HTML Tutorial

Srebrina said:
nyasiro kumbuka HTML ndio lugha mama inayotambuliwa na browser nyingi ila nadhani nikimaliza hii nita kuja hiyo ya HTML5 then nitaenda CSS alafu PHP na mwisho nitamilizia JavaScript kwa hiyo usiwe na wasiwasi tuko pamoja
Click to expand...

uko sawa kabisa nnasubiri kwa hamu PHP naitamani sana
 
Lesson 8: Tables

Tables are used when you need to show "tabular data" i.e. information that is logically presented in rows and columns.

Is it difficult?

Building tables in HTML may at first seem complicated but if you keep cool and watch your step, it is actually strictly logical - just like everything else in HTML.

Example 1:

 
Lesson 9: More about tables

The title "More about tables" may sound a bit boring. But look at the positive side, when you master tables, there is absolutely nothing about HTML that will knock you out.

What is left then?

The two attributes colspan and rowspan are used when you want to create fancy tables.

Colspan is short for "column span". Colspan is used in the <td> tag to specify how many columns the cell should span:

Example 1:

See this said:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td colspan="3">Cell 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
Click to expand...


Will look like this in the browser:

Cell 1
Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4

By setting colspan to "3", the cell in the first row spans three columns. If we instead had set colspan to "2", the cell would only have spanned two columns and it would have been necessary to insert an additional cell in the first row so that the number of columns will fit in the two rows.

Example 2:

See this said:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
<td>Cell 5</td>
</tr>
</table>
Click to expand...


Will look like this in the browser:

Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5

What about rowspan?

As you might already have guessed, rowspan specifies how many rows a cell should span over:

Example 3:

See this said:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</table>
Click to expand...


Will look like this in the browser:

Cell 2
Cell 1 Cell 3
Cell 4

In the example above rowspan is set to "3" in Cell 1. This specifies that the cell must span over 3 rows (its own row plus an additional two). Cell 1 and Cell 2 are thereby in the same row, while Cell 3 and Cell 4 form two independent rows.

Confused? Well, it is not uncomplicated and it is easy to lose track. Therefore, it might be a good idea to draw the table on a piece of paper before you begin with the HTML.

Not confused? Then go ahead and create a couple of tables with both colspan and rowspan on your own.
 
Lesson 10: Layout (CSS)

Wouldn't be great if you could give your pages the layout they deserve?

Sure, but how?

To give your website layout use Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). In this lesson you will get a short introduction to CSS. But later you can learn all about CSS from scratch in our CSS tutorial. So please consider this lesson only as an appetizer.

CSS is the better half of HTML. And in coding, there is no equality of status: HTML takes care of the rough stuff (the structure), while CSS gives it a nice touch (layout).

As shown in Lesson 5, CSS can be added with the style attribute. For example, you can set the font type and size on a paragraph:

Example 1:

See this said:
<p style="font-size:20px;">This is typed in size 20px</p>
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is typed in Courier</p>
<p style="font-size:20px; font-family:courier;">This is typed in Courier size 20px</p>
Click to expand...


Will look like this in the browser:

This is typed in size 20px

This is typed in Courier

This is typed in Courier size 20px

In the example above we use the style attribute to specify the type of font to be used (with the command font-family) and the font size (with the command font-size). Notice how in the last paragraph we set both the font type and size with a separating semicolon.

It seems like a lot of work?

One of the smart features of CSS is the possibility to manage your layout centrally. Instead of using the style attribute in each tag, you can tell the browser once how it must layout all the text on the page:

Example 2:




In the example above CSS has been inserted in the head section and therefore applies to the entire page. To do this, just use the tag <style type="text/css"> which tells the browser that you are typing CSS.

In the example all headings on the page will be in Arial in size 30px. All subheads will in Courier size 15. And all text in normal paragraphs will be in Times New Roman size 8.

Another option is to type the CSS in a separate document. With a separate CSS document you can manage the layout of many pages all at once. Pretty smart if you want to change the font type or size on a large website with hundreds or thousands of pages. We won't go into that now but you can learn it later in our CSS tutorial.

What else can I do with CSS?

CSS can be used for much more than specifying font types and sizes. For example, you can add colours and backgrounds. Here are some examples for you to experiment with:

See this said:
<p style="color:green;">Green text</p>

<h1 style="background-color: blue;">Heading on blue background</h1>

<body style="background-image: url('http://www.html.net/logo.png');">
Click to expand...


Try inserting the examples in some of your pages - both as shown above and also as CSS inserted in the head section.

Is CSS nothing but colours and font types?

Besides adding layout such as colors, font types etc., CSS can also be used to control the page setup and presentation (margins, float, alignment, width, height etc.). By regulating the different elements with CSS you are able to layout your pages elegantly and precisely.

Example 3:

See this said:
<p style="padding:25px;border:1px solid red;">I love CSS</p>
Click to expand...


With the property float an element can either be floated to the right or to the left. The following example illustrates the principle:

Example 4:



Will look like this in the browser:



Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat...

In the example, one element (the image) floats to the left and the other element (the text) fills the hole.

With the property position, you can place an element exactly where you want it in your page:

Example 5:

See this said:
<img src="bill.jpg" alt="Bill Gates" style="position:absolute;bottom:50px;right:10px;" />
Click to expand...

In the example the image is placed 50 pixels from the bottom and 10 pixels from the right in the browser. But you can place it exactly where you want it. Give it a try. Pretty easy and pretty cool, eh?
Cool, sure. But easy?

You do not learn CSS in 10 minutes. And as mentioned above, this lesson is only meant as a brief introduction. Later you will learn much more in our CSS Tutorial.

For now, concentrate on HTML, and move on to the next lesson where you will learn how to get your website out on the Internet so the whole world can see it!
 
Lesson 11: Uploading pages

Until now, only you have had the satisfaction of viewing your pages. Now it is time for the rest of the world to see your masterpieces.

Is the world ready for that?

The world is ready - you soon will be too. To get your website on the internet, you just need some server space and a free FTP program.

If you have Internet access, you might already have some free server space for your website. Your server space will then probably be called something like http://home.provider.com/~usernumber. But you might need to activate it first. Read more about this in the papers from your Internet provider or on their support pages.

Another option is to get some free server space on the Internet. In the same way that you set up an e-mail account (at for example Hotmail), you can register for free server space on the Internet. Several companies offer such a service - among them 000webhost.com (click "Order Now" under "Free Hosting") - it will only take a couple of minutes to register.

To have access to the server, you need to know the "Host Name" (For example, ftp.htmlnet.site50.net) and have your username and password ready.

Is that all I need?

To access the server and upload your pages, you also need an FTP program. FTP is short for File Transfer Protocol. A FTP program is used to connect two computers over the Internet so that you can transfer files from your computer to another computer (the server). You might not have such a program yet, but fortunately, this can be downloaded for free.

There are many different FTP programs. One of the better is FileZilla, which is entirely free. So now you can download FileZilla at filezilla.sourceforge.net.

And how do I upload the pages?

Described below is how you upload your pages to a free account at 000webhost.com with FileZilla. But the procedure is, more or less, the same for all providers and FTP programs.

Open the FTP program while connected to the Internet. Insert "Host Name" ("ftp.htmlnet.site50.net" under "Address"), username (under "User") and password (under "Password") and click "Connect". You should now have access to the server. In one side of the program you can see the contents of your computer ("Local Site"), and in the other side, you can see the content of the server ("Remote Site"):



Find your HTML documents and images on your computer (on the "Local site") and transfer them to the server (the "Remote site") by double clicking on them. Now the whole world can see them! (For example, at the address DONT FORGET TO WRITE http:// IN YOUR WEB PAGES[/size]

In the long run, it might be a good idea to purchase your own domain (for example [url=http://www.your-name.com]your-name.com or your-name.net) and avoid the long and complicated addresses you are being assigned by your Internet provider or from providers of free server space. You can find and purchase domains at for example Speednames or NetworkSolutions.
 
Lesson 12: Web standards and validation

In this lesson, you will get a little more theoretical knowledge on HTML.

What more is there to know about HTML?

HTML can be coded in many different ways. And browsers can read HTML in just as many ways. You could say that HTML has many dialects. That is why some websites look different in different browsers.

There have been attempts to make a common standard of HTML through the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) founded by Tim Berners-Lee (yep! the great guy who invented HTML). But it has been a long and tough road.

In the old days - when browsers where something you had to pay for - Netscape was the dominate browser. Back then, the most supported HTML standard where called 2.0 and later 3.2. But with a market share of over 90% Netscape did not have to - and did not - care much about common standards. On the contrary, Netscape invented their own strange elements, which did not function in other browsers.

For many years Microsoft almost completely ignored the Internet. After a while they took up the competition with Netscape and introduced a browser. The first versions of Microsoft's browser, Internet Explorer, were not any better than Netscape at supporting the HTML standards. But Microsoft chose to give away their browser for free (always a popular thing to do) and Internet Explorer soon became the most popular browser.

From version 4 and 5 Microsoft aimed to support more and more of the HTML standards from W3C. Netscape did not manage to develop a new version of their browser and continued to distribute the outdated version 4.

The rest is history. Today the HTML standards are called 4.01 and XHTML. Now it is Internet Explorer that has a market share of over 90%. Internet Explorer still has its own strange elements but it also supports the W3C HTML standards. And so do all of the other browsers, such as Mozilla, Opera and Netscape.

So, when you code HTML following the W3C standards, you make websites that can be seen in all browsers - both now and in the future. And luckily, what you have learned in this tutorial is a new and stricter and cleaner version of HTML called XHTML.

How do I tell which version is used?

With all the different types of HTML you need to tell the browser which "dialect" your HTML is in, in your case XHTML. To do that, you use a Document Type Declaration. The Document Type Declaration is always written in the top of the document:

Example 1:



Besides the Document Type Declaration (the first line in the example above), which tells the browser that you want to write XHTML, you also need to insert some extra information in the html tag with the two attributes xmlns and lang.

xmlns is short for "XML-Name-Space" and should always have the value XHTML namespace. That is all you need to know. But if you have a big hunger for complicated knowledge you can read more about namespaces on W3C's website.

In the lang attribute you state which language the document is written in. For this the ISO 639 standard is used, which lists codes for all the languages in the world. In the example above the language are set to English ("en").

With a DTD the browser knows exactly how it should read and show your HTML. Hence, use the example above as template for all your future HTML documents.

The DTD is also important when you want to validate your pages.

Validate? Why and how should I do that?

Insert a DTD in your pages and you can always check your HTML for errors by using W3C's free validator.

To test this out, make a page and upload it to the Internet. Now, go to validator.w3.org[url] and type the address (the URL) of your page and validate it. If your HTML is correct you will get a congratulations message. Otherwise you will get an error report telling you exactly what and where you have done something wrong. Make some errors on purpose to see what happens.

The validator is not just helpful to locate an error. Some browsers try to compensate for lack of skills among web developers by trying to fix errors in the HTML and showing the page as they guess it should look. With such browsers, you might never see an error in your own browser. However, other browsers might guess differently or not show the page at all. The validator can help you find errors you did not even know existed.

Always validate your pages to be sure they will always be shown correctly.
 
Lesson 12: Web standards and validation

In this lesson, you will get a little more theoretical knowledge on HTML.

What more is there to know about HTML?

HTML can be coded in many different ways. And browsers can read HTML in just as many ways. You could say that HTML has many dialects. That is why some websites look different in different browsers.

There have been attempts to make a common standard of HTML through the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) founded by Tim Berners-Lee (yep! the great guy who invented HTML). But it has been a long and tough road.

In the old days - when browsers where something you had to pay for - Netscape was the dominate browser. Back then, the most supported HTML standard where called 2.0 and later 3.2. But with a market share of over 90% Netscape did not have to - and did not - care much about common standards. On the contrary, Netscape invented their own strange elements, which did not function in other browsers.

For many years Microsoft almost completely ignored the Internet. After a while they took up the competition with Netscape and introduced a browser. The first versions of Microsoft's browser, Internet Explorer, were not any better than Netscape at supporting the HTML standards. But Microsoft chose to give away their browser for free (always a popular thing to do) and Internet Explorer soon became the most popular browser.

From version 4 and 5 Microsoft aimed to support more and more of the HTML standards from W3C. Netscape did not manage to develop a new version of their browser and continued to distribute the outdated version 4.

The rest is history. Today the HTML standards are called 4.01 and XHTML. Now it is Internet Explorer that has a market share of over 90%. Internet Explorer still has its own strange elements but it also supports the W3C HTML standards. And so do all of the other browsers, such as Mozilla, Opera and Netscape.

So, when you code HTML following the W3C standards, you make websites that can be seen in all browsers - both now and in the future. And luckily, what you have learned in this tutorial is a new and stricter and cleaner version of HTML called XHTML.

How do I tell which version is used?

With all the different types of HTML you need to tell the browser which "dialect" your HTML is in, in your case XHTML. To do that, you use a Document Type Declaration. The Document Type Declaration is always written in the top of the document:

Example 1:



Besides the Document Type Declaration (the first line in the example above), which tells the browser that you want to write XHTML, you also need to insert some extra information in the html tag with the two attributes xmlns and lang.

xmlns is short for "XML-Name-Space" and should always have the value XHTML namespace. That is all you need to know. But if you have a big hunger for complicated knowledge you can read more about namespaces on W3C's website.

In the lang attribute you state which language the document is written in. For this the ISO 639 standard is used, which lists codes for all the languages in the world. In the example above the language are set to English ("en").

With a DTD the browser knows exactly how it should read and show your HTML. Hence, use the example above as template for all your future HTML documents.

The DTD is also important when you want to validate your pages.

Validate? Why and how should I do that?

Insert a DTD in your pages and you can always check your HTML for errors by using W3C's free validator.

To test this out, make a page and upload it to the Internet. Now, go to validator.w3.org and type the address (the URL) of your page and validate it. If your HTML is correct you will get a congratulations message. Otherwise you will get an error report telling you exactly what and where you have done something wrong. Make some errors on purpose to see what happens.

The validator is not just helpful to locate an error. Some browsers try to compensate for lack of skills among web developers by trying to fix errors in the HTML and showing the page as they guess it should look. With such browsers, you might never see an error in your own browser. However, other browsers might guess differently or not show the page at all. The validator can help you find errors you did not even know existed.

Always validate your pages to be sure they will always be shown correctly.
 
Lesson 13: The final tips

Congratulations, you have now reached the final lesson.

So now I know everything?

You have learned a lot and you are now capable of making your own websites! However, what you have learned are the basics and there is still a lot more to be mastered. But you now have a good foundation from which to build on.

In this last lesson, you will get some final tips:

.First, it is a good idea to maintain order and structure in your HTML documents. By posting well arranged documents you will not only show others your mastery of HTML but will also make it considerably easier for yourself to keep an overview.
.Stick to the standards and validate your pages. This cannot be stressed enough: Always write clean XHTML, use a DTD and validate your pages on validator.w3c.org.
.Give your page contents. Remember that HTML is a tool, which enables you to present information on the Internet, so make sure that there is information to present. Pretty pages may look nice but most people use the Internet to find information.
.Avoid overloading your pages with heavy images and other fancy stuff you have found on the Internet. It slows down the loading of the page and could be confusing for visitors. Pages that take more than 20 seconds to load can lose up to 50% of their visitors.
.Remember to add your website to search engines/directories so people other than your closest family can find and enjoy it. On the front page of all search engines, you will find a link to add new pages (The most important is Google, but there are also others like DMOZ, Yahoo, AltaVista, AlltheWeb and Lycos).
.In this tutorial, you have learned to use Notepad, which is a simple and very easy to use editor, but perhaps you will find it helpful to use a more advanced editor which gives a better overview and more possibilities. You can find a summary and reviews of different editors on Download.com.

How do I learn more?

First of all, it is important that you continue to work and experiment with the things you have learned in this tutorial. Study other people's websites and if you find something you like see how it was made with "View Source" (Click "View" in the menu in your browser and choose "Source").



Search the Internet for examples and articles on HTML. There are lots of websites with great contents on HTML.

Last, but not least, you should - whenever you feel ready - continue learning CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

The only thing left is to wish you hours of fun with your new friend, HTML.

See you on the Internet 🙂
 
umefanya kazi nzuri sana kuelimisha watu hapa jamvini. nimependa ulivyosummarize co minotc mingiiii.....endelea tujifunze zaidi
 
elmagnifico said:
css5 ukiimix na html na java inakuwa awesome
Click to expand...


Sijakupata vizuri swali lako ila ukimix vyote inakuwa kama wesite ya CNN maana wametumia Java script,CSS,HTML na PHP ndio maana unaona kuna dizaini ya vitu vingi
 
Srebrina said:
Sijakupata vizuri swali lako ila ukimix vyote inakuwa kama wesite ya CNN maana wametumia Java script,CSS,HTML na PHP ndio maana unaona kuna dizaini ya vitu vingi
Click to expand...

Nilikuwa namaanisha hivi, kama mtu anataka tengeneza static page html can do good akairemba na marquee nini hivyo.
Lakini kama mtu anataka tengeneza page inayovutia, css, java inaweza ifanya page kama vile imetengenezwa na flash.
Css5 ni so powerful tool.
Kwa java au css mtu anaweza weka slideshow, na ma effects mengi kwenye page ikawa na mvuto zaidi
 
Srebrina said:
Sijakupata vizuri swali lako ila ukimix vyote inakuwa kama wesite ya CNN maana wametumia Java script,CSS,HTML na PHP ndio maana unaona kuna dizaini ya vitu vingi
Click to expand...

Nilikuwa namaanisha hivi, kama mtu anataka tengeneza static page html can do good akairemba na marquee nini hivyo.
Lakini kama mtu anataka tengeneza page inayovutia, css, java inaweza ifanya page kama vile imetengenezwa na flash.
Css5 ni so powerful tool.
Kwa java au css mtu anaweza weka slideshow, na ma effects mengi kwenye page ikawa na mvuto zaidi.
Nilikuwa actual nacomment sikuwa nauliza swali mkuu
 

ok that's good lakini hapa nilikuwa najaribu kuelekeza bila kutumia application tool yoyote lakini hiyo nayo ni nzuri kwa advanced person anaejua kuweka code vizuri. mi naelekeza hii tutorial ili kuepuka web za kukopi na kupest like ESKIMI alivyokopi kwa FACEBOOK sikatai watu kukopi ila nataka na tanzania yetu tuwe na maprofessional web designer
 

Aah ok, nimekusoma mkuu
 
ok nadhani kwa HTML tumemaliza sasa twende CSS
bonyezahapa

KUINGIA KWENYE SOMO JINGINE
 
tafakari kali naomba udownload hili file kisha angalia picha inapokaa alafu na wewe picha zako zanatakiwa zikae hivyo hivyo pia kumbuka kuwa kazi zako zote zinatakiwa kukaa ndani ya folder moja
kama hili lilivyo download uone nilivyo weka hiyo notepad, picture, na page yangu
 

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Asante mkuu nimeona,naendelea na mazoezi.
 
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