Kupima ngoma (HIV/AIDS), kusikieni tu...

bomouwa

bomouwa

JF-Expert Member
Jun 19, 2014
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Habari wanajamvi?

Walah napongeza jitihada mbalimbali zinazoratibiwa na Serikali kupitia Wizara ya Afya pamoja na mashirika yasio ya kiserikali katika kuhamasisha juu ya ufahamu wa HIV/AIDS.

Ila kupima virusi ni kipaji ingawa si cha uso .Maana ukikumbuka mapito yako halafu ndo unaambiwa zamu yako ukapimwe aaaaaaah bila hiana azima .

Siku ulipopima ulijiskiaje kusubiri majibu?
 
pressure inapanda,pressure inashuka! Inabidi kuwa jasiri sana la sivyo unaweza kuingia mitini.
 
Nimepima juzi na mchumba Wangu duh mawazo niliyokuwa nayo kabla ya majibu we acha tu nafurahi yalikuwa -
 
HIV Treatment
The following page summarizes the work done by Ebina H, Misawa N, Kanemura Y, Koyanagi Y (2013) Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. Sci Rep 3:2510.
We’ve seen how CRISPR/Cas9 systems can be leveraged to achieve highly selective cleavage of double-stranded DNA, with higher efficiency than previous technologies such as zinc finger nucleases or TALENs. And we’ve seen a few pathways where the technology is adapted for different types of genome editing and modification. But the CRISPR/Cas9 system might also be used to directly translate new therapies and cures for diseases. To illustrate this, we discuss a potential cure for HIV involving CRISPR/Cas9 genetic editing.
HIV Background: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that is able to integrate its genome into the host cell genome during infection. HIV primarily infects CD4+ T cells, and leads to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) if untreated. HIV viral particles store their genetic information as double-stranded RNA and use a reverse transcriptase to convert their genome into double-stranded DNA. This process also introduces many random errors into the HIV genome, allowing the virus to rapidly mutate. The DNA is inserted into the host cell genome by integrases which use LTR (long terminal repeat) sequences on the viral genome to integrate with the host DNA. The result is a reservoir of viral DNA in infected cells (also called a provirus) that can continuously produce new viruses that can infect other immune cells. Currently, the disease can be controlled by rigorous anti-retroviral therapy (therapies targeting the unique reverse-transcription step in the HIV replication process). However, the latent reservoir of HIV is unaffected by this therapy, and therefore the disease cannot be completely cured by such therapies. The threat of virus re-emergence is always there.

Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System to target HIV provirus:

The CRISPR/Cas9 system can introduce double-strand breaks in DNA at a site determined by the guide RNA. Researchers targeted a CRISPR/Cas9 system to target the LTR regions of the HIV provirus at positions T5 and T6. Jurkat cell lines with HIV provirus-like regions that produced GFP instead of the viral proteins were used to determine the effectiveness of the potential Cas9-based therapy (fig 1).


Figure 1: Suppression of HIV-1 gene expression by the CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting HIV-1 LTR. From Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. Image used under Creative Commons license from (Ebina et al. 2013, Figure 1)


Figure 3: Suppression of proviral re-activation in T cells by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. From Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. Image used under Creative Commons license from (Ebina et al. 2013, Figure 3)

Cells were transfected with a plasmid containing the humanized CRISPR/Cas9 and guide RNA genes. Targeting of the LTR by the guide RNA resulted in significantly decreased transcription of the genes under the control of the LTR promoter, as demonstrated by flow cytometry of cells with GFP under LTR promoter control. Furthermore, multiple transfections by the Cas9 plasmid were shown to significantly reduce the transcription of GFP, indicating that the CRISPR/Cas9 system would be effective in preventing the reactivation of latently infected cells (fig 3).

Jurkat Cell lines c19 and c5 with HIV proviral-like insertions shown above and expressing GFP under LTR promoter control underwent rounds of transfection with cas9 plasmids containing T5 targeting guide RNAs. In c19, the percentage of cells still expressing GFP was reduced from 97.8% to 35.5% over the course of 3 transfections by the cas9 plasmid (p = 0.00002) (fig 3).

Sequencing of the LTR promoter region revealed various mutations at the cut site, with deletions ranging from 1 to 31 bp (fig2). These mutation patterns are likely to be the result of the non-homologous end-joining pathway, as the cells attempt to repair the DNA after double-strand breaks were induced. This indicates effective cleavage of the proviral genes by the CRISPR/Cas9 pathway.


Figure 2: Sequencing analysis of the CRISPR/Cas9-target site. From Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. Image used under Creative Commons license from (Ebina et al. 2013, Figure 2)

srep02510-f4-e1418591435633-243x300.jpg

Figure 4: Excision of HIV-1 provirus from host cell genome with CRISPR/Cas9. From Harnessing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus. Image used under Creative Commons license from (Ebina et al. 2013, Figure 2)



But more importantly, the researchers were also able to demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 systems can excise the HIV provirus from the host genome. After 3 rounds of transfection with CRISPR/Cas9 targeting of the LTR, on average, the provirus was completely excised from the genome in 31.8% of all cells (fig4).

This provides some initial evidence that CRISPR/Cas9 systems may eventually be used to effectively treat or even cure HIV infections. A recent paper expanding on this research showed that transfection of macrophage cells with the Cas9 plasmid targeting HIV genes can confer immunity to HIV infection to the transfected cells, and thus Cas9 plasmids uld even be used as vaccines against HIV, or other viral diseases (Hu et al. 2014).

The translation of these engineered CRISPR/Cas9 systems to actual gene therapy in HIV patients still has a number of hurdles. Namely, the efficiency must be quantified and improved, off-target effects must be minimized, and an appropriate delivery system must be developed. Hu and colleagues recently demonstrated that their CRISPR/Cas9 system for treating HIV infected cells produced no observable off-target effects. They concluded that Cas9 provides a viable approach to curing and preventing HIV infections, as well as other infections, and can provide a personalized approach to specific HIV targeting. Given the small size of the CRISPR/cas9 system, a lentivirus vector could deliver the CRISPR system. Perhaps the HIV viral particles could even be hijacked to cure HIV, they are already designed to specifically target the infected CD4+ T cells. Other delivery methods may also be feasible, but wouldn’t fighting HIV with HIV be poetic?
 
Niliogopa Sana alafu cha ajabu nilikuwa mwenyewe tu.

Kwanza kimkojo kilinishika lakini hakitaki kutoka,pressure ya ajabu! Sikuwa natembeza mambo Sana lakini sikuwa nikijiamini hata kidogo.

Siku ya kwanza nilienda kupima,wakati nasubiria majibu niliamua kujisepea kabisa. Sikuwa tayari kuyasubiri.

Zikapita siku mingi,siku mwenge ilipokuja wilayani kwetu nikajisemea kwa sababu ni usiku ngoja tu nikpime maana hakuna atakayeniona. Nikajiendea zangu kwenye kibanda nikapima uzito kisha nikatoa damu.
Sasa yule mpimaji akaanza kunihoji maswali mengi mengi! Mm hata simuelewi,nafocus kwenye majibu tu!

Hapo kimkojo kilee cha siku ya kwanza kakaanza kunishika lkn cha ajabu nilitoka kujihudumia (chooni) kbl sijaenda humo.
Saa napewa majibu nilijihisi kwanza kiziwi,lakini niliposikia hongera,nilipumua kwa speed ya ajabu.

Nilipotoka nikaenda kupima tena uzito,nilikuwa nimepungua kwa zaidi ya kilo mbili.

Achana na kupima kabisa. Siku hizi najiamink Sana lakini wasiwasi upo mwingi tu.
 
Wale waathirika hapo juu ni the most successful results of deleting HIV from cells never happened b4.
 
Nilikuwa kawaida... Sikuogopa nilikuwa nishajicounsel mwenyewe. Nilijiambia kwani ni wangapi wamekufa wamewaacha wenye ukimwi wanadunda?
 
Nilikua naharaka ya majibu. Yule mtoa ushauri anaboa na maswali yake ya kurudia rudia
 
Hahahah pale unaposubiri labda Kuna mmoja wapo kaunyaka, lakini kila mmoja anatoa ushuhuda wake kuwa yuko fit,,,,, hii ndio bongo kwel
 
Mi nilienda kumpeleka wife kuandikisha ujauzito wake hapo hapo wakanibana na kusema ni lazima tupime h.i.v nikajikuta mimi na wife tupo -
 
Nilikuwa na mchumba anasoma Uni ya Iringa, kalikuwa kanajifanya mtakatifu fulani sasa siku moja nampigia anasema yuko dorm kajilalia wenzake wameenda semina ya ukimwi ambapo ilikuwa lazima waliopimwaga ndio waudhurie, nikamuulizi vp ww akasema aku nani apimwe ukimwi??? Na nilipokuja kukutana naye kimwili alilazimisha sana nivae kinga japo mie nilikuwa na uthibisho nimepima, ilibd nijitoe taratiibuuu
 
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