Lord Diplock MR
JF-Expert Member
- Mar 16, 2015
- 1,393
- 3,237
Kweli wanders shall never end
Katiba ya Zanzibar ya mwaka 1984 kama ilivyofanyiwa marekebisho mwaka 2010 Kwa kuwa
na ibara ya 1 inayosema Zanzibar ni nchi Kwa
maana ya Taifa kamili ni wazi kuwa katiba ya
Zanzibar haiutambui muungano, na ni mojawapo wa kero za muungano huku leo tukiwa tunatimiza miaka 52 ya muungano wetu.
Kwa mujibu
Wa Montevideo Convention on the rights and
duties of states ya mwaka 1933 ibara ya
kwanza inatoa Sifa ya nchi Kwa maana ya
Taifa kamili kuwa lazima muwe na vitu vinne
navyo ni:
POPULATION
Kipengele hiki kinahusisha uwepo wa watu wa
nchi husika!
GOVERNMENT
Nchi lazima iwe na serikali yake itakayo
watawala watu wake,
TERRITORY
Nchi lazima iwe na eneo la ardhi na miaka
inayotambulika.
SOVEREIGNTY.
Haya ni mamlaka ya nchi ndani na nje ya
nchi, hapa inahusisha mamlaka ya nchi
kuingia katika mikataba na ushirikiano na
mataifa mengine. Pia mamlaka ya juu ya
mambo yake yenyewe!
Ukiangalia Sifa hizo hapo juu Zanzibar
haiwezi kuwa nchi Kwa sababu inakosa kitu
kinachoitwa Sovereignty ambapo Zanzibar
haina mamlaka ya mwisho juu yake yenyewe
mamlaka ipo juu ya jamhuri ya muungano
Kwa mfano Zanzibar haiwezi kujiamulia
kuingia katika vita na nchi nyingine. Zanzibar
haiwezi kuamua kujiingilia katika mkataba na
nchi yoyote bila ridhaa ya jamhuri. Kutokana
na maelezo hayo hapo juu Zanzibar haiwezi
kuwa nchi na kujitaja kama nchi ni kuikataa
muungano. Nachelea kusema walioandika
katiba ya Zanzibar ama hawajui Sheria au
waliandika hivyo Kwa matakwa ya kisiasa Kwa
sababu mwanasheria yeyote yule anajua kuwa
Zanzibar siyo nchi na ndiyo maana
mwanasheria Mizengo Pinda alipoulizwa
bungeni kuwa Zanzibar ni nchi au siyo nchi?
Mwanasheria Pinda alijibu kisheria kwamba
Zanzibar siyo nchi, japo wabunge Wa Zanzibar
Kwa kutokujua kwao sheria walikuwa juu
Pia unaweza kurejea kesi ya S.M.Z vs Machano khamis Ali and 17 others, Kesi hii ilikuwa inahusu uhaini ambapo watuhumiwa 18 walishitakiwa kwa kosa la uhaini la kutaka kumuua Rais wa Zanzibar. Mahakama ya Rufani ikitoa hukumu ya kesi hiyo ilisema kutaka kumuua au kumuua Rais wa Zanzibar hakuwezi kuwa uhaini kwani uhaini huwa dhidi ya nchi (state) Zanzibar siyo nchi hivyo kutaka au kumuua Rais wa Zanzibar ni sawa na kutaka kumuua mtu mwingine yeyote wa kawaida!
Unaweza soma kesi yote hapa chini;
S.M.Z. v. Machano Khamis Ali and 17 Others. Court of Appeal, November 21, 2000, Criminal Application No. 8 of 2000 Facts and Issues This was an appeal by the accused against the decision of the learned Chief Justice of Zanzibar sitting as the High Court of Zanzibar to the effect that the offence of treason could be committed against the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. Before delivery of this appeal decision, the Registrar released the accused from custody following the entry of the nolle prosequi by the Prosecution. However the decision by the High Court that raised grave constitutional issues was left intact and hence this revision under S. 4(3) of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1979 as amended by Act No. 17 of 1993. The eighteen accused persons were charged with treason c/s 26 of the Penal Code. The litigation was protracted and finally landed into the High Court of Zanzibar. After amendment of the charge, which was initially defective, the accused raised among other issues the preliminary issue that the charge of treason against the authority in the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (Serikali ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar S.M.Z.) was not maintainable as Zanzibar was not a sovereign state. Held : 1. On an indictment for treason, the following matters have to be proved, that the act was treasonable, that the act is against a sovereign or state, and that the act was done by person who owes allegiance to the sovereign or state. 2. For a state to exist, there must be a people, a country in which people have settled down, a government i.e. a person or persons who are the representatives of the people who rule according to the law of the land, and that government must be sovereign. 3. Sovereignty has dual aspects of internally of relating to the power to make and enforce laws and externally to freedom from outside control. The United Republic of Tanzania is one country and one state. The International persons called Tanganyika and Zanzibar ceased to exist as from April 26, 1964 because of the Articles of Union and surrendered their treaty making powers to a new International person called the United Republic of Tanzania. A nation cannot indefinitely surrender the treaty making power to another, and at the same time retain its existence as a sovereign state. 4. Union matters and non-Union matters are provided for under the Union Constitution, the First Schedule to the said Constitution, as well as legislation enacted under Article 64(4) extending to the entire Union. On the basis of the principle of duality and the fact of exclusive jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar over all non-Union matters in Zanzibar, sovereignty is divisible within the United Republic. 5. S. 3 of the Tanzania Intelligence and Security Services Act defines "security" to include "subversion", and "subversion" is defined in the same Act to mean attempting to, inciting, counselling, advocating, or encouraging the overthrow by unlawful means of the Government of the United Republic of the United Republic or of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. 6. Subversion and treason are cognate offences as they are both about the overthrow of or the revolting against authority. They both fall securely within security, which by virtue of item 3 of the First Schedule is a Union Matter. 7. Treason is defined by article 28(4) of the Union Constitution, as the gravest offence against the United Republic. Although the article does not create an offence, it acknowledges the existence of the offence as defined by law. It is the only offence elevated so by the Constitution. The clause makes the offence of Treason a Union Matter although the offence is not contained in the First Schedule. 8. The combined effect of Article 28(4) and Article 64(5) of the Union Constitution is to repeal s.26 of the Penal Code Decree
Katiba ya Zanzibar ya mwaka 1984 kama ilivyofanyiwa marekebisho mwaka 2010 Kwa kuwa
na ibara ya 1 inayosema Zanzibar ni nchi Kwa
maana ya Taifa kamili ni wazi kuwa katiba ya
Zanzibar haiutambui muungano, na ni mojawapo wa kero za muungano huku leo tukiwa tunatimiza miaka 52 ya muungano wetu.
Kwa mujibu
Wa Montevideo Convention on the rights and
duties of states ya mwaka 1933 ibara ya
kwanza inatoa Sifa ya nchi Kwa maana ya
Taifa kamili kuwa lazima muwe na vitu vinne
navyo ni:
POPULATION
Kipengele hiki kinahusisha uwepo wa watu wa
nchi husika!
GOVERNMENT
Nchi lazima iwe na serikali yake itakayo
watawala watu wake,
TERRITORY
Nchi lazima iwe na eneo la ardhi na miaka
inayotambulika.
SOVEREIGNTY.
Haya ni mamlaka ya nchi ndani na nje ya
nchi, hapa inahusisha mamlaka ya nchi
kuingia katika mikataba na ushirikiano na
mataifa mengine. Pia mamlaka ya juu ya
mambo yake yenyewe!
Ukiangalia Sifa hizo hapo juu Zanzibar
haiwezi kuwa nchi Kwa sababu inakosa kitu
kinachoitwa Sovereignty ambapo Zanzibar
haina mamlaka ya mwisho juu yake yenyewe
mamlaka ipo juu ya jamhuri ya muungano
Kwa mfano Zanzibar haiwezi kujiamulia
kuingia katika vita na nchi nyingine. Zanzibar
haiwezi kuamua kujiingilia katika mkataba na
nchi yoyote bila ridhaa ya jamhuri. Kutokana
na maelezo hayo hapo juu Zanzibar haiwezi
kuwa nchi na kujitaja kama nchi ni kuikataa
muungano. Nachelea kusema walioandika
katiba ya Zanzibar ama hawajui Sheria au
waliandika hivyo Kwa matakwa ya kisiasa Kwa
sababu mwanasheria yeyote yule anajua kuwa
Zanzibar siyo nchi na ndiyo maana
mwanasheria Mizengo Pinda alipoulizwa
bungeni kuwa Zanzibar ni nchi au siyo nchi?
Mwanasheria Pinda alijibu kisheria kwamba
Zanzibar siyo nchi, japo wabunge Wa Zanzibar
Kwa kutokujua kwao sheria walikuwa juu
Pia unaweza kurejea kesi ya S.M.Z vs Machano khamis Ali and 17 others, Kesi hii ilikuwa inahusu uhaini ambapo watuhumiwa 18 walishitakiwa kwa kosa la uhaini la kutaka kumuua Rais wa Zanzibar. Mahakama ya Rufani ikitoa hukumu ya kesi hiyo ilisema kutaka kumuua au kumuua Rais wa Zanzibar hakuwezi kuwa uhaini kwani uhaini huwa dhidi ya nchi (state) Zanzibar siyo nchi hivyo kutaka au kumuua Rais wa Zanzibar ni sawa na kutaka kumuua mtu mwingine yeyote wa kawaida!
Unaweza soma kesi yote hapa chini;
S.M.Z. v. Machano Khamis Ali and 17 Others. Court of Appeal, November 21, 2000, Criminal Application No. 8 of 2000 Facts and Issues This was an appeal by the accused against the decision of the learned Chief Justice of Zanzibar sitting as the High Court of Zanzibar to the effect that the offence of treason could be committed against the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. Before delivery of this appeal decision, the Registrar released the accused from custody following the entry of the nolle prosequi by the Prosecution. However the decision by the High Court that raised grave constitutional issues was left intact and hence this revision under S. 4(3) of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1979 as amended by Act No. 17 of 1993. The eighteen accused persons were charged with treason c/s 26 of the Penal Code. The litigation was protracted and finally landed into the High Court of Zanzibar. After amendment of the charge, which was initially defective, the accused raised among other issues the preliminary issue that the charge of treason against the authority in the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (Serikali ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar S.M.Z.) was not maintainable as Zanzibar was not a sovereign state. Held : 1. On an indictment for treason, the following matters have to be proved, that the act was treasonable, that the act is against a sovereign or state, and that the act was done by person who owes allegiance to the sovereign or state. 2. For a state to exist, there must be a people, a country in which people have settled down, a government i.e. a person or persons who are the representatives of the people who rule according to the law of the land, and that government must be sovereign. 3. Sovereignty has dual aspects of internally of relating to the power to make and enforce laws and externally to freedom from outside control. The United Republic of Tanzania is one country and one state. The International persons called Tanganyika and Zanzibar ceased to exist as from April 26, 1964 because of the Articles of Union and surrendered their treaty making powers to a new International person called the United Republic of Tanzania. A nation cannot indefinitely surrender the treaty making power to another, and at the same time retain its existence as a sovereign state. 4. Union matters and non-Union matters are provided for under the Union Constitution, the First Schedule to the said Constitution, as well as legislation enacted under Article 64(4) extending to the entire Union. On the basis of the principle of duality and the fact of exclusive jurisdiction of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar over all non-Union matters in Zanzibar, sovereignty is divisible within the United Republic. 5. S. 3 of the Tanzania Intelligence and Security Services Act defines "security" to include "subversion", and "subversion" is defined in the same Act to mean attempting to, inciting, counselling, advocating, or encouraging the overthrow by unlawful means of the Government of the United Republic of the United Republic or of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. 6. Subversion and treason are cognate offences as they are both about the overthrow of or the revolting against authority. They both fall securely within security, which by virtue of item 3 of the First Schedule is a Union Matter. 7. Treason is defined by article 28(4) of the Union Constitution, as the gravest offence against the United Republic. Although the article does not create an offence, it acknowledges the existence of the offence as defined by law. It is the only offence elevated so by the Constitution. The clause makes the offence of Treason a Union Matter although the offence is not contained in the First Schedule. 8. The combined effect of Article 28(4) and Article 64(5) of the Union Constitution is to repeal s.26 of the Penal Code Decree
