Chinese
Verses from the book occur in modern daily
Chinese idioms and phrases, such as the last verse of Chapter 3:
This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb:
English
Common examples can also be found in English use, such as verse 18 in Chapter 1:
This has been abbreviated to its most basic form and condensed into the English modern proverb:
Cultural impact
Military and intelligence applications
Across East Asia , The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.
During the Sengoku period , the Japanese daimyō named Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War . [11] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard " Fūrinkazan " (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.
The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where
The Art of War is cited as influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare , On the Protracted War and
Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War , and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster." [11]
During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers studied The Art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. [ citation needed ]
General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Võ, later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War , was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas. [12] America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of American military theory. [12][13][14]
Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general
Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War. They both read it in French; Airo kept the French translation of the book on his bedside table in his quarters. [ citation needed ]
The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, lists The Art of War as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. [15]
The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. [16]
According to some authors, the strategy of
deception from The Art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB : "I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness". [17] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of
disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff 's novel Le Montage.
Application outside the military
The Art of War has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: It gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.
Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate business strategy. [18][19][20] Many
Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key executives. [21] The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian value regarding management practices . Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education. [22]
The Art of War has been the subject of legal books [23] and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. [24][25][26][27]
The Art of War has also been applied in the world of sports. National Football League coach
Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games. [28] Australian cricket as well as
Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the ancient work during their successful campaign. [29]
The Art of War is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in Electronic Sports. Particularly, one of the fundamental books about e-sports, "Play To Win" by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate David Sirlin , is actually just an analysis about possible applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modern Electronic Sports.
The Art of War was released in 2014 as an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by
Paradox Development Studios , with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.
Notable translations
The Book has been translated into Assamese by
UTPAL DATTA and published by ASOM SAHITYA SABHA- the largest and oldest literary organisation of the state.
Running Press miniature edition of the 1994 Ralph D. Sawyer translation, printed in 2003
Sun Tzu on the Art of War . Lionel Giles, trans. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
The Art of War . Samuel B. Griffith , trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963.
ISBN 0-19-501476-6 . Part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works .
Sun Tzu, The Art of War . Thomas Cleary , trans. Boston-Shaftsbury: Shambhala. 1987.
The Art of Warfare . Roger Ames, trans. Random House. 1993. ISBN 0-345-36239-X ..
The Art of War . John Minford , trans. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN 0-670-03156-9 .
The Art of War: Sunzi's Military Methods .
Victor H. Mair , trans. New York: Columbia University Press. 2007.
ISBN 978-0-231-13382-1 .
The Art of War: Spirituality for Conflict .
Thomas Huynh , trans. Skylight Paths Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1594732447 .
The book was translated into Manchu as
ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ Wylie: Tchauhai paita be gisurengge, [30][31] Möllendorff : Coohai baita de gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War. [32]
The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the Liu-t'ao 六韜, Su-shu 素書 , and San-lueh 三略 – all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War. [33][34] The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai. [35] Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai. [36] These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci. [37] The military text Wu-tzu was translated into Manchu along with Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War. [38] Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during the rule of Hong Taiji in Mukden with Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts. [39] A Manchu translation was made of the military themed Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . [40][41] Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni. [42] The translations were ordered in 1629. [43][44] The translation of the military texts San-lüeh, Su-shu, and the Ta Ming hui-tien (the Ming law) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci. [45] While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of San-lüeh and Su Shu, military science was indeed found in the Liu-t'ao and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus and the Manchus were also attracted to the military content in
Romance of the Three Kingdoms which is why it was translated. [46]
Another Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying. [47]
See also
Concepts
Philosophy of war
Books
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War ) by Julius Caesar
The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
Arthashastra
The Book of Five Rings ( Miyamoto Musashi)
" Seven Military Classics "
" Dream Pool Essays " by Shen Kuo
" Huolongjing" by Liu Bowen
" Hagakure" by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
Epitoma rei militaris of Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
On Protracted War by Mao Zedong
On War by Carl von Clausewitz
Records of the Grand Historian
Thirty-Six Stratagems
The Utility of Force by General Sir Rupert Smith
Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence
Bansenshukai
Infanterie Greift An by Erwin Rommel
" History of the Peloponnesian War " by
Thucydides
References
1. ^ Smith (1999) , p. 216.
2. ^ GILES, LIONEL The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition . Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Lewis (1999) , p. 604.
4. ^ a b c d e f Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993) , p. 447.
5. ^ Mair (2007) , pp. 12–13.
6. ^ Mair (2007) , p. 9.
7. ^ a b Mair (2007) , p. 10.
8. ^ a b Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993) , p. 448.
9. ^ a b c Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993) , p. 449.
10. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
11. ^ a b GRIFFITH, SAMUEL B. The Illustrated Art of War . 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
12. ^ a b McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review , May–June 2003. "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
13. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
14. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012).
The Illustrated Art of War: Sun Tzu . Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
15. ^ Army, U. S. (1985). Military History and Professional Development. U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
16. ^ Marine Corps Professional Reading Program
17. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5 , chapter Who was behind perestroika?
18. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
19. ^ McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.
20. ^ Krause, Donald G. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Knowledge for Today's Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
21. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." South China Morning Post (April 21, 2006) p. 15
22. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Art of War Strategies to Professional Development". The International Journal of Learning. 7 (3): 21–36.
23. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
24. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Common Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
25. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation [1]
26. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advocacy" April 21, 2007, [2]
27. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity" [3]
28. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine art of war" . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2005-02-04.
29. ^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war" . Irish Independent .
30. ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature . p. 39.
31. ^
http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b31043252.pdf
32. ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1890).
Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Kelly & Walsh. pp. 40–.
33. ^ Early China . Society for the Study of Early China. 1975. p. 53.
34. ^ Durrant, Stephen (1977). “Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts”. Early China 3. [Cambridge University Press, Society for the Study of Early China]: 52–54.
MANCHU TRANSLATIONS OF CHOU DYNASTY TEXTS on JSTOR .
35. ^ Sin-wai Chan (2009). A Chronology of Translation in China and the West: From the Legendary Period to 2004 . Chinese University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-962-996-355-2 .
36. ^ Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia . Harvard University Press. pp. 122–.
ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5 .
37. ^ Frederic Wakeman Jr. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China . University of California Press. pp. 44–.
ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1 .
38. ^ Early China . Society for the Study of Early China. 1977. p. 53.
39. ^ Claudine Salmon (13 November 2013).
Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th-20th Centuries) . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 94–.
ISBN 978-981-4414-32-6 .
40. ^ Cultural Hybridity in Manchu Bannermen Tales (zidishu) . ProQuest. 2007. pp. 25–.
ISBN 978-0-549-44084-0 .
41. ^ West, Andrew . "The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi: The Manchu Translation" . Retrieved 11 October 2016.
42. ^ Arthur W. Hummel (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644–1912 . SMC publ. p. vi. ISBN 978-957-638-066-2 .
43. ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature . pp. xxxvi–.
44. ^ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.) . Mission Press. 1855. pp. xxxvi–.
45. ^
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/DAHAI.html
46. ^ Durrant, Stephen. 1979. “Sino-manchu Translations at the Mukden Court”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 99 (4). American Oriental Society: 653–61.
doi : 10.2307/601450 .
Sino-Manchu Translations at the Mukden Court on JSTOR pp. 654–56.
47. ^ Soldierly Methods: Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of Sun Zi bingfa (Art of War) . p. 82
Bibliography
Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). " Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael. Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide . Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN 1-55729-043-1 .
Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900 . Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415239559.
Griffith, Samuel (2005). Sun Tzu: The Illustrated Art of War . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019518999X .
Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael ;
Shaughnessy, Edward . The Cambridge History of Ancient China . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650.
ISBN 0-521-47030-7 .
Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of War: Sun Zi's Military Methods . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13382-1 .
Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Military Texts: The Sunzi ". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore.
Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 213–24.
ISBN 978-0-231-10938-3 .
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Art of War
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Art of War
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Sun Tzu .
The Art of War Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910), various formats. The original book is partly written in Chinese, so PDF format is generally preferable. Also available from Project Gutenberg and Librivox below.
The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910) at Project Gutenberg
The Book of War translated by E.F. Calthrop (1908) at Project Gutenberg
The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
Sun Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi
Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of
National Defense University
11 The Nine Situations | The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Animated)
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The Art of War
Author (trad.) Sun Tzu
Country China
Language Chinese
Subject Military strategy and tactics
Publication date 5th century BC
Text The Art of War at Wikisource
The Art of War
Traditional Chinese 孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese 孙子兵法
Literal meaning "Master Sun's Military Methods"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ
Wade–Giles Sun 1 -tzŭ 3 ping1 -fa 3
IPA [swə́ntsɨ̀ píŋfà]
Wu
Romanization Sen-tsy pin-fah
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization Syūn jí bīng faat
IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚]
Jyutping Syun 1 -zi 2 bing1 -faat 3
Southern Min
Tâi-lô Sun-tzú ping-huat
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014) *
ˤu[n] tsəʔ praŋ [p.k]ap
故曰：知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼，不知己，每戰必殆。
So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be put at risk even in a hundred battles.
If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose.
If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always endanger yourself.
