Government decentralization
Historians have described the history of governments and empires in terms of centralization and decentralization. In his 1910 The History of Nations Henry Cabot Lodge wrote that Persian king Darius I (550-486 BCE) was a master of organization and for the first time in history centralization becomes a political fact. He also noted that this contrasted with the decentralization of ancient Ancient Greece.[63] Since the 1980s a number of scholars have written about cycles of centralization and decentralizations. Stephen K. Sanderson wrote that over the last 4000 years chiefdoms and actual states have gone through sequences of centralization and decentralization of economic, political and social power.[64] Yildiz Atasoy writes this process has been going on since the Stone Age through not just chiefdoms and states, but empires and todays hegemonic core states.[65] Christopher K. Chase-Dunn and Thomas D. Hall review other works that detail these cycles, including works which analyze the concept of core elites which compete with state accumulation of wealth and how their "intra-ruling-class competition accounts for the rise and fall of states" and of their phases of centralization and decentralization.[66]
Rising government expenditures, poor economic performance and the rise of free market-influenced ideas have convinced governments to decentralize their operations, to induce competition within their services, to contract out to private firms operating in the market, and to privatize some functions and services entirely.[67]
East Province, Rwanda, created in 2006 as part of a government decentralization process.
Government decentralization has both political and administrative aspects. Its decentralization may be territorial, moving power from a central city to other localities, and it may be functional, moving decision-making from the top administrator of any branch of government to lower level officials, or divesting of the function entirely through privatization.[68] It has been called the "new public management" which has been described as decentralization, management by objectives, contracting out, competition within government and consumer orientation.[69]
[edit]Political
Political decentralization aims to give citizens or their elected representatives more power. It may be associated with pluralistic politics and representative government, but it also means giving citizens, or their representatives, more influence in the formulation and implementation of laws and policies. Depending on the country, this may require constitutional or statutory reforms, the development of new political parties, increased power for legislatures, the creation of local political units, and encouragement of advocacy groups.[39]
Decentralization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
una kazi kweli. mbona unatuletea theories za kwenye wikipedia. tuletee hiyo ya CHADEMA. Najua haipo ila mnawadanganya tu watu kuwa mna hiyo sera. au ndo slaa na mbowe wamekutuma utuletee hizo theories. umechemka kaka