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Pluto's atmosphere is starting to disappear, scientists find

Pluto's atmosphere is going through a strange transformation, scientists are finding.

www.space.com

Pluto's atmosphere is starting to disappear, scientists find
By Chelsea Gohd
published October 08, 2021

A new study shows how Pluto's atmosphere is disappearing.
A new study shows how Pluto's atmosphere is disappearing. (Image credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)

Pluto's atmosphere is going through a strange transformation, scientists are finding.

The icy dwarf planet, which lies over 3 billion miles (4.8 billion kilometers) away from Earth in the Kuiper Belt, caught astronomers' attention as it passed in front of a star back in 2018.

With the star backlighting Pluto, the team of researchers was able to make observations of the dwarf planet and its atmosphere. With this unique view, they came to a surprising conclusion, which they describe in a new study.
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The astronomers found evidence that Pluto's atmosphere is starting to disappear.

Related: Why Isn't Pluto a Planet Anymore?
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Using telescopes at multiple sites in both the U.S. and Mexico, the team observed Pluto and its thin atmosphere, which is primarily made of nitrogen, like that of Earth. Pluto's atmosphere is supported by the vapor pressure of ices on the dwarf planet's surface. So, if ice warms up on Pluto, it can dramatically alter the density of its atmosphere, according to a statement from Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), the home institution of multiple members of the research team.

For about 25 years, Pluto has been moving farther and farther away from the sun, so its surface temperature has been going down. And with these recent observations, the researchers found evidence showing that Pluto's atmosphere is actually refreezing back onto its surface as the dwarf planet gets colder and colder. Pluto is so far from the sun that, as time goes on, it will get distinctly farther away (and colder) before getting closer to the sun in other regions of its immense orbit.

Thanks to a phenomenon known as thermal inertia, Pluto'ssurface pressure and atmospheric density continued to rise until 2018. Essentially, Pluto had residual heat from when it was closer to the sun. However, the inertia starting to wear off and, as Pluto gets colder, more and more of its atmosphere will freeze back onto its surface and "disappear."

"An analogy to this is the way the sun heats up sand on a beach," SwRI staff scientist Leslie Young, who studies the interaction between icy solar system bodies and their surfaces and atmospheres, said in the same statement.

"Sunlight is most intense at high noon, but the sand then continues soaking up the heat over the course of the afternoon, so it is hottest in the late afternoon. The continued persistence of Pluto’s atmosphere suggests that nitrogen ice reservoirs on Pluto’s surface were kept warm by stored heat under the surface. The new data suggests they are starting to cool," Young said.

So how did they figure this out just by watching Pluto move in front of a star?
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The researchers watched the star fade as Pluto moved in front of it and then come back into view once the dwarf planet had passed. Using the rate that the star came in and out of view, a transition that lasted about 2 minutes, they were able to determine the density of the dwarf planet's atmosphere, according to the statement.

This method relies upon what is known as an "occultation," an event that happens when one cosmic object is hidden by another passing in front of it. Studying occultations is an old and well-worn technique in the world of astronomy, and researchers have used it to study Pluto's atmosphere since 1988, Eliot Young, a SwRI senior program manager, said in the statement.

"The New Horizons mission obtained an excellent density profile from its 2015 flyby, consistent with Pluto’s bulk atmosphere doubling every decade, but our 2018 observations do not show that trend continuing from 2015," Young added, referring to the pioneering NASA mission that gave the world its first up-close look at Pluto..

In observing Pluto as it passed in front of the star, the team noticed a "central flash" in the middle of the path of the dwarf planet's shadow. The flash, caused by Pluto's atmosphere refracting light into the center of the shadow, changed the light curve that usually happens during occultation from a "u-shape" into a "w-shape."

"The central flash seen in 2018 was by far the strongest that anyone has ever seen in a Pluto occultation," Young said. "The central flash gives us very accurate knowledge of Pluto’s shadow path on the Earth."

Young discussed the results of this study Oct. 4 at the 53rd American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences Annual Meeting.

Email Chelsea Gohd at cgohd@space.com or follow her on Twitter @chelsea_gohd. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com.

 

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Moderator tafadhali naomba asaidie ku-edit kichwa cha habari

 

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Solar system yetu ndio inasayari tisa ila sayari zipo matrillioni Kwa matrillioni.

Aka google Universe na Multiverse huenda atapata mwanga.

 

[Makanyaga]

Aka google Universe na Multiverse huenda atapata mwanga.

The issue of a multi-universe is just an hypotheticl idea or imagination

 

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The issue of a multi-universe is just an hypotheticl idea or imagination

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[Makanyaga]

Ever wondered why Pluto is no longer a planet?

Source:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/pluto-not-a-planet/2021/08/23/ae8fd57c-fbb8-11eb-8a67-f14cd1d28e47_story.html

Ever wondered why Pluto is no longer a planet?

As we approach an international holiday known as Pluto Demoted Day, an expert explains why the dwarf planet is still super cool.

By Jason Bittel
August 23, 2021 at 5:00 p.m. EDT
Pluto, left, is shown with Charon, one of its five moons. Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet in 2006.



At the edge of our solar system, there’s a tiny, icy world with a diameter — or length across at its widest point — only 18.5 percent as large as Earth’s. You know it as Pluto.

When your parents were kids, Pluto was actually considered a planet. But 15 years ago, a group of scientists known as the International Astronomical Union voted to make the definition of “planets” more specific, and Pluto no longer made the cut. According to the IAU, Pluto is technically a “dwarf planet,” because it has not “cleared its neighboring region of other objects.” This means that Pluto still has lots of asteroids and other space rocks along its flight path, rather than having absorbed them over time, like the larger planets have done.

Believe it or not, each year on August 24, the international scientific community recognizes Pluto’s historic downgrade with a holiday called Pluto Demoted Day.
Pluto’s surface texture and composition, as captured by the New Horizons spacecraft. It’s very dark there, because the sun is much farther away than it is from, say, Earth.

But just because Pluto lost its planet status doesn’t mean it isn’t fascinating, says Cathy Olkin, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute.

For instance, Pluto can be more than 4 billion miles away from Earth, depending on where it is in its wonky orbit, and the dwarf planet’s average temperature dips to -387 degrees Fahrenheit. That’s so cold, things get a little bit weird.

“Pluto has this huge glacier on its surface, but the glacier is made of exotic ices,” says Olkin, who is also a scientist on NASA’s New Horizons mission to Pluto and beyond. “So, not water-ice, like we have here on Earth, but ice made out of nitrogen and methane, things that are gases in our atmosphere.”

Pluto is also really dark, because the sun is much farther away than it is here on Earth. In fact, NASA has a handy website that allows you to catch a glimpse of what scientists call “Pluto Time.” With an adult, simply enter your location and the website will tell you to look outside at a certain time of the day, usually right at dusk, when the light here on Earth looks almost exactly like it would on Pluto at noon, or its brightest time of the day.

Another interesting fact about Pluto is that it has five moons. One of them, called Charon, is half of Pluto’s size. (For comparison, our moon is just over one-quarter the size of Earth.) Charon is so big, Olkin says, that its gravity actually causes Pluto to wobble in its orbit.

The last thing you should probably know about Pluto? Some scientists do not agree with its demotion. One reason is that space is full of objects, and every planet has some in its “neighboring region.”

“There are many different ways to decide what is a planet,” Olkin says. “[Pluto] has an atmosphere. It has moons. It goes around the sun.”

“There are still people who are trying to fight that definition,” she says.

 

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