Gerald George J
Member
- Mar 6, 2011
- 20
- 2
Mtoa mada hajielewi cjui alianza chuo kwa certificate na sasa ndo amepata ka degree kwa mda mrefu anaionea wivu Dr!
Madaktari!
Madaktari!
- Thread starter Kijakazi
- Start date
hippocratessocrates
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 1, 2012
- 3,598
- 1,545
mkuu kijakazi, kuna vitu viwili hapa:
Doctorate degree/Doctor of philosophy(PhD) na Tabibu/Daktari yaani Medical Doctor(M.D).
kujibu swali lako; ufanano:
-wote ni "madaktari"
utofauti:
-medical doctor(MD) ni Daktari kwa kuanzia degree moja TU, hata kama atakuwa specialist bado ataitwa doctor WAKATI mwingine yaani PhD holder atakuwa "doctor" amekuwa na masters in whatever discpline,
-Utendaji wao ni tofauti, MD hufanya kazi za kitabibu+/-kiutawala lakini PhD holder hawezi fanya kazi za kitabibu.
-Muda wa madomo pia ni tofauti: MD husoma miaka 5, na kufanya internship mwaka wa sita though atakuwa amekwisha hitimu..lakini PhD holder inachukua muda kidogo kama nilivyotaja hapo juu.
--
Doctorate degree/Doctor of philosophy(PhD) na Tabibu/Daktari yaani Medical Doctor(M.D).
kujibu swali lako; ufanano:
-wote ni "madaktari"
utofauti:
-medical doctor(MD) ni Daktari kwa kuanzia degree moja TU, hata kama atakuwa specialist bado ataitwa doctor WAKATI mwingine yaani PhD holder atakuwa "doctor" amekuwa na masters in whatever discpline,
-Utendaji wao ni tofauti, MD hufanya kazi za kitabibu+/-kiutawala lakini PhD holder hawezi fanya kazi za kitabibu.
-Muda wa madomo pia ni tofauti: MD husoma miaka 5, na kufanya internship mwaka wa sita though atakuwa amekwisha hitimu..lakini PhD holder inachukua muda kidogo kama nilivyotaja hapo juu.
--
Ozzie
JF-Expert Member
- Oct 9, 2007
- 3,217
- 1,266
silent lion
JF-Expert Member
- Feb 28, 2012
- 1,527
- 2,210
Doctor, as a title, originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning.[1] The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb docēre [dɔˈkeːrɛ] 'to teach'. It has been used as an honored academic title for over a millennium in Europe, where it dates back to the rise of the first universities. This use spread to the Americas, former European colonies, and is now prevalent in most of the world. Abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr.", it is used as a designation for a person who has obtained a doctorate-level degree. Doctorates may be research doctorates or professional doctorates. When addressing several people, each of whom holds a doctoral title, one may use the plural abbreviation "Drs" (or "Drs." inAmerican English) or in some languages (for example, German) "Dres." may be used for example, instead of Dr Miller and Dr Rubinstein: Drs Miller and Rubinstein. When referring to relatives with the same surname the form "The Doctors Smith" can be used. The abbreviation Drs. can also mean doctorandus, aDutch academic title.
Healthcare
Dependent on the country under discussion, healthcare professions such as audiology, chiropractic,clinical psychology, dentistry, medicine, nursing, homeopath, optometry, podiatry, pharmacy, physical therapy, public health, and veterinary medicine may use the title doctor professionally.
In the United States, those training to become physicians complete a four-year undergraduate course of study, followed by a four-year graduate program in medicine to earn either the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree or the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. Those training to become audiologists, podiatrists, dentists, optometrists, chiropractors, nurses, or pharmacists also complete a four-year undergraduate course of study, followed by a four-year post-graduate program to earn the Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.), Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M), Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.), Doctor of Optometry (O.D.), Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.), Doctor of Nursing Practice (D.N.P.), or Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), respectively. Some programs offer programs with two pre-professional years followed by four professional years, while others require a four year undergraduate/bachelor's degree. Doctors of Physical Therapy complete a four-year undergraduate course of study, followed by a three to four year graduate program to earn the Doctor of Physical Therapy(DPT).
In Canada, healthcare professions for which members may be called by the title of doctor are: Medicine, Dentistry, Podiatry, Optometry and Chiropractic. Members of these professions generally complete a minimum of 2 years science studies, followed by a four-year undergraduate program in medicine[7] [8] to earn either the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree, Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.), Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M), Doctor of Optometry (O.D.), or Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.).
In the United Kingdom, those training for the medical profession complete either a 56 year course of study or an accelerated 4-year graduate entry course of study that leads to the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MBChB, standing for the Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus).[9] The higher postgraduate degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) is reserved for those who can prove a particular distinction in the field, usually through a body of published work or the submission of a dissertation.[10] To be eligible for a MD degree in the UK one must already hold an entry level medical degree (for example, MBBS, MBChB, BMed, or a North American MD degree) and usually must have had at least 5 years of post graduate training and experience. In guidance issued by Who's Who published by A & C Black,[11] it is noted that in the context of the UK, "not all qualified medical practitioner hold the (M.D.) degree" but that "those ... who have not taken it are addressed as if they had." A & C Black also note that British surgeons a designation reserved for those who have obtained membership of the Royal College of Surgeons are addressed as Mr, Mrs or Miss rather than Dr. This custom has been commented on in the British Medical Journal and may stem from the historical origins of the profession.[12] Those training to become dentists usually graduate with a dental degree (for example, BDS, BDent, BDentSc, BChD, and so on) and are also referred to as "doctor". In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on January 19, 1996, health minister Gerald Malone noted that the title doctor had never been restricted to either medical practitioners or those with doctoral degrees in the UK, commenting that the word was defined by common usage but that the titles "physician, doctor of medicine, licentiate in medicine and surgery, bachelor of medicine, surgeon, general practitioner and apothecary" did have special protection in law.[13]
In India, MBBS and BDS (graduate entry) medical degree is required to become a doctor. The higher postgraduate Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) is required to become a specialist in a particular field.
In German language-speaking countries, the word Doktor refers to a research doctorate awardee in formal language (similar to a PhD), and is distinct from Arzt, a medical practitioner. Though colloquial use of the word Doktor for physician is common.
In the Dutch language the word "dokter" refers to a physician, whereas "doctor" refers to high academic rank.
The French language is similar, with "médecin" and "docteur". A French medical degree is called "Un diplôme d'État de docteur en médecine" which is distinct from a (research) doctorate, "Un doctorat (de recherche)". However "Docteur" may be used as a courtesy title when speaking to a physician, e.g., "Bonjour Docteur".
Hong Kong follows British practice in calling physicians "Doctor" even though many of them hold only an MBBS qualification. An attempt by their professional body to prevent chiropractors from calling themselves "Doctor" failed in the courts, in part because it was pointed out that practicing chiropractic physicians hold a doctorate in their discipline, and it would be anomalous to prevent them using the title when holders of doctorates in non-medical disciplines faced no such restriction.
Healthcare
Dependent on the country under discussion, healthcare professions such as audiology, chiropractic,clinical psychology, dentistry, medicine, nursing, homeopath, optometry, podiatry, pharmacy, physical therapy, public health, and veterinary medicine may use the title doctor professionally.
In the United States, those training to become physicians complete a four-year undergraduate course of study, followed by a four-year graduate program in medicine to earn either the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree or the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. Those training to become audiologists, podiatrists, dentists, optometrists, chiropractors, nurses, or pharmacists also complete a four-year undergraduate course of study, followed by a four-year post-graduate program to earn the Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.), Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M), Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.), Doctor of Optometry (O.D.), Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.), Doctor of Nursing Practice (D.N.P.), or Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), respectively. Some programs offer programs with two pre-professional years followed by four professional years, while others require a four year undergraduate/bachelor's degree. Doctors of Physical Therapy complete a four-year undergraduate course of study, followed by a three to four year graduate program to earn the Doctor of Physical Therapy(DPT).
In Canada, healthcare professions for which members may be called by the title of doctor are: Medicine, Dentistry, Podiatry, Optometry and Chiropractic. Members of these professions generally complete a minimum of 2 years science studies, followed by a four-year undergraduate program in medicine[7] [8] to earn either the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree, Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.), Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M), Doctor of Optometry (O.D.), or Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.).
In the United Kingdom, those training for the medical profession complete either a 56 year course of study or an accelerated 4-year graduate entry course of study that leads to the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MBChB, standing for the Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus et Chirurgiae Baccalaureus).[9] The higher postgraduate degree of Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) is reserved for those who can prove a particular distinction in the field, usually through a body of published work or the submission of a dissertation.[10] To be eligible for a MD degree in the UK one must already hold an entry level medical degree (for example, MBBS, MBChB, BMed, or a North American MD degree) and usually must have had at least 5 years of post graduate training and experience. In guidance issued by Who's Who published by A & C Black,[11] it is noted that in the context of the UK, "not all qualified medical practitioner hold the (M.D.) degree" but that "those ... who have not taken it are addressed as if they had." A & C Black also note that British surgeons a designation reserved for those who have obtained membership of the Royal College of Surgeons are addressed as Mr, Mrs or Miss rather than Dr. This custom has been commented on in the British Medical Journal and may stem from the historical origins of the profession.[12] Those training to become dentists usually graduate with a dental degree (for example, BDS, BDent, BDentSc, BChD, and so on) and are also referred to as "doctor". In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on January 19, 1996, health minister Gerald Malone noted that the title doctor had never been restricted to either medical practitioners or those with doctoral degrees in the UK, commenting that the word was defined by common usage but that the titles "physician, doctor of medicine, licentiate in medicine and surgery, bachelor of medicine, surgeon, general practitioner and apothecary" did have special protection in law.[13]
In India, MBBS and BDS (graduate entry) medical degree is required to become a doctor. The higher postgraduate Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) is required to become a specialist in a particular field.
In German language-speaking countries, the word Doktor refers to a research doctorate awardee in formal language (similar to a PhD), and is distinct from Arzt, a medical practitioner. Though colloquial use of the word Doktor for physician is common.
In the Dutch language the word "dokter" refers to a physician, whereas "doctor" refers to high academic rank.
The French language is similar, with "médecin" and "docteur". A French medical degree is called "Un diplôme d'État de docteur en médecine" which is distinct from a (research) doctorate, "Un doctorat (de recherche)". However "Docteur" may be used as a courtesy title when speaking to a physician, e.g., "Bonjour Docteur".
Hong Kong follows British practice in calling physicians "Doctor" even though many of them hold only an MBBS qualification. An attempt by their professional body to prevent chiropractors from calling themselves "Doctor" failed in the courts, in part because it was pointed out that practicing chiropractic physicians hold a doctorate in their discipline, and it would be anomalous to prevent them using the title when holders of doctorates in non-medical disciplines faced no such restriction.
Nyalotsi
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 20, 2011
- 6,989
- 5,066
utashupaa sana mwisho uharibu na key board ya computer yako! Hivi vitu havijawekwa na watz ni internatinal wise. The gud thing in this practise mtu atawatukana kila kona ila mwisho atakuja kuwatukuza tu! Kuna jamaa yangu aliwahi kutukana sana during the strike, siku za karibuni ananiulizia daktari ili amtibu mke wake!
Kibirizi
JF-Expert Member
- Feb 19, 2011
- 604
- 149
[h=6]FORENSIC TELECOM ENGINEERING (FTE): Dr Ulimboka na Gazeti La MwanaHalisi
FTE ni utumiaji wa technologia ya mawasiliano ya simu katika kutatua uhalifu kisheria. Endelea hapa chini nimechambua jinsi simu zilizotajwa na MwanaHalisi zingeweza fanyiwa kazi haraka na polisi. Wengi tunazitumia simu lakini hatujui mwendeno mzima mpaka simu au sms zinafikiwa walengwa kwa sikunde.
Katika mtandao wa simu kuna vitu viwili HLR (Home Location Register) na VLR (visitor location register).
HLR ni hifadhi kuu ya kumbukumbu zote za simu tokea siku ya kwanza unaweka simcard kwenye simu, na kumbukumbu hizi zitakuwepo kwa muda wote wa maisha yako ya kutumia iyo simu yako.Ikumbukwe kila line ina utambulisho wake wa pekee tofauti na nyingine ivyo line ya simu haiwezi kuwa na kumbukumbu zaidi ya moja kwenye HLR zilizo tofauti yani pengine wateja wawili tofauti lakini line moja.HLR inaweza kuwa moja katika nchi au zaidi kulingana na ukubwa wa nchi na wateja.
VLR, hii ni hifadhi ya kumbukumbu kwa muda katika wakati mteja yani simu ikipita sehemu moja kwenda nyingine kupitia maeneo yanayohudumiwa na mtandao wake, hapa naongelea minara ya simu. ikumbukwe kwamba hakuna mteja anayeweza hudumiwa na minara miwili tofauti kwa wakati moja. Sasa basi unapotembea toka sehemu moja yenye mnara kwenda nyingine, kumbumbuku zako toka HLR zinapelekwa kwenye VLR, ivyo wakati wote kituo kikuu cha uunganishaji wa simu (MSC = Mobile Switching Center) kinajua ulipo na hapo ndipo unapiga simu hapo hapo inaunganishwa sio mpaka utafutwe kila mnara ndo upatikane ulipo.
Simu za watuhumiwa waliotajwa na mwanahalisi; Wapelelezi makini (sio polisi wetu) katika masaa yasiopungua 24 wangeweza kuwahoji watu wote wa mwisho kuwa na marehemu na kufatilia simu zao zimepitia wapi lakini cha msingi na kizuri zaidi unapokuwa na mhanga hai wa tukio akaeleza kilichotokea, polisi uangaikia tukio hili kwa dharula ya hali ya juu.Sijui utaratibu wa nchi yetu kupata kumbukumbu za simu za simu kama polisi ikizihitaji lakini navyojua jaji/hakimu anaweza akatoa hati ya kutolewa kumbukumbu hizi na kampuni hata usiku. sasa kampuni za mitandao zinatoa hata zile kumbukumbu zinazoonyesha minara uliyotumia pamoja na muda.Ivyo namba zilizotajwa Mwanahalisi zingeonekana matembezi yake kabla na baada ya tukio; ivyo wakati wa tukio zikiwa mnara unahudumia leaders club na yote ya njia ya bagamoyo mpaka Mabwepande; hawa watu hawawezi kuachiwa ni watuhumiwa moja kwa moja, na kingine ikumbukwe kila udongo una DNA yake ivyo wa mabwepande na kama polisi wangefanya kwa uharaka zaidi basi wangeweza kuchukua sampuli kwenye viatu vyao, gari zao ndani ya masaa 6 baada ya ulimboka kupatikana.
Kwa wale wanaotaka kujua zaidi kuhusu Simu na Uhalifu; fatilia kesi ya miaka ya 2002 Uingereza pale watoto wawili walipouawa wamevaa jezi za Man United wakitokea shule polisi walivyoweza kutumia mnara wa karibu kuchambua namba zilizotumika pale mpaka kumpata mhusika, ambaye alikuwa patron/mpishi shuleni.
Na mara nyingi unamuuliza mhusika alikuwa wapi wakati wa tukio, cha kwanza atakwambia alikuwa mbali na tukio; KAMA UNATAKA ZAIDI UELEWA WA HILI JAMBO CLICK LIKE, NITALIENDELEZA
[/h]
FTE ni utumiaji wa technologia ya mawasiliano ya simu katika kutatua uhalifu kisheria. Endelea hapa chini nimechambua jinsi simu zilizotajwa na MwanaHalisi zingeweza fanyiwa kazi haraka na polisi. Wengi tunazitumia simu lakini hatujui mwendeno mzima mpaka simu au sms zinafikiwa walengwa kwa sikunde.
Katika mtandao wa simu kuna vitu viwili HLR (Home Location Register) na VLR (visitor location register).
HLR ni hifadhi kuu ya kumbukumbu zote za simu tokea siku ya kwanza unaweka simcard kwenye simu, na kumbukumbu hizi zitakuwepo kwa muda wote wa maisha yako ya kutumia iyo simu yako.Ikumbukwe kila line ina utambulisho wake wa pekee tofauti na nyingine ivyo line ya simu haiwezi kuwa na kumbukumbu zaidi ya moja kwenye HLR zilizo tofauti yani pengine wateja wawili tofauti lakini line moja.HLR inaweza kuwa moja katika nchi au zaidi kulingana na ukubwa wa nchi na wateja.
VLR, hii ni hifadhi ya kumbukumbu kwa muda katika wakati mteja yani simu ikipita sehemu moja kwenda nyingine kupitia maeneo yanayohudumiwa na mtandao wake, hapa naongelea minara ya simu. ikumbukwe kwamba hakuna mteja anayeweza hudumiwa na minara miwili tofauti kwa wakati moja. Sasa basi unapotembea toka sehemu moja yenye mnara kwenda nyingine, kumbumbuku zako toka HLR zinapelekwa kwenye VLR, ivyo wakati wote kituo kikuu cha uunganishaji wa simu (MSC = Mobile Switching Center) kinajua ulipo na hapo ndipo unapiga simu hapo hapo inaunganishwa sio mpaka utafutwe kila mnara ndo upatikane ulipo.
Simu za watuhumiwa waliotajwa na mwanahalisi; Wapelelezi makini (sio polisi wetu) katika masaa yasiopungua 24 wangeweza kuwahoji watu wote wa mwisho kuwa na marehemu na kufatilia simu zao zimepitia wapi lakini cha msingi na kizuri zaidi unapokuwa na mhanga hai wa tukio akaeleza kilichotokea, polisi uangaikia tukio hili kwa dharula ya hali ya juu.Sijui utaratibu wa nchi yetu kupata kumbukumbu za simu za simu kama polisi ikizihitaji lakini navyojua jaji/hakimu anaweza akatoa hati ya kutolewa kumbukumbu hizi na kampuni hata usiku. sasa kampuni za mitandao zinatoa hata zile kumbukumbu zinazoonyesha minara uliyotumia pamoja na muda.Ivyo namba zilizotajwa Mwanahalisi zingeonekana matembezi yake kabla na baada ya tukio; ivyo wakati wa tukio zikiwa mnara unahudumia leaders club na yote ya njia ya bagamoyo mpaka Mabwepande; hawa watu hawawezi kuachiwa ni watuhumiwa moja kwa moja, na kingine ikumbukwe kila udongo una DNA yake ivyo wa mabwepande na kama polisi wangefanya kwa uharaka zaidi basi wangeweza kuchukua sampuli kwenye viatu vyao, gari zao ndani ya masaa 6 baada ya ulimboka kupatikana.
Kwa wale wanaotaka kujua zaidi kuhusu Simu na Uhalifu; fatilia kesi ya miaka ya 2002 Uingereza pale watoto wawili walipouawa wamevaa jezi za Man United wakitokea shule polisi walivyoweza kutumia mnara wa karibu kuchambua namba zilizotumika pale mpaka kumpata mhusika, ambaye alikuwa patron/mpishi shuleni.
Na mara nyingi unamuuliza mhusika alikuwa wapi wakati wa tukio, cha kwanza atakwambia alikuwa mbali na tukio; KAMA UNATAKA ZAIDI UELEWA WA HILI JAMBO CLICK LIKE, NITALIENDELEZA
[/h]
malema 1989
JF-Expert Member
- Jan 27, 2012
- 1,323
- 529
ww ni pure daktari kihiyo! kitu kidogo tu unapanic ,sio mfano wa kuigwa hata kidogo mbona mwenzako katoa lecture na reference.Unajihami nn kiasi hicho? Dr. ni Dr. tu hata ungeitwa mganga wa kienyeji haitabadili fani yako! ww ni mfano mzuri wa wasomi vihiyo katika nchi hii.
Kyaiyembe
JF-Expert Member
- Dec 1, 2011
- 1,713
- 670
Ni matokeo ya utumwa!. Wenye lugha yao hawana tatizo na matumizi. We tumia tu kama ulivyoelekezwa!.
Hata kujiona bora, hilo nalo ni tatizo.
njiwa
JF-Expert Member
- Apr 16, 2009
- 13,258
- 7,101
Mkuu mi nadhani kilichokushanganya ni hii initial ya "Dr." .... hiyo initial kirefu chake ni Doctor ! ambapo hapo nilipo highlights kwenye red ushawaita hivo..!
umeuliza swali na kujipa jibu
thread closed .. wadau washaeleza nadhani huna utata tena
Xidian
JF-Expert Member
- Jun 2, 2012
- 503
- 149
Wewe kijakazi kweli !
Kuna Utofauti katika ya Doctor of Medicine na PhD holder , huo wa kwanza ni few of them can have but the rest everyone can have it if he/ she wishes, ndio maana kuna ma Dr. ambao ni engineer, teacher, lawyer etc.
Yeyote aliyesoma MD au MBBS anatumia prefix ya Dr. somebody sababu huyo tayari ni Doctor of Medicine , sasa unataka aitwe nani wakati kasomea huohuo udaktari? Jamani vitu vingine jaribuni kuwa mna google maramoja na kupata majibu..lasivyo mtabaki kubishana bila sababu
Kuna Utofauti katika ya Doctor of Medicine na PhD holder , huo wa kwanza ni few of them can have but the rest everyone can have it if he/ she wishes, ndio maana kuna ma Dr. ambao ni engineer, teacher, lawyer etc.
Yeyote aliyesoma MD au MBBS anatumia prefix ya Dr. somebody sababu huyo tayari ni Doctor of Medicine , sasa unataka aitwe nani wakati kasomea huohuo udaktari? Jamani vitu vingine jaribuni kuwa mna google maramoja na kupata majibu..lasivyo mtabaki kubishana bila sababu
kupe
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 26, 2012
- 1,036
- 330
bongo kungekuwa na madokta watu wangeenda kutibiwa india???? madokta wetu sio madokta ni waganga njaa tu . hawana tofauti na akina maji marefu
Xidian
JF-Expert Member
- Jun 2, 2012
- 503
- 149
When someone has earned a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree they are subsequently referred to as "doctor" in formal speech; the same is true of a person who is a medical doctor, psychologist, dentist or veterinarian. In formal speech that person should be referred to as "doctor." However, the rules are different in written form when addressing someone ho is called "doctor" in formal speech. In written form the titles "Dr." and "PhD" are not interchangeable.
Xidian
JF-Expert Member
- Jun 2, 2012
- 503
- 149
Place the title of "Dr." before the name of a person who is a doctor of medicine or psychology, doctor of dentistry, or doctor of veterinary medicine. For example: Dr. George Ross. Always write the word "doctor" in its abbreviated form ("Dr.") when it goes before the person's name. Never write, for example, Doctor George Ross. Do not combine the title of "Dr." with any other title even if the person could appropriately be addressed by a different title. Never write, for example, "Dr. George Ross, PhD," even if the person is a medical doctor who has also earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree. Pick one title. Do not use the "Dr." title when referring to someone who is solely an academic doctor.
hippocratessocrates
JF-Expert Member
- Jul 1, 2012
- 3,598
- 1,545
mkuu, wagonjwa hawaendi nje kwa kukosa ufahamu/ujuzi wa taaluma ya wataalamu(madaktari) wetu bali kwa kukosa vifaa muhimu vya kuwahudumia..anyway, kwa kuwa si mada tujikite katika mada.
Kijakazi, opinion yako ni ipi, as in ungependa waitweje? na kwa nini waitwe hivyo?
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