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Nchi za Afrika zimeendelea kukumbwa na Mapinduzi mfululizo ya Serikali na mengi kati yake yakifanywa na Vikosi vya Kijeshi ambavyo vimekuwa vikitoa sababu mbalimbali ikiwemo kubadili Mifumo isiyoheshimu Utawala Bora.
Tangu mwaka 1952 hadi 2023, kumekuwa na takriban majaribio 214 ya Mapinduzi, 108 yalishindikana, 106 yamefanikiwa. Mataifa 45 kati ya 54 barani Afrika yamepitia wastani wa jaribio moja la mapinduzi tangu 1950.
Katika kipindi cha miaka 3 (2021/23), Nchi 7 (Chad, Mali, Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Niger na Gabon zimeshuhudia Mapinduzi ya Kijeshi yaliyobadilisha Serikali zilizokuwepo
Unadhani nini hasa kinachoea Mapinduzi ya Serikali Barani Afrika?
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Powell told VOA this is because Africa tends to have many of the conditions that are normally associated with coups.
“Coups have become increasingly limited to the poorest countries in the world, and the recent wave of coups fits into that,” he said.
Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and Chad all had less than $20 billion in GDP in 2020, according to a World Bank estimate, while Sudan had a GDP of just over $21 billion. By comparison, the United States’ GDP was worth $20 trillion in 2020, ranking it the highest in the world.
Countries experiencing ongoing terrorism campaigns and insurgency are also disproportionately more likely to see coups, according to Powell, as well as those nations whose leaders lack legitimacy in the eyes of their citizens or armed forces.
Powell said that while most of Africa no longer sees coups as a threat, the Sahel region, which includes Burkina Faso, Mali, Chad and Sudan, still experience many of the most common factors that lead to coups.
African nations
Out of 54 countries on the African continent, 45 have had at least one coup attempt since 1950, according to data collected by Powell and Thyne. Narrowing the focus to only those countries that have experienced a successful takeover, one in which perpetrators hold power for at least seven days, that number drops to 36, or two-thirds of nations on the continent.
According to this definition, the target of a coup must be a sitting executive, and the perpetrators must have formal ties to the national government. Movements that attempt to overthrow an entire government and which are led by those not connected to power, such as rebellions or mass protests, are not included.
While some definitions of coups limit the perpetrators to only military figures, Powell and Thyne said doing so would likely bias the data toward successful coups.
“The initial instigation of a coup attempt frequently involves civilian members of the government alone, with the military playing a later role in deciding whether the putsch will be successful,” the researchers wrote. They cite the example of a 1962 coup attempt led by Senegalese Prime Minister Mamadou Dia that failed because he was unable to gain the military’s support.
Coup perpetrators must also be “within the state apparatus,” which excludes takeovers largely directed by foreign governments. Powell and Thyne cite the example of the fall of Ugandan President Idi Amin in 1979 at the hands of the Tanzanian military, saying the action “does not constitute a coup because foreign powers were the primary actors.”
Nigeria, Africa’s most populous nation, had a long history of coups following independence in 1960, with eight coup attempts — six of them successful. Since 1999, the country has transferred power through democratic elections and helped usher in an era of greater stability in West Africa and the continent as a whole.
Tangu mwaka 1952 hadi 2023, kumekuwa na takriban majaribio 214 ya Mapinduzi, 108 yalishindikana, 106 yamefanikiwa. Mataifa 45 kati ya 54 barani Afrika yamepitia wastani wa jaribio moja la mapinduzi tangu 1950.
Katika kipindi cha miaka 3 (2021/23), Nchi 7 (Chad, Mali, Guinea, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Niger na Gabon zimeshuhudia Mapinduzi ya Kijeshi yaliyobadilisha Serikali zilizokuwepo
Unadhani nini hasa kinachoea Mapinduzi ya Serikali Barani Afrika?
=============
Compared to the world
Of 486 attempted or successful coups carried out around the world since 1950, Africa has seen 214, the most of any region, with 106 of them successful, Powell and Thyne’s data show.| Region | Coup attempts | Successful | Failed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | 214 | 106 | 108 |
| Latin America | 146 | 70 | 76 |
| East Asia | 49 | 27 | 22 |
| Middle East | 44 | 21 | 23 |
| Europe | 17 | 8 | 9 |
| South Asia | 16 | 10 | 6 |
| Global | 486 | 242 | 244 |
Powell told VOA this is because Africa tends to have many of the conditions that are normally associated with coups.
“Coups have become increasingly limited to the poorest countries in the world, and the recent wave of coups fits into that,” he said.
Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali and Chad all had less than $20 billion in GDP in 2020, according to a World Bank estimate, while Sudan had a GDP of just over $21 billion. By comparison, the United States’ GDP was worth $20 trillion in 2020, ranking it the highest in the world.
Countries experiencing ongoing terrorism campaigns and insurgency are also disproportionately more likely to see coups, according to Powell, as well as those nations whose leaders lack legitimacy in the eyes of their citizens or armed forces.
Powell said that while most of Africa no longer sees coups as a threat, the Sahel region, which includes Burkina Faso, Mali, Chad and Sudan, still experience many of the most common factors that lead to coups.
African nations
Out of 54 countries on the African continent, 45 have had at least one coup attempt since 1950, according to data collected by Powell and Thyne. Narrowing the focus to only those countries that have experienced a successful takeover, one in which perpetrators hold power for at least seven days, that number drops to 36, or two-thirds of nations on the continent.
What is a coup?
A coup is an “illegal and overt attempts by the military or other elites within the state apparatus to unseat the sitting executive,” Powell and Thyne wrote in a 2011 article published in the Journal of Peace Research. A successful coup, they determined, lasts at least one week.According to this definition, the target of a coup must be a sitting executive, and the perpetrators must have formal ties to the national government. Movements that attempt to overthrow an entire government and which are led by those not connected to power, such as rebellions or mass protests, are not included.
While some definitions of coups limit the perpetrators to only military figures, Powell and Thyne said doing so would likely bias the data toward successful coups.
“The initial instigation of a coup attempt frequently involves civilian members of the government alone, with the military playing a later role in deciding whether the putsch will be successful,” the researchers wrote. They cite the example of a 1962 coup attempt led by Senegalese Prime Minister Mamadou Dia that failed because he was unable to gain the military’s support.
Coup perpetrators must also be “within the state apparatus,” which excludes takeovers largely directed by foreign governments. Powell and Thyne cite the example of the fall of Ugandan President Idi Amin in 1979 at the hands of the Tanzanian military, saying the action “does not constitute a coup because foreign powers were the primary actors.”
Countries with the most coups
Sudan tops the list as the African country with the most coups — attempted and successful — since 1950, with 17, Powell and Thyne’s data show. Of those takeover efforts, six were successful, including the most recent one in October. While Burkina Faso has had fewer total coups attempts in the same period, it has the highest number of successful coups, with eight, including January’s coup. In addition to the most recent putsch, coups were successfully carried out in Burkina Faso in 1966, 1974, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1987 and 2014. A coup was also attempted in 2015.Nigeria, Africa’s most populous nation, had a long history of coups following independence in 1960, with eight coup attempts — six of them successful. Since 1999, the country has transferred power through democratic elections and helped usher in an era of greater stability in West Africa and the continent as a whole.
Coups per country since 1950
