JanguKamaJangu
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- Feb 7, 2022
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Ebola ni ugonjwa hatari unaosababishwa na virusi vujulikanavyo kitaalam kama (Ebola Virus). Ugonjwa huu ni miongoni mwa magonjwa yajulikanayo kwa ujumla kama Homa za virusi zinazosababisha kutoka damu sehemu za wazi za mwili mfano puani , masikioni , na machoni. Ugonjwa huu unaathiri binadamu na wanyawa kama vile nyani , ngedere , sokwe na popo.
Mlipuko mkubwa kuwahi kuokea duniani umeokea katika nchi za Liberia , Sierra Leone na Guinea.
Mlipuko huu pia umeaziathiri nchi za Nigeria , Senegal , Mali na Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya Kongo , pia nje ya bara la Afrika nchi za Marekani na Uispania zimeathirika.
Ugonjwa wa Ebola umetoka katika nchi jirani za Uganda na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo . Kutokana na muingiliano kati ya nchi na nchi , kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa ugonjwa huu ukaenenea nchi nyingine endapo tahadhari hazitachukuliwa.
Jinsi Ebola inavyoambukizwa
Ugonjwa wa Ebola unaambukizwa kwa haraka kutoka mtu mmoja aliye na virusi vya Ebola hadi mwingine kupitia njia zifuatazo:-
Kugusa majimaji ya mwili toka kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa virusi vya Ebola –mfano damu , matapishi , jasho , mkojo , mate , machozi na kamasi.
Kugusa au kuosha maiti ya mtu aliyefariki kwa ugonjwa wa Ebola
Kugusa godoro, shuka , blanketi au nguo zilizotumiwa na mgonjwa wa Ebola
Kuchomwa na sindano au vifaa visivyo safi na salama ambayo vimetumiwa na mgonjwa wa Ebola
Kugusa mizoga au kula wanyama pori kama vile sokwe , Nyani na Popo
Kula matunda yaliyoliwa nusu na wanyama
Dalili za Ebola
Dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola huanza kujitokeza kati ya siku 2 hadi 21 baada ya kupata maambukizi. Mgonjwa wa Ebola huwa na dalili zifuatazo
Homa kali ya ghafla
Maumivu ya kichwa
Maumivu ya mwili , misuli na viungo
Kuharisha (kunakoweza kuambatana na damu)
Kutapika (kunakoweza kuambatana na damu)
Vipele mwilini
Kuvia damu chini ya ngozi au kutokwa na damu puani , mdomoni , machoni na masikioni.
TIBA
Ugonjwa wa Ebola hauna tiba maalum wala chanjo , Mgonjwa hupatiwa tiba saidizi kulingana na dalili alizonazo , kama vile
Tiba ya kushusha homa na maumivu
Kuongezewa damu na maji mwilini
Tiba lishe
Kujikinga na Ebola
Epuka kusalimiana kwa kushikana mikono au kukumbatiana
Epuka kugusa damu , matapishi , mkojo ,kinyesi , kamasi , mate , machozi na maji mengine yanayotoka mwilini mwa mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa huu.
Epuka kugusa au kuosha maiti ya mtu aliyekufa akiwa na dalili za Ebola badala yake toa taarifa kwa uongozi wa serikali ili wasimamie taratibu za mazishi
Epuka kutumia nguo , shuka , blanketi , kitanda na godoro za mtu aliyeambukizwa ugonjwa huu.
Nawa mikono kwa maji yanayotiririka na sabuni mara unapomembelea mgonjwa hospitalini au kumdumia nyumbani.
Epuka kugusa wanyama kama vile popo , nyani , sokwe ,tumbili na swala au mizoga ya wanyama
Zingatia ushauri na maelekezo yanayotolewa na wataalamu wa afya na viongozi wa serikali kuhusu ugonjwa wa Ebola.
Wahi kituo cha kutolea huduma za afya uonapo dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola
Toa taarifa mapema kwenye kituo cha huduma za afya, ofisi ya serikali ya mtaa au kijiji uonapo mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola au kifo.
Zingatia usafi binafsi pamoja na usafi wa mazingira yako
Athari za Ebola
Ebola husababisha unyanyapaa kwa waathirika na familia zao.
Ebola husababisha athari za kisaikolojia kwa waathirika , familia zao, na jamii
Huenea kwa haraka sana na kusababisha vifo vingi na kuathiri nguvu-kazi ya taifa
Jamii huingiwa na hofu na wasiwasi na kushindwa kufanya shughuli za kiuchumi na kujiingizia kipato
Ni gharama kubwa kuhudumia wagonjwa wa Ebola
Wajibu wa jamii
Nenda haraka kwenye kituo cha kutolea huduma za afya pindi unapohisi kuwa na dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola, au unapogusana na mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola.
Toa taarifa mapema kwenye kituo cha huduma za afya ,ofisi ya serikali ya mtaa au kijiji uonapo mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola au kifo.
Epuka uvumi , tafuta taarifa sahihi kuhusu ugonjwa wa Ebola toka kwa mamlaka husika.
================
Ebola virus disease
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. EVD first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, DRC. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The 2014–2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. The outbreak started in Guinea and then moved across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia.
The virus family Filoviridae includes three genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. Within the genus Ebolavirus, six species have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Taï Forest, Reston and Bombali.
Transmission
It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as fruit bats, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope or porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest.
Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with:
Blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola
Objects that have been contaminated with body fluids (like blood, feces, vomit) from a person sick with Ebola or the body of a person who died from Ebola
Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This occurs through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.
Burial ceremonies that involve direct contact with the body of the deceased can also contribute in the transmission of Ebola.
People remain infectious as long as their blood contains the virus.
Pregnant women who get acute Ebola and recover from the disease may still carry the virus in breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues. This poses a risk of transmission to the baby they carry, and to others. Women who become pregnant after surviving Ebola disease are not at risk of carrying the virus.
If a breastfeeding woman who is recovering from Ebola wishes to continue breastfeeding, she should be supported to do so. Her breast milk needs to be tested for Ebola before she can start.
For more, read the guidelines on the management of pregnancy and breastfeeding in Ebola.
Symptoms
The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms, is from 2 to 21 days. A person infected with Ebola cannot spread the disease until they develop symptoms.
Symptoms of EVD can be sudden and include:
Fever
Fatigue
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
This is followed by:
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Rash
Symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function
In some cases, both internal and external bleeding (for example, oozing from the gums, or blood in the stools).
Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.
Diagnosis
It can be difficult to clinically distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and meningitis. Many symptoms of pregnancy and Ebola disease are also quite similar. Because of risks to the pregnancy, pregnant women should ideally be tested rapidly if Ebola is suspected.
Confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are made using the following diagnostic methods:
antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
antigen-capture detection tests
serum neutralization test
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay
electron microscopy
·virus isolation by cell culture.
Careful consideration should be given to the selection of diagnostic tests, which take into account technical specifications, disease incidence and prevalence, and social and medical implications of test results. It is strongly recommended that diagnostic tests, which have undergone an independent and international evaluation, be considered for use.
Diagnostic tests evaluated through the WHO emergency use assessment and listing process
Current WHO recommended tests include:
Automated or semi-automated nucleic acid tests (NAT) for routine diagnostic management.
Rapid antigen detection tests for use in remote settings where NATs are not readily available. These tests are recommended for screening purposes as part of surveillance activities, however reactive tests should be confirmed with NATs.
The preferred specimens for diagnosis include:
Whole blood collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from live patients exhibiting symptoms.
Oral fluid specimen stored in universal transport medium collected from deceased patients or when blood collection is not possible.
Samples collected from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples should be conducted under maximum biological containment conditions. All biological specimens should be packaged using the triple packaging system when transported nationally and internationally.
Treatment
Supportive care - rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids - and treatment of specific symptoms improves survival. A range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.
In the 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the first-ever multi-drug randomized control trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of drugs used in the treatment of Ebola patients under an ethical framework developed in consultation with experts in the field and the DRC.
Two monoclonal antibodies (Inmazeb and Ebanga) were approved for the treatment of Zaire ebolavirus (Ebolavirus) infection in adults and children by the US Food and Drug Administration in late 2020.
Vaccines
The Ervebo vaccine has been shown to be effective in protecting people from the species Zaire ebolavirus, and is recommended by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization as part of a broader set of Ebola outbreak response tools. In December 2020, the vaccine was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and prequalified by WHO for use in individuals 18 years of age and older (except for pregnant and breastfeeding women) for protection against Ebola virus disease caused by Zaïre Ebola virus.
The vaccine had been administrated to more than 350 000 people in Guinea and in the 2018-2020 Ebola virus disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo under “compassionate use” protocol. The vaccine has shown to safe and effective against the species Zaire ebolavirus. A global stockpile of the Ervebo vaccine has become available starting January 2021.
In May 2020, the European Medicines Agency recommended granting marketing authorization for a 2-component vaccine called Zabdeno-and-Mvabea for individuals 1 year and older.
The vaccine is delivered in 2 doses: Zabdeno is administered first and Mvabea is given approximately 8 weeks later as a second dose. This prophylactic 2-dose regimen is therefore not suitable for an outbreak response where immediate protection is necessary.
Prevention and control
Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, including case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures (including vaccination) that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors:
Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit bats, monkeys, apes, forest antelope or porcupines and the consumption of their raw meat. Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption.
Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission from direct or close contact with people with Ebola symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill patients. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home.
Outbreak containment measures, including safe and dignified burial of the dead, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola and monitoring their health for 21 days, the importance of separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread, and the importance of good hygiene and maintaining a clean environment.
Reducing the risk of possible sexual transmission, based on further analysis of ongoing research and consideration by the WHO Advisory Group on the Ebola Virus Disease Response, WHO recommends that male survivors of EVD practice safer sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen tests negative twice for Ebola virus. Contact with body fluids should be avoided and washing with soap and water is recommended. WHO does not recommend isolation of male or female convalescent patients whose blood has been tested negative for Ebola virus.
Reducing the risk of transmission from pregnancy related fluids and tissue, Pregnant women who have survived Ebola disease need community support to enable them to attend frequent antenatal care (ANC) visits, to handle any pregnancy complications and meet their need for sexual and reproductive care and delivery in a safe way. This should be planned together with the Ebola and Obstetric health care expertise. Pregnant women should always be respected in the sexual and reproductive health choices they make.
Controlling infection in health-care settings
Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.
Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patient’s blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding. When in close contact (within 1 metre) of patients with EVD, health-care workers should wear face protection (a face shield or a medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown, and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures).
Healthcare staff working with ANC or obstetric care should be informed about risks of persisting virus in pregnancy related fluids and encouraged to follow protocol for their own safety and the safety of the women they are caring for.
Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from humans and animals for investigation of Ebola infection should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.
Care for people who recovered from EVD
A number of medical complications have been reported in people who recovered from Ebola, including mental health issues. Ebola virus may persist in some body fluids, including semen, pregnancy-related fluids and breast milk.
Ebola survivors need comprehensive support for the medical and psychosocial challenges they face and also to minimize the risk of continued Ebola virus transmission. To address these needs, a dedicated programme can be set up for care for people who recovered from Ebola.
Ebola virus is known to persist in immune-privileged sites in some people who have recovered from Ebola virus disease. These sites include the testicles, the inside of the eye, and the central nervous system. In women who have been infected while pregnant, the virus persists in the placenta, amniotic fluid and fetus. In women who have been infected while breastfeeding, the virus may persist in breast milk.
Relapse-symptomatic illness in someone who has recovered from EVD due to increased replication of the virus in a specific site is a rare event, but has been documented. Reasons for this phenomenon are not yet fully understood.
Studies of viral persistence indicate that in a small percentage of survivors, some body fluids may test positive on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for Ebola virus for longer than 9 months.
More surveillance data and research are needed on the risks of sexual transmission, and particularly on the prevalence of viable and transmissible virus in semen over time. In the interim, and based on present evidence, WHO recommends that:
All Ebola survivors and their sexual partners should receive counselling to ensure safer sexual practices until their semen has twice tested negative. Survivors should be provided with condoms.
Male Ebola survivors should be offered semen testing at 3 months after onset of disease, and then, for those who test positive, every month thereafter until their semen tests negative for virus twice by RT-PCR, with an interval of one week between tests.
Ebola survivors and their sexual partners should either:
abstain from all types of sex, or
observe safer sex through correct and consistent condom use until their semen has twice tested negative.
Having tested negative, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices without fear of Ebola virus transmission.
Based on further analysis of ongoing research and consideration by the WHO Advisory Group on the Ebola Virus Disease Response, WHO recommends that male survivors of Ebola virus disease practice safe sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen tests negative twice for Ebola virus.
Until such time as their semen has twice tested negative for Ebola, survivors should practice good hand and personal hygiene by immediately and thoroughly washing with soap and water after any physical contact with semen, including after masturbation. During this period, used condoms should be handled safely, and safely disposed of, so as to prevent contact with seminal fluids.
All survivors, their partners and families should be shown respect, dignity and compassion.
Interim advice on the sexual transmission of the Ebola virus disease
WHO response
WHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus disease and supporting at-risk countries to develop preparedness plans. This document provides overall guidance for control of Ebola and Marburg virus outbreaks:
Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation
When an outbreak is detected WHO responds by supporting community engagement, disease detection, contact tracing, vaccination, case management, laboratory services, infection control, logistics, and training and assistance with safe and dignified burial practices.
WHO has developed detailed advice on Ebola infection prevention and control:
Source: WHO
Mlipuko mkubwa kuwahi kuokea duniani umeokea katika nchi za Liberia , Sierra Leone na Guinea.
Mlipuko huu pia umeaziathiri nchi za Nigeria , Senegal , Mali na Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya Kongo , pia nje ya bara la Afrika nchi za Marekani na Uispania zimeathirika.
Ugonjwa wa Ebola umetoka katika nchi jirani za Uganda na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo . Kutokana na muingiliano kati ya nchi na nchi , kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa ugonjwa huu ukaenenea nchi nyingine endapo tahadhari hazitachukuliwa.
Jinsi Ebola inavyoambukizwa
Ugonjwa wa Ebola unaambukizwa kwa haraka kutoka mtu mmoja aliye na virusi vya Ebola hadi mwingine kupitia njia zifuatazo:-
Kugusa majimaji ya mwili toka kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa virusi vya Ebola –mfano damu , matapishi , jasho , mkojo , mate , machozi na kamasi.
Kugusa au kuosha maiti ya mtu aliyefariki kwa ugonjwa wa Ebola
Kugusa godoro, shuka , blanketi au nguo zilizotumiwa na mgonjwa wa Ebola
Kuchomwa na sindano au vifaa visivyo safi na salama ambayo vimetumiwa na mgonjwa wa Ebola
Kugusa mizoga au kula wanyama pori kama vile sokwe , Nyani na Popo
Kula matunda yaliyoliwa nusu na wanyama
Dalili za Ebola
Dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola huanza kujitokeza kati ya siku 2 hadi 21 baada ya kupata maambukizi. Mgonjwa wa Ebola huwa na dalili zifuatazo
Homa kali ya ghafla
Maumivu ya kichwa
Maumivu ya mwili , misuli na viungo
Kuharisha (kunakoweza kuambatana na damu)
Kutapika (kunakoweza kuambatana na damu)
Vipele mwilini
Kuvia damu chini ya ngozi au kutokwa na damu puani , mdomoni , machoni na masikioni.
TIBA
Ugonjwa wa Ebola hauna tiba maalum wala chanjo , Mgonjwa hupatiwa tiba saidizi kulingana na dalili alizonazo , kama vile
Tiba ya kushusha homa na maumivu
Kuongezewa damu na maji mwilini
Tiba lishe
Kujikinga na Ebola
Epuka kusalimiana kwa kushikana mikono au kukumbatiana
Epuka kugusa damu , matapishi , mkojo ,kinyesi , kamasi , mate , machozi na maji mengine yanayotoka mwilini mwa mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa huu.
Epuka kugusa au kuosha maiti ya mtu aliyekufa akiwa na dalili za Ebola badala yake toa taarifa kwa uongozi wa serikali ili wasimamie taratibu za mazishi
Epuka kutumia nguo , shuka , blanketi , kitanda na godoro za mtu aliyeambukizwa ugonjwa huu.
Nawa mikono kwa maji yanayotiririka na sabuni mara unapomembelea mgonjwa hospitalini au kumdumia nyumbani.
Epuka kugusa wanyama kama vile popo , nyani , sokwe ,tumbili na swala au mizoga ya wanyama
Zingatia ushauri na maelekezo yanayotolewa na wataalamu wa afya na viongozi wa serikali kuhusu ugonjwa wa Ebola.
Wahi kituo cha kutolea huduma za afya uonapo dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola
Toa taarifa mapema kwenye kituo cha huduma za afya, ofisi ya serikali ya mtaa au kijiji uonapo mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola au kifo.
Zingatia usafi binafsi pamoja na usafi wa mazingira yako
Athari za Ebola
Ebola husababisha unyanyapaa kwa waathirika na familia zao.
Ebola husababisha athari za kisaikolojia kwa waathirika , familia zao, na jamii
Huenea kwa haraka sana na kusababisha vifo vingi na kuathiri nguvu-kazi ya taifa
Jamii huingiwa na hofu na wasiwasi na kushindwa kufanya shughuli za kiuchumi na kujiingizia kipato
Ni gharama kubwa kuhudumia wagonjwa wa Ebola
Wajibu wa jamii
Nenda haraka kwenye kituo cha kutolea huduma za afya pindi unapohisi kuwa na dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola, au unapogusana na mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola.
Toa taarifa mapema kwenye kituo cha huduma za afya ,ofisi ya serikali ya mtaa au kijiji uonapo mtu mwenye dalili za ugonjwa wa Ebola au kifo.
Epuka uvumi , tafuta taarifa sahihi kuhusu ugonjwa wa Ebola toka kwa mamlaka husika.
================
Ebola virus disease
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. EVD first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, DRC. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The 2014–2016 outbreak in West Africa was the largest Ebola outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. The outbreak started in Guinea and then moved across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia.
The virus family Filoviridae includes three genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. Within the genus Ebolavirus, six species have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Taï Forest, Reston and Bombali.
Transmission
It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as fruit bats, chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope or porcupines found ill or dead or in the rainforest.
Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with:
Blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola
Objects that have been contaminated with body fluids (like blood, feces, vomit) from a person sick with Ebola or the body of a person who died from Ebola
Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This occurs through close contact with patients when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.
Burial ceremonies that involve direct contact with the body of the deceased can also contribute in the transmission of Ebola.
People remain infectious as long as their blood contains the virus.
Pregnant women who get acute Ebola and recover from the disease may still carry the virus in breastmilk, or in pregnancy related fluids and tissues. This poses a risk of transmission to the baby they carry, and to others. Women who become pregnant after surviving Ebola disease are not at risk of carrying the virus.
If a breastfeeding woman who is recovering from Ebola wishes to continue breastfeeding, she should be supported to do so. Her breast milk needs to be tested for Ebola before she can start.
For more, read the guidelines on the management of pregnancy and breastfeeding in Ebola.
Symptoms
The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms, is from 2 to 21 days. A person infected with Ebola cannot spread the disease until they develop symptoms.
Symptoms of EVD can be sudden and include:
Fever
Fatigue
Muscle pain
Headache
Sore throat
This is followed by:
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Rash
Symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function
In some cases, both internal and external bleeding (for example, oozing from the gums, or blood in the stools).
Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.
Diagnosis
It can be difficult to clinically distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever and meningitis. Many symptoms of pregnancy and Ebola disease are also quite similar. Because of risks to the pregnancy, pregnant women should ideally be tested rapidly if Ebola is suspected.
Confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are made using the following diagnostic methods:
antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
antigen-capture detection tests
serum neutralization test
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay
electron microscopy
·virus isolation by cell culture.
Careful consideration should be given to the selection of diagnostic tests, which take into account technical specifications, disease incidence and prevalence, and social and medical implications of test results. It is strongly recommended that diagnostic tests, which have undergone an independent and international evaluation, be considered for use.
Diagnostic tests evaluated through the WHO emergency use assessment and listing process
Current WHO recommended tests include:
Automated or semi-automated nucleic acid tests (NAT) for routine diagnostic management.
Rapid antigen detection tests for use in remote settings where NATs are not readily available. These tests are recommended for screening purposes as part of surveillance activities, however reactive tests should be confirmed with NATs.
The preferred specimens for diagnosis include:
Whole blood collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from live patients exhibiting symptoms.
Oral fluid specimen stored in universal transport medium collected from deceased patients or when blood collection is not possible.
Samples collected from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples should be conducted under maximum biological containment conditions. All biological specimens should be packaged using the triple packaging system when transported nationally and internationally.
Treatment
Supportive care - rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids - and treatment of specific symptoms improves survival. A range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are currently being evaluated.
In the 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the first-ever multi-drug randomized control trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of drugs used in the treatment of Ebola patients under an ethical framework developed in consultation with experts in the field and the DRC.
Two monoclonal antibodies (Inmazeb and Ebanga) were approved for the treatment of Zaire ebolavirus (Ebolavirus) infection in adults and children by the US Food and Drug Administration in late 2020.
Vaccines
The Ervebo vaccine has been shown to be effective in protecting people from the species Zaire ebolavirus, and is recommended by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization as part of a broader set of Ebola outbreak response tools. In December 2020, the vaccine was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and prequalified by WHO for use in individuals 18 years of age and older (except for pregnant and breastfeeding women) for protection against Ebola virus disease caused by Zaïre Ebola virus.
The vaccine had been administrated to more than 350 000 people in Guinea and in the 2018-2020 Ebola virus disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo under “compassionate use” protocol. The vaccine has shown to safe and effective against the species Zaire ebolavirus. A global stockpile of the Ervebo vaccine has become available starting January 2021.
In May 2020, the European Medicines Agency recommended granting marketing authorization for a 2-component vaccine called Zabdeno-and-Mvabea for individuals 1 year and older.
The vaccine is delivered in 2 doses: Zabdeno is administered first and Mvabea is given approximately 8 weeks later as a second dose. This prophylactic 2-dose regimen is therefore not suitable for an outbreak response where immediate protection is necessary.
Prevention and control
Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, including case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures (including vaccination) that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk reduction messaging should focus on several factors:
Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit bats, monkeys, apes, forest antelope or porcupines and the consumption of their raw meat. Animals should be handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption.
Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission from direct or close contact with people with Ebola symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill patients. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home.
Outbreak containment measures, including safe and dignified burial of the dead, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola and monitoring their health for 21 days, the importance of separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread, and the importance of good hygiene and maintaining a clean environment.
Reducing the risk of possible sexual transmission, based on further analysis of ongoing research and consideration by the WHO Advisory Group on the Ebola Virus Disease Response, WHO recommends that male survivors of EVD practice safer sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen tests negative twice for Ebola virus. Contact with body fluids should be avoided and washing with soap and water is recommended. WHO does not recommend isolation of male or female convalescent patients whose blood has been tested negative for Ebola virus.
Reducing the risk of transmission from pregnancy related fluids and tissue, Pregnant women who have survived Ebola disease need community support to enable them to attend frequent antenatal care (ANC) visits, to handle any pregnancy complications and meet their need for sexual and reproductive care and delivery in a safe way. This should be planned together with the Ebola and Obstetric health care expertise. Pregnant women should always be respected in the sexual and reproductive health choices they make.
Controlling infection in health-care settings
Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients, regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.
Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus should apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patient’s blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding. When in close contact (within 1 metre) of patients with EVD, health-care workers should wear face protection (a face shield or a medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown, and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures).
Healthcare staff working with ANC or obstetric care should be informed about risks of persisting virus in pregnancy related fluids and encouraged to follow protocol for their own safety and the safety of the women they are caring for.
Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from humans and animals for investigation of Ebola infection should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.
Care for people who recovered from EVD
A number of medical complications have been reported in people who recovered from Ebola, including mental health issues. Ebola virus may persist in some body fluids, including semen, pregnancy-related fluids and breast milk.
Ebola survivors need comprehensive support for the medical and psychosocial challenges they face and also to minimize the risk of continued Ebola virus transmission. To address these needs, a dedicated programme can be set up for care for people who recovered from Ebola.
Ebola virus is known to persist in immune-privileged sites in some people who have recovered from Ebola virus disease. These sites include the testicles, the inside of the eye, and the central nervous system. In women who have been infected while pregnant, the virus persists in the placenta, amniotic fluid and fetus. In women who have been infected while breastfeeding, the virus may persist in breast milk.
Relapse-symptomatic illness in someone who has recovered from EVD due to increased replication of the virus in a specific site is a rare event, but has been documented. Reasons for this phenomenon are not yet fully understood.
Studies of viral persistence indicate that in a small percentage of survivors, some body fluids may test positive on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for Ebola virus for longer than 9 months.
More surveillance data and research are needed on the risks of sexual transmission, and particularly on the prevalence of viable and transmissible virus in semen over time. In the interim, and based on present evidence, WHO recommends that:
All Ebola survivors and their sexual partners should receive counselling to ensure safer sexual practices until their semen has twice tested negative. Survivors should be provided with condoms.
Male Ebola survivors should be offered semen testing at 3 months after onset of disease, and then, for those who test positive, every month thereafter until their semen tests negative for virus twice by RT-PCR, with an interval of one week between tests.
Ebola survivors and their sexual partners should either:
abstain from all types of sex, or
observe safer sex through correct and consistent condom use until their semen has twice tested negative.
Having tested negative, survivors can safely resume normal sexual practices without fear of Ebola virus transmission.
Based on further analysis of ongoing research and consideration by the WHO Advisory Group on the Ebola Virus Disease Response, WHO recommends that male survivors of Ebola virus disease practice safe sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen tests negative twice for Ebola virus.
Until such time as their semen has twice tested negative for Ebola, survivors should practice good hand and personal hygiene by immediately and thoroughly washing with soap and water after any physical contact with semen, including after masturbation. During this period, used condoms should be handled safely, and safely disposed of, so as to prevent contact with seminal fluids.
All survivors, their partners and families should be shown respect, dignity and compassion.
Interim advice on the sexual transmission of the Ebola virus disease
WHO response
WHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus disease and supporting at-risk countries to develop preparedness plans. This document provides overall guidance for control of Ebola and Marburg virus outbreaks:
Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control, and evaluation
When an outbreak is detected WHO responds by supporting community engagement, disease detection, contact tracing, vaccination, case management, laboratory services, infection control, logistics, and training and assistance with safe and dignified burial practices.
WHO has developed detailed advice on Ebola infection prevention and control:
Source: WHO
