaswa kumfikia Greenwald. Hakujua kwamba Snowden alikuwa tayari amejaribu kuwasiliana na Greenwald, na Greenwald hakutambua hadi alipokutana na Snowden huko Hong Kong kwamba huyu ndiye mtu ambaye alikuwa amewasiliana naye zaidi ya miezi sita iliyopita.

Kulikuwa na mshangao kwa kila mtu katika kubadilishana haya - pamoja na Snowden, ambaye alijibu maswali ambayo niliwasilisha kwake kupitia Poitras. Kujibu swali juu ya wakati angegundua anaweza kumwamini Poitras, aliandika: "Tulifika katika hatua ya uhakiki na vetting ambapo niligundua Laura alikuwa akinihujumu zaidi kuliko vile nilivyokuwa kwake, na nina wasiwasi sana. . "Wakati nilimuuliza juu ya ukimya wa kwanza wa Greenwald kujibu maombi yake na maagizo ya mawasiliano yaliyosimbwa, Snowden alijibu:" Najua waandishi wa habari wako busy na nilidhani kuchukuliwa kwa umakini itakuwa shida, haswa kwa uangalifu wa maelezo ambayo ningeweza kuyapata hapo awali. toa. Wakati huo huo, hii ni 2013, na [yeye] ni mwandishi wa habari ambaye aliripoti mara kwa mara juu ya mkusanyiko na kuzidi kwa nguvu za serikali. Nilishangaa kugundua kuwa kuna watu katika mashirika ya habari ambao hawatambui ujumbe wowote uliyotumwa uliotumwa kwa njia ya mtandao unapelekwa kwa kila huduma ya akili ulimwenguni. "

Mnamo Aprili, Poitras alimtumia barua pepe Greenwald kusema wanahitaji kuongea uso kwa uso. Greenwald alikuwa huko Amerika, akizungumza katika mkutano katika kitongoji cha jiji la New York, na wawili hao walikutana ukumbini mwa hoteli yake. "Alikuwa macho sana," Greenwald alikumbuka. "Alisisitiza nisichukue simu yangu ya rununu, kwa sababu ya uwezo huu serikali inabidi isikilize kwa simu za rununu hata wakati zimezimwa. Alikuwa amechapisha barua pepe, na ninakumbuka kusoma barua-pepe na nilihisi kwa asili kuwa hii ni kweli. Shauku na mawazo nyuma ya kile ambacho Snowden - ambaye hatujui alikuwa Snowden wakati huo - alikuwa akisema kilikuwa kinaweza kutekelezwa. "

Greenwald ilisanidi programu ya encryption na ikaanza kuwasiliana na mgeni. Kazi yao iliandaliwa kama operesheni ya ujasusi, na Poitras kama mastermind. "Usalama wa kiutendaji - aliamuru yote hayo," Greenwald alisema. "Ni kompyuta gani nilitumia, jinsi niliwasiliana, jinsi nilivyolinda habari hiyo, ambapo nakala zilitunzwa, na ambazo zilitunzwa, na maeneo gani. Ana kiwango hiki kamili cha uelewa wa jinsi ya kufanya hadithi kama hii na usalama kamili wa kiufundi na kiutendaji. Hakuna yoyote ya hii ambayo yangetokea na kitu chochote karibu na ufanisi na athari yake, ikiwa angekuwa hajafanya kazi na mimi kwa kila maana na akiongoza kwa kweli katika kuratibu zaidi ya hayo. "

Snowden alianza kutoa hati kwa wawili hao. Poitras hakuniambia alipoanza kumtumia nyaraka; hataki kutoa serikali habari inayoweza kutumiwa katika kesi dhidi ya Snowden au yeye mwenyewe. Alisema pia hivi karibuni atakuwa tayari kukutana nao. Wakati Poitras alipouliza ikiwa anapaswa kupanga kuendesha gari kwa mikutano yao au kuchukua gari moshi, Snowden alimwambia kuwa tayari kupanda kwenye ndege.

Mnamo Mei, alituma ujumbe uliosimbwa akiwaambia wawili hao waende Hong Kong. Greenwald aliruka kwenda New York kutoka Rio, na Poitras alijiunga naye kwa mikutano na mhariri wa toleo la The Guardian's American. Kwa sifa ya karatasi hiyo kwenye mstari, wahariri aliuliza wamlete mwandishi wa zamani wa Guardian, Ewen MacAskill, na mnamo Juni 1, watatu walisafiri kwa ndege ya masaa 16 kutoka kwa J.F.K. kwa Hong Kong.
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Thanks
TUWASUBIRI WADAU WAJE WAPATE ELIMU
 
Movie yake inaitwa Snowden hutaenjoy sana ila documentary yake imeanza vizuri sana mpka mwisho inaitwa CitizenFour
 
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