Imani za Kimungu na Miungu zikianza zaidi kushamiri katika kipindi cha kati (middle ages). Historia inasema ancient Philosophers walikua na uwezo mkuu sana wakufikiri na kugundua mambo mengi sana amabayo hadi leo hii yanatumika. Rejea Wanafalsafa mashuhuri Socrates &Plato kwa uchache. Leo hii somo lolote kwenye iwe uhandisi au ya kijamii lazima kwny foundation wasomwe mawazo yao.
Ilipofika kipindi cha kati watu wakaacha kufikiri, wakaacha kutafuta suluhu ya changamoto zao za maisha. Na ndipo imani za Mungu na Miungu zikajengeka kwa watu na dini zikajitokeza.
Fikra hizo ndo tumerithishwa kizazi hiki cha Leo, makala yako nzima inaongelea KUDRA! Sijui kisayansi kama kudra inaelezekaje.
Unataka tuache kwenda kutoa elimu kwa watu jinsi ccm inavyozidi kuwatia umasikini tusubiri KUDRA??
Tuache kulaani wizi wa kura,Tume mbovu ya uchaguzi n.k tusubiri KUDRA?
Pengine Naota! Nitarudi ..
Religious Views of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
The religious views of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle form the genesis of monotheistic religious thought. They each form ideas that differ from the traditional view of a polytheistic religion where the gods each have their own personalities and judgments. The succession of each scholar paints a picture of how a monotheistic religion can gradually come to be.
Under the assumption that the Gods have quarrels and differing opinions, Socrates questions the authority of the Gods who can have contradicting opinions. Since one God can believe that something is pious and another God can believe that the same something is impious, then no God is correct because there is not a unified agreement as to whether something is good or bad. Therefore, they are ununified in their view of who needs to be punished and how severely. His point is illustrated best in his conversation with Euthyphro in Plato's Trial and Death of Socrates. In this conversation, Socrates states, "I did not ask you what same thing is both pious and impious, and it appears that what is loved by the gods is also hated by them. So it is in no way surprising if your present action, namely punishing your father, may be pleasing to Zeus but displeasing to Cronus and Uranus, pleasing to Hephaestus but displeasing to Hera, and so with any other gods who differ from eachother on this subject (Trial and Death of Socrates 8)."
Socrates appears to believe in multiple Gods. However, he does hint at a unified God with one unwavering opinion on what is pious and what is unpious. In a long debate with Euthyphro, Euthyphro agrees to both the statement that the pious is what is dear to the Gods (Trial and Death of Socrates 18) and also to the statement that some things are both loved by the gods and hated by the Gods (Trial and Death of Socrates 9). He is therefore contradicting himself and revealing a disjointed and contradictory image of the Gods. In a sarcastic statement near the end of the debate, Socrates says, "If you had no clear knowledge of piety and impiety you would never have ventured to prosecute your old father for murder on behalf of a servant. For fear of the gods you would have been afraid to take the risk lest you should not be acting rightly, and would have been ashamed before men, but now I know well that you believe you have clear knowledge of piety and impiety (Trial and Death of Socrates 19)." This statement shows that Socrates himself does believe in multiple Gods and does, in fact, believe that the Gods have contradictory opinions.
Plato has a concept of a God which shares many traits with the Christian idea of God. Socrates' God is a single God who is the source of creation (Burtt 49). He also depicts God as being inherently good. He depicts a God that motivates with goodness rather than punishment (Burtt 49).
Aristotle moves even closer to the idea of a single and unified God. With his idea of the unmoved mover, a single being is pointed to as being the original source of all movement and change in the world. Aristotle's statement that, ""We say therefore that God is a living being, eternal, most good, so that life and duration continuous and eternal belong to God; for this is God (Aristotle)," paint a picture of a single God that is much like our Christian God.
Through Socrates' debates about the contradictory nature of polytheism, to Plato's original creator, to Aristotle's unmoved mover, these three philosophers gradually move from a polytheistic religious view to one that leans toward a monotheistic view. They played a large role in the transformation of religious thought that was to come.
Works Cited
Aristotle. Crandall University. (
http://www.abu.nb.ca/Courses/GrPhil/PhilRel/Aristotle.htm).
Burtt, Edwin A. Types of Religious Philosophy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951.
Plato. Trial and Death of Socrates. Third ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000.