Ni vyema kufahamu aina za utawala wa nchi hapa duniani

[Mwanamayu]

Kuna aina tofauti za namna ya kutawala nchi. Kuna jinsi tofauti kimtazamo namna ya kuzipanga hizi aina za utawala wa nchi. Zifuatazo ni mitazamo miwili katika aina za utawala katika nchi hapa duniani.

Aina ya kwanza ya mpangilio

I. Democracy (majoritarian and consensus)

a.) Majoritarian

· Executive power in single party {The majority and minority alternate in the government power (size during election is dynamic) [non-negotiation democracy]}

o Exclusive, competitive, adversarial

o Unitary and centralised governments​

· Government for the people NOT only by the people (responsive to minority as well)

· Two dominant parties

· Disproportional electoral systems

· Pluralist

· Unicameral legislature

· Flexible constitutions

· Dependent central banks

· Constitutionality of legislation final word by legislatures

· Constitutional review by simple majority


b.) Consensus

· Power-sharing (majority and minority=plurality) i.e. coalitions/ federalism/ PR [negotiation democracy]

o Inclusiveness, bargaining, compromise

o Federal and decentralised governments​

· Government for the people NOT only by the people (responsive to minority as well)

· Many dominant parties

· Proportional electoral systems

· Coordinated and corporatist

· Bicameral legislature

· Rigid constitutions

· Independent central banks

· Constitutionality of legislation final word by supreme or constitutional courts

· Constitutional review by extraordinary majority

Source: Lijphart, Arend

II. Autocracy (party based, monarchy, military, personalist)

a.) Party based

· Better institutionalised

· Co-opting a larger size of population in the regime

· More space for CSOs

· Less repressive


b.) Monarchy

· Lack of citizen based institutionalised mode

· Royal rulers without ruling parties

· More repressive

· Semi-traditional sources of legitimacy


c.) Military

· Emerging during political crisis

· Claiming to restore political and economic stability BUT performing more poorly than party based or monarchies (in domestic conflict management & economic growth)

· Lack of citizen based institutionalised mode

· Ruling through threat or actual use of repression

· No establishment of ruling party

· Institutionalised intra-military power-sharing


d.) Personalist

· Weakening political institutions and administrative structures (including political parties and state bureaucracies)

· Emphasis on repression

· Emphasis on centralised control of economic resources over elite cooperation

· Pursuing exclusionary strategies i.e. blocking civil society (CSOs)

· Higher economic volatility

· Lower levels of foreign investment inflow


Aina ya pili ya mpangilio

1. Democracies
2. Flawed democracies
2. Hybrid regimes (Grey area between democracies and autocracies)
3. Autocracies

Source: the Economist Intelligence Unit

 

[tajirijasiri]

Sisi hapa kwetu ni Mkurupuko kwa kwenda mbele, hajulikani nani Mwwnasiasa, nani Polisi, nani Mtendaji, nani Mwanasheria nani mkubwa nani mdogo. Ni mwendo wa matamko tu. Shakabagaraa

 

[Raynavero]

asantee

 

[DEPETERO]

Yani hapa kwetu ni maajabu tu