Jaji Mfawidhi
JF-Expert Member
- Feb 20, 2016
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Wanasheria au Mawakili, Mahakimu na Majaji hawako juu ya Sheria, nao pia wanaweza kuchukuliwa hatua za kinidhamu na hata kushtakiwa Mahakamani kama mtu mwingine yeyote.
Makala hii inahusu jinsi ya kuwawajibisha waliotajwa hapo juu kwa makosa ya kimaadili (nidhamu) tu na sio kuwashtaki Mahakamani.
1: TUANZE NA MAWAKILI BINAFSI:
Zifuatazo ni sheria zinazosimamia maadili ya Mawakili wa kujitegemea nchini Tanzania (the legal framework governing the professional conduct of Advocates in Tanzania)
{i}: (Sheria ya Mawakili wa Kujitegemea) The Advocates Act [CAP. 341 R.E 2019]
{ii} The Advocates (Professional Conduct and Etiquette) Regulations, GN. No. 118, 2018.
{iii} The Advocates (Disciplinary and other Proceedings) Rules G.N. No. 120, 2018.
{iv} The Notaries Public and Commissioner for Oaths Act.
{v} Tanganyika Law Society Act na rules zake (though the rules are not enforceable yet - hazitumiki).
MAKOSA YA KITAALUMA KWA MAWAKILI BINAFSI (ADVOCATES PROFESSIONAL MISCONDUCTS).
(i) Unqualified and un-authorized practice - Kufanya kazi ya Uwakili wakati hauna vigezo/sifa, mfano wewe sio Wakili au ni Wakili kabisa lakini hauja renew leseni au umesimamishwa au kuvuliwa Uwakili. Section 39 - 41 ya the Advocates Act [CAP. 341 R.E 2019] na Regulation 121 ya The Advocates (Professional Conduct and Etiquette) Regulations, GN. No. 118, 2018.
(ii) Lack of integrity (kukosa uadilifu). Soma Kanuni ya 2 & 6 ya Kanuni za Maadili ya Mawakili (Advocates (Professional Conduct and Etiquette) Regulations, GN. No. 118, 2018).
(iii) Kupiga debe ili kujipatia wateja (touting). Imekatazwa chini ya Section 47 ya Sheria ya Mawakili na Regulation 128 ya Kanuni za Maadili ya Mawakili.
(iv) Kuingia makubaliano na mteja ya kulipana baada ya kesi kuisha (Champerty / contingency fee). Regulation 81 (lakini kuna tofauti ya champerty na contingency fee - tutasoma baadae).
(v) Uzembe (Negligence). Regulation 14
{vi} Kushindwa kutunza siri za wateja (breach of confidentiality). Regulation 30.
(vii) Kusimamia kesi ambayo una mgongano wa maslahi (conflict of interests). Regulations 35, 45, 52, 53.
(viii) Kutoza mteja malipo zaidi ya kiwango au chini ya kiwango kilichowekwa na sheria (Undercutting or overcharging). Regulation 6(1)(l)
(ix) Kutumia vibaya pesa za mteja (misappropriation of clients money) unatakiwa uwe na akaunti mbili, ya Wakili na ya Mteja. Regulation 6(1)(f).
(x) Kufanya Matangazo (advertisements). Regulation 127
*(xi) Kuchangia au Kufanya kazi ofisi moja na watu wa taaluma zingine.
(xii) Na kadhalika.* Yako makosa mengi ya kimaadili (tutasoma baadaye).
DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES (VYOMBO AU MAMLAKA ZINAZOWEZA KUWAWAJIBISHA MAWAKILI WA KUJITEGEMEA):
Nikisema disciplinary authority (mamlaka ya nidhamu) namaanisha mtu au mamlaka iliyopewa nguvu kisheria kuchukua hatua za nidhamu dhidi ya Mawakili wanapokiuka maadili yao.
*Kwa Mawakili wa kujitegemea, wanawajibishwa na mamlaka Kuu mbili au tuseme tatu pamoja na TLS (Tanganyika Law Society /Chama cha Mawakili Tanganyika).
Mamlaka hizo ni:
1: MAHAKAMA (JUDICIARY),
2: KAMATI ZA MAADILI ZA MAWAKILI (ADVOCATES COMMITTEES) na
3: TANGANYIKA LAW SOCIETY (TLS).
1: MAHAKAMA (JUDICIARY):
Upande wa Mahakama, kuna disciplinary authorities zifuatazo:
{i} CHIEF JUSTICE (JAJI MKUU)
Ana Mamlaka ya kumuonya au kumsimamisha Wakili kwa muda fulani au kuamuru jina lake lifutwe kabisa kwenye Roll (daftari la Mawakili), (haijulikani kama ni ikiwa utovu wa nidhamu huo utafanyika mbele yake wakati wa kusikiliza kesi au hata akiwa popote pale nje ya Mahakama. Kwa mtazamo wangu ni popote pale maana huyu ndo anawaapisha Mawakili kwa hiyo uki misbehave mi naona anaweza kukuadhibu haijalishi mko ndani au nje ya Mahakama).
*Remedy/nafuu ukiwa aggrieved na maamuzi ya Jaji Mkuu: Maamuzi ya Jaji Mkuu yanaweza kukatiwa rufaa Mahakama ya Rufani ambayo uamuzi wake utakua wa mwisho. Section 22(1) (2)(a) & (c)(ii) of the Advocates Act.
NB: Ukiondoa Jaji Mkuu (Chief Justice), Majaji wengine wa Mahakama ya Rufani (Justice of Appeals) siwezi kusema hawana mamlaka kumuwajibisha Wakili ila Sheria iko Kimya. Ila ukienda kule Mahakama Kuu - Majaji wote mmoja mmoja na High Court kiujumla wamepewa Mamlaka kama tutakavyoona hapo mbeleni.
{ii} HIGH COURT (MAHAKAMA KUU)
- Ina Mamlaka ya kumuonya au kumsimamisha Wakili kwa muda fulani au kuamuru jina lake lifutwe kwenye Roll, (kwa tafsiri yangu ni ikiwa utovu wa nidhamu huo utafanyika mbele ya High Court wakati wa kusikiliza kesi sidhani kama ina include nje ya Mahakama).
Remedy: Maamuzi ya High Court kwa hatua hii (at this stage) hukatiwa rufaa kwenye Kamati ya Maadili ya Mawakili (National Advocates Committee) (Sio Mahakama ya Rufani). Section 22(2)(a) & (c)(i).
Kwa tafsiri yangu hapa naamini High Court iliyomaanishwa hapo ni High Court full bench (jopo) na sio Jaji mmoja, lakini nikisema hivyo logic inakataa unawezaje kukatia rufaa maamuzi ya jopo kwenye National Advocates committee ambayo inakua chaired na single Judge, then ukiwa aggrieved kwenye Committee urudi tena High Court kwenye full bench tena. Naona hai make sense.
Possibly High Court means single Judge kwenye hiyo section 22, but if so why sheria imewatenganisha au imewapa mamlaka tofauti, kuna specific powers za High Court baadae tena ikataja na specific powers za Judge. Possibly haimaanishi kitu kimoja, je High Court na Judge under section 22 ni mamlaka mbili tofauti?? Kwa mtazamo wangu ni tofauti kwa sababu nitakazotoa hapo baadae. Tuendelee na disciplinary authority nyingine upande wa Judiciary.
{iii} JUDGES OF THE HIGH COURT (MAJAJI WA MAHAKAMA KUU) -
Jaji ana mamlaka ya kumsimamisha Wakili KWA MUDA (temporary), ikiwa utovu wa nidhamu huo utafanyika mbele yake wakati wa kusikiliza kesi na kisha kulipeleka suala husika kwenye MAHAKAMA Kuu (sio kwenye kamati ya Mawakili) - “kwenye Mahakama Kuu” ambayo itathibitisha au kutengua (DISALLOW) uamuzi huo.
-Ina maana Jaji wa Mahakama kuu akikusimamisha Uwakili, huwezi kukata rufaa moja kwa moja kwenda kwenye Kamati ya Mawakili au popote kabla ya Mahakama Kuu ku confirm au ku disallow. Na mamlaka/power ya Jaji ni temporary pending reference to High Court. Section 22(2)(b) ya Sheria ya Mawakili.
Remedy: Maamuzi ya Mahakama Kuu kwenye confirmation au disallowance (after reference) hukatiwa rufaa kwenye Kamati ya Mawakili sio Court of Appeal.
(Huwa najiuliza kwenye kusikiliza reference for disallowance wanakaa majaji wangapi? Ndio maana nikasema huenda ile High Court iliyomaanishwa pale section 22 ni full bench (jopo) maana hai make sense Jaji mmoja kukaa ku vary, ku confirm au kutengua (disallow) maamuzi ya Jaji mwenzake wa Mahakama Kuu ambaye wako level moja)!!! Logic ina dictate kuwa reference dhidi ya maamuzi ya Jaji mmoja mara nyingi huwa zinasikilizwa na Majaji watatu na kuendelea (rejea uzoefu wa Mahakama ya Rufaa/Court of Appeal Rules).
NB: Majaji wa Mahakama kuu wanamwajibisha Wakili kama akionesha utovu wa nidhamu Mahakamani wakati kesi inaendelea. Lakini kama ni huko nje ya Mahakama sioni kama wana mamlaka, mamlaka ya kumwadhibu Wakili huku mtaani zimeachiwa Kamati za Mawakili. Kasoro Jaji Mkuu ambae mimi nafikiri hana mipaka.
Tumemaliza Upande wa Mahakama (Judiciary). Mahakimu au Mahakama za chini sheria iko kimya, inakuwaje Wakili aki misbehave kwenye subordinate court (Mahakama ya chini) hakimu afanye nini?
2: ADVOCATES COMMITTEES (KAMATI ZA MAWAKILI). Wengine wanaziita Kamati za Maadili ya Mawakili au wanasheria.
Zamani Kamati ya maadili ilikuwa moja tu nchi nzima (Advocates Committee) lakini kufuatia marekebisho ya Sheria ya mwaka 2021, (the Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No. 3), Act 2021, Act no. 5), sheria imeanzisha Kamati za Maadili za Mawakili kila Mkoa ili kurahisisha upatikanaji haki na kumwezesha mwananchi anayemlalamikia Wakili kwa ukiukaji wa maadili kushughulikia tatizo lake katika ngazi ya Mkoa badala ya kusafiri kuifuata Kamati ya Maadili katika ngazi ya taifa.
Hivyo kwa sasa tuna 👇
(a) Kamati ya maadili ya Mawakili katika ngazi ya taifa (National Advocates Committee) na
(b) Kamati za Maadili za Mawakili kwa ngazi za Mikoa.
{a} NATIONAL ADVOCATES COMMITTEE (KAMATI YA MAADILI YA MAWAKILI NGAZI YA TAIFA):
Hiki ndio chombo kikuu cha kuwawajibisha Mawakili nchini Tanzania. National Advocates' Committee ina wajumbe wake (composition) ambao ni AG/DPP, Judge na member mmoja wa TLS ambaye yeye hana voting power.
Zamani Kamati hii ilikuwa inapokea na kusikiliza kwa mara ya kwanza malalamiko yote yanayohusu Mawakili kama vile utovu wa nidhamu, uzembe n.k. Lakini sasa hivi mambo hayo yote yanaanzia mikoani. Hivyo, National Advocates Committee inapokea na kusikiliza rufaa zinazotoka huko mikoani na zinazotoka Mahakama Kuu. (Sioni kama ina original jurisdiction).
Remedy: Maamuzi yote ya Kamati ya Maadili ya Mawakili (National Advocates Committee) yanakatiwa rufaa Mahakama Kuu ambapo husikilizwa na jopo la Majaji wasiopungua watatu. Rejea section 24A(1) & (4) ya Sheria ya Mawakili.
{b} KAMATI ZA MAADILI ZA MAWAKILI KWA NGAZI YA MIKOA.
Zimeanzishwa chini ya kifungu cha 4A(1) cha Sheria ya Mawakili, kama ilivyofanyiwa marekebisho mwaka 2021 (Soma amendments). Maamuzi yake hukatiwa rufaa National Advocates Committee (Kamati ya Mawakili ngazi ya Taifa).
Hazina mamlaka kumvua Wakili Uwakili. Kama adhabu husika ni kufuta jina la Wakili kwenye orodha/daftari la Mawakili, itabidi wapeleke uamuzi na mapendekezo kwenye Kamati ya Mawakili ngazi ya Taifa (National Advocates Committee). Rejea Section 4B(3) ya Sheria ya Mawakili (soma amendments).
3: TLS (Tanganyika Law Society /Chama cha Mawakili Tanganyika). Hapa pia kuna committees zifuatazo:
-TLS National ethics committee na
-TLS Chapter ethics committees.
TLS ethics committee ikipokea malalamiko inakaa kama tribunal/baraza.
Swali: Je, mamlaka ya TLS ni yapi, inaweza kumfanya nini Wakili? Utasoma kwa muda wako kwenye sheria husika (TLS Regulations). Na how do you enforce the decisions of these committees (ni jinsi gani maamuzi ya hizi kamati zote yanawezwa kukaziwa au kutekelezwa?)
2: MAWAKILI WA SERIKALI (LAWYERS IN PUBLIC SERVICE/STATE ATTORNEYS)
Kwa ufupi, Mawakili wa Serikali (State Attorney) ni wanasheria walioajiriwa Serikalini ingawa sio kila mwanasheria anayefanya kazi serikalini ni Wakili wa Serikali. Tuishie tu hapo mada isiwe ndefu.
SHERIA ZINAZOSIMAMIA MAADILI NA MWENENDO WA MAWAKILI WA SERIKALI (LEGAL FRAMEWORK REGULATING THE CONDUCT OF LAWYERS IN PUBLIC SERVICE).
Kwa upande wa Mawakili wa Serikali, ukitaka kujua maadili yao na vyombo vinavyohusika kuwawajibisha soma sheria zifuatazo (Laws Governing Ethics of State Attorneys and Lawyers in Public Service).
{i} The Office of the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act [CAP. 268 R.E. 2019].
{ii}The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Law Officers, State Attorneys and Legal Officers.
{iii} The National Prosecutions Service Act [CAP. 430 R.E 2019]
{iv} The Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Guidelines for Practising State Attorneys and Law Officers, 2020.
{v} The Advocates Act na regulations zake etc.
Pamoja na sheria tajwa hapo juu, kwa kuwa Mawakili wa Serikali ni watumishi wa Umma, wanatakiwa pia kuzingatia Kanuni na maadili ya watumishi wa umma kama yalivyoainishwa katika sheria za utumishi wa umma zifuatazo;
{vi} Public Service Act, CAP 298, R.E 2002
{vii} Public Service Regulations, 2022.
{viii} Public Service Disciplinary Code of Good Practice, G.N 53/2007
{ix} Standing Orders for the Public service, 2009 (GN 493/2009.
{x} Public Leadership Code of Ethics [CAP 398 R.E 2002]
{xi} The Code of Ethics and Conduct for the Public Service n.k.
MAKOSA YA KINIDHAMU KWA MAWAKILI WA SERIKALI (WHAT AMOUNTS TO BREACH OF DISCIPLINE BY STATE ATTORNEYS).
1: Kufanya kazi ya Uwakili (wa Serikali) wakati huna vigezo (unqualified practice). Section 16 of the Office of the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act [CAP. 268 R.E. 2019].
2: Kwenda Mahakamani kama Wakili wa kujitegemea au kufanya kazi za Uwakili binafsi. Section 17(A) of the Office of the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act [CAP. 268 R.E. 2019.
3: Kufanya kazi zingine nje ya mipaka ya Wizara au idara husika.
4: Kukosa uadilifu (lack of integrity)
5: Kuvujisha siri (breach of confidentiality) n.k. Mengine yanafanana na maadili ya Mawakili wa kujitegemea.
Pia maadili yote ya watumishi wa umma yanawahusu na State Attorneys (Mawakili wa Serikali) kwa sababu kama nilivyosema awali State Attorneys wote ni public servants (ni watumishi wa umma na wanaajiriwa kwa kufata sheria za utumishi wa umma.).
MAMLAKA ZINAZOSHUGHULIKIA MAADILI YA MAWAKILI WA SERIKALI (DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR LAWYERS IN PUBLIC SERVICE).
1: MWANASHERIA MKUU WA SERIKALI (ATTORNEY GENERAL).
Anasimamia nidhamu ya Mawakili wa Serikali wanaofanya kazi Kwenye Ofisi ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali (AG). Soma Section 7(1)(e) of the Office of the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act [CAP. 268 R.E. 2019] na Order 4(l) ya Amri ya Mabadiliko ya Muundo wa Ofisi ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali (The Office of the Attorney General (Re-structure) Order, G.N. No. 48, 2018).
2: MWANASHERIA MKUU MSAIDIZI (DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL).
Anasimamia nidhamu ya Mawakili wa Serikali wanaofanya kazi Kwenye Ofisi ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali. Section 7(1)(e) of the Office of the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act [CAP. 268 R.E. 2019] na Order 6(2)e ya Amri ya Mabadiliko ya Muundo wa Ofisi ya Mwanasheria Mkuu wa Serikali (the Office of the Attorney General (Re-structure) Order, G.N. No. 48, 2018).
3: SOLICITOR GENERALI (WAKILI MKUU WA SERIKALI).
Anasimamia nidhamu ya wale Mawakili wa Serikali wanaofanya kazi kwenye Ofisi ya Wakili Mkuu wa Serikali. Soma Order 4(1)(j) ya the Office of the Solicitor General (Establishment) Order, GN. No. 50, 2018.
4: THE DEPUTY SOLICITOR GENERAL (WAKILI MKUU MSAIDIZI).
Anasimamia nidhamu ya wale Mawakili wa Serikali wanaofanya kazi Kwenye Ofisi ya Wakili Mkuu wa Serikali. Soma Order 6(2) ya the Office of the Solicitor General (Establishment) Order, GN. No. 50, 2018.
5: OFISI YA TAIFA YA MASHTAKA (NATIONAL PROSECUTIONS SERVICES) au tuseme Mwendesha Mashtaka Mkuu wa Serikali (Director of Public Prosecutions - DPP). Anasimamia nidhamu ya wale Mawakili wa Serikali wanaofaniya kazi Kwenye Ofisi ya Taifa ya Mashtaka. Order 4(i) of of the National Prosecutions Services (Establishment) Order, GN No. 49, 2018.
6: MKURUGENZI WA MASHTAKA MSAIDIZI (DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTION). Anasimamia nidhamu ya wale Mawakili wa Serikali wanaofanya kazi Kwenye Ofisi ya Taifa ya Mashtaka (National Prosecutions Services). Section 5(2), 9(1)(h) ya National Prosecutions Service Act [CAP. 430 R.E. 2022] na Order 6(2) of the National Prosecutions Services (Establishment) Order, GN No. 49, 2018.
7: WAAJIRI HUSIKA KWENYE WIZARA,, IDARA AU MAMLAKA HUSIKA (respective employers in the ministries, local government authorities, independent departments, agencies, public corporations and parastatal organizations. Section 21(3) of the Office of the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act [CAP. 268 R.E. 2019].
8: KAMATI YA MAWAKILI (ADVOCATES COMMITTEE). Section 27(3) of the Office of the Attorney General (Discharge of Duties) Act [CAP. 268 R.E. 2019]
Lakini kwa kuwa Mawakili wa Serikali ni watumishi wa Umma, hivyo wako pia chini ya Sheria za utumishi wa Umma (Public Service Act na kanuni zake), hivyo wanawajibishwa pia na mamlaka zifuatazo ambazo zinasimamia maadili ya watumishi wote wa umma.
1: MHESHIMIWA RAIS (PRESIDENT).
Ana mamlaka ya kumuajibisha mtumishi wa umma lakini pia anasikiliza rufaa za watumishi wa umma ambapo maamuzi yake ni ya mwisho. Section 24 & 25 ya Public Service Act. Hii inawahusu hadi State Attorneys (Mawakili wa Serikali)
2: KATIBU MKUU (CHIEF SECRETARY): Anasimamia maadili ya watumishi wa umma walioteuliwa na Rais. Section 4(3)(d), 4(4), 25(1) ya Public Service Act.
3: TUME YA UTUMISHI WA UMMA (PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION).
Inapokea na kusikiliza rufaa za watumishi wa umma. Section 10(1)(d) ya Public Service Act.
4: WAAJIRI HUSIKA KWENYE WIZARA,, IDARA AU MAMLAKA HUSIKA. (Respective employers). Hawa wanasimamia maadili ya watumishi wa umma wanaofanya kazi chini ya idara au vitengo vyao. Mfano Mawaziri, Watendaji au CEO (chief executive officers) wa kila wizara, idara, mkoa au serikali za mitaa n.k. E.g. Section 6(1)(b) of the Public Service Act.
Generally, itategemea na wewe unafanya kazi wapi. Kwa ufupi, procedure ya kumu-discipline mtumishi wa umma yeyote iko hivi, ukishakuwa punished na mwajiri wako e.g. Law School n.k. una appeal kwenye Public service Commission, inategemeana kuna wanao appeal kwa President direct. Section 25(1) (a) and (b) ya Public Service Act.
Remedy: Ukiwa aggrieved na uamuzi wa Public Service Commission unakata rufaa kwa President ambaye ni final Section 25(1) (c) ya Public Service Act. Na ukiwa aggrieved na uamuzi wa Rais? Is there any remedy? Hili nakumbuka lilikua swali langu la oral exam (niliulizwa procedures za ku discipline Public servants, remedies na ukifika kwa Rais una remedy gani na documents). Obvious utasema judicial review.
Ila mi huwa nauliza, kwa nini tusiende CMA baada ya kutoka kwa Rais? Kwa sababu ukisoma section 32A ya Public Service Act (marginal notes inasema “REMEDIES UNDER LABOUR LAWS)” Nanukuu,
“A public servant shall, PRIOR TO SEEKING REMEDIES PROVIDED FOR IN LABOUR LAWS, exhaust all remedies as provided for under this Act.”
Ukisoma maneno ya hicho kifungu, ni kana kwamba watumishi wa umma wana remedies under labour laws (CMA), ila hawatakiwi kuanzia huko, mpaka kwanza wamalizane n remedies zilizomo kwenye Public Service Act, ambazo ni appeal to Public Service Commission and President. Je, public servant akitoka kwa Rais akarud kufungua complaint CMA as per labour laws atakuwa amekosea?
Kesi nyingi zinazosema CMA haina jurisdiction over public servants ni zile ambazo public servants walianzia direct CMA kabla ya kupita kwenye Public Service Commission na kwa Rais, lakini hakuna kesi inayosema kama ukitoka kwa Rais ukarudi CMA je CMA bado itakua haina jurisdiction? Hiyo ni challenge tu ila hata mimi siku ya oral pale law school nilipoulizwa nilisema remedy ni JUDICIAL REVIEW. 😂
Kufikia hapo tumemalizana na maadili ya state attorneys, na kwa kuwa state attorneys ni Public Servants basi tumemaliza hadi usimamizi wa maadili kwa upande wa watumishi wa umma. Procedures zao ni hizo hizo.
Tuendelee na upande wa MAJAJI NA MAHAKIMU:
Disciplinary Authorities (vyombo au Mamlaka zinazoweza kuwawajibisha Mahakimu na Majaji).
Tuishie hapa somo litakua refu sana nikiunganisha mambo ya Majaji na Mahakimu hapa, ila kwa upande wa Mahakimu na Majaji, ukitaka kujua maadili yao na vyombo vinavyohusika kuwawajibisha soma sheria zifuatazo.
1:Katiba.
2: The Judiciary Administration Act No. 4 of 2011 na regulations zake na
3: The Code of Conduct for Judicial Officers of Tanzania.
KWA WANAFUNZI WA LAW SCHOOL MNAOENDELEA NA MNAOKUJA, KWA KWELI UKISOMA HILI ANDIKO LOTE NA HIZO SHERIA NILIZOTAJA UMEMALIZA LEGAL ETHICS.
------MWISHO-------
Natoa angalizo, wale wazee wa kukopi machapisho ya watu na kuweka majina yenu. Ni kosa kisheria. Hatua kali zitachukuliwa kwa yeyote atakayejimilikisha andiko hili.
Unaruhusiwa kushare lakini usibadili yaliyomo. Ni heri uanze kuandika ya kwako mpya.
Law school ni rahisi, msiogope. Kama hujaelewa sehemu yoyote humo ndani kuhusu nilichoandika hapa unaruhusiwa kuuliza for clarification au kama una constructive challenge karibu
crd: Z. M zakariamaseke@gmail.com
