Extract from the Book
The Flags Changed at Midnight: Tanganyika's Progress Towards Independence
By Michael Longford. Served as District Commissioner in Tanganyika under British Administration.
Indirect Rule (From Page 81)
The concept of Inderct Rule was brought to Tanganyika by Sir Donald Cameron, who was the Governer from 1925 to 1931, and had previously served in Nageria under Sir Frederick (later Lord) Lugard. After serving in Tanganyika, cameron himself refurned to Nigeria as Governor in 1931.
While he was in Tanganyika, Cameron introduced a system which was modelled on the method of administration which Lugard had implement in Nigeria. Any country may concieveably be forced into submission by a ruthless tyrant with superior power and resources, but the philosophy of Indirect Rule acknowledged that a country could only be governed in a humane way if it had the concent of people being governed.
In 1930, Cameron issued a Local Government Memorandum setting out the aims and methods of indirect rule. This memorandum includes the following paragraphs:
The mandatory power is under a solemn obligation so to train the natives that they may stand by themselves, at least as part of the whole community of the Territory, and we cannot discharge that obligation if we do not train the people in the art of administration. It must be plain that in any such training we must first teach the people to administer their own affairs, and it seems obvious that in doing the latter, the wise course, if not only the practical course, is to build on the institutions of the people themselves, the tribal institutions which have been handed down to them through the centuries. If we set up artificial institutions, these institutions can have no inherent stability, and must crumble away at the first shock which they may receive. It is our duty to do everything in our power to develop the native politically on lines suitable to the state of society in which he lives. Our desire is to make him a good African, and we shall not achieve this if we destroy all the institutions, all the traditions, all the habits of the people, superimposing on them what we consider to be better administrative methods and better principals, but destroying every-thing that made the administration really in touch with the thoughts and customs of the people.
The system adopted by the Tanganyika Government for this purpose is based on the principle known as Indirect Rule, that is the principle of adapting for the purposes of local government the institutions which the native peoples have evolved for themselves, so that they may develop in a constitutional manner from their own past, guided and restrained by the traditions and sanctions which they have inherited (moulded or modified as they be on the advice of British Officers) and by the general advice and control of those officers. It is the essential feature of this system that the British Government rules through these native institutions which are regarded as an integral part of the machinery of the government, with well defined powers and functions recognised by Government and by law, and not dependent on the caprice of an executive officer.