Lwakatare Video: Metadata Information Can Easily Reveal Secret

Guys you know what, now adays people create a lot of video clip and fake them, for a good example how many times we see video clip on YOu tube uploaded showing the President Obama Kick the door by his foot just after finishing his speech, are you guys trust thos clips?? if You look at that video clip it looks exactly like Obama but those are NOT true videos!! heey work uuup guys mpo wapi???
 
a great lesson for political parties in tanzania not just to put much emphasis to campaigning and lobbying but to have experrts on the rising breach of online technology. The saga will cost chadema if efforts are not put in place to prove the fraudulent film, its in the best interest for the party to seek independent experts to varify the short film if it was genuine.

on the serious note it is high time now that big wigs running political parties and other organisations to have a specific projects and team of experts to fight off siber smear campaigns like the one being upoloaded few weeks ago.

it will be absolutly astonishing if the short film would be found fake without implicating some rising stars of the rulling ccm who had mentioned in public that they have seen the same episode way back and not only that they didnt report it to the authorities but also to say that they wernt involved in the making of the horrific smear campaign against a fellow tanzanian.

This is not the politics that ordinary people want to see in the future and it is important for the police authority to make sure they get to the bottom of it, and punish accordingly whoever is involved..

Two comments pal: One--they may already be knowing this campain is going to be short lived and will not go anywhere. On this note, the purpose is "black propaganda" aimed at shifting the subject in focus from a bad CCM to a bad CHADEMA. Chadema does not have the machinery to effectively fight the so called "Black Propaganda." Black Propaganda is anything you know to be an outright lie but which you chose to use in fighting an enemy when desperate.

The political atmosphere is tense AGAINST CCM. They are desperate. What has happened can be expected.

TWO: The opinion marked in blue is unworkable. The Tanzania police are working for the enemy of the people--CCM. It is not in the interest of the enemy of the people to get to the bottom of the matter.
 
This issue wont go anywhere I trust now adays we have very sofisticated electronic devises and software that can identify the trueth of the matter....if it was those years 1980s then i would say this can be true But for todays technology A BIG NO!!
 
This is not the politics that ordinary people want to see in the future and it is important for the police authority to make sure they get to the bottom of it, and punish accordingly whoever is involved..
The problem here is that the Tanzanian Police Force acts as one of CCM departments and openly acts in accordance with the ruling party's will. Most crimes against humanity perpetrated by the ruling CCM party have a hand of the police and the TISS (now fearfully notorious for hijacking and torture of anti CCM people)- the national secret security wing.
This explains why the CCM party's big wigs have confidence to openly predict the "anticipated" death of the threatening opposition parties without being questioned how is that to happen.
That is why most Tanzanians have lost hope and trust in this corrupted Police Force

 
issue ikiwekwa kitaaluma, safi sana huwezi kubishana na ninaamini kwamba hakutakuwa na mjadala mrefu dhidi ya ukweli huu hapa jf
 
Hivi kweli kuna mtu anadhani serikali ya Tanzania ikitaka kujua mtu aliyeiweka ile video YouTube itashindwa?

Kuna watu wako so illiterate na kompyuta wanadhani kuwa uki-uplaod video Youtube na ID feki basi huwezi kuwa tracked down.

Everything that people do on the Internet, including on YouTube, can be tracked down so easily. I mean everything.

Sioni ugumu wowote wa kum-track aliyeweka ile video.

Na kwa vile ile video inaongelea conspiracy to kill someone na kwa vile terms na conditions za YouTube zinakataza ku-upload video za aina hiyo, Google watakuwa tayari ku-cooperate na Tanzania kumpata aliyeiweka ile video ya conspiracy to commit a deadly crime.

Ni kweli kabisa mkuu, hilo lawezekana tatizo ni jee hilo likifanyika litainufaisha serikali? Kumbuka mtandao wa "the utamu" watu walilalamika kuwa unawadhalilisha lakini serikali ilifumbia macho lakini walipotoa picha za mkulu ndani ya sekunde 50 ukawa umefutika.
 
The problem here is that the Tanzanian Police Force acts as one of CCM departments and openly acts in accordance with the ruling party's will. Most crimes against humanity perpetrated by the ruling CCM party have a hand of the police and the TISS (now fearfully notorious for hijacking and torture of anti CCM people)- the national secret security wing.
This explains why the CCM party's big wigs have confidence to openly predict the "anticipated" death of the threatening opposition parties without being questioned how is that to happen.
That is why most Tanzanians have lost hope and trust in this corrupted Police Force




Mchangiaji mmojawapo wa matatizo tunayoyaona hapa nchini kwetu ni CHADEMA wenyewe kwa sera yao ya passive resistance. Wamebobea sana katika kutishia ambako kunafuatiwa na hatua hafifu. Niliwahi kumsikia mtaalamu mmoja wa vita akiita tabia hii kuwa ni tabia ya MKWARA.

Chadeama wamebobea zaidi katika Mikwara isiyofuatiwa na hatua tosha zinazoonekana. Palikuwapo na viashiria vya hatua za maana Arusha, Mwanza na Mbeya kidooogo, lakini mbali na maeneo haya CHADEMA kimekuwa chama cha Mikwara zaidi kuliko vitendo. Halafu wana confusion fulani hivi--kujifanya wapo careful katika recruitment ya watu, confusion ambayo hata hivyo inaingiza watu hafifu katika mambo fulanifulani.

Tanzania tuliyoifikia si nchi inayotaka MODESTY sasa. Nchi hii inataka tuhame kutoka kwenye sera za Mikwara tuingie kwenye sera za vitendo. Ukitaka kujua hilo ndilo jibu la matatizo tuliyo nayo fanya postmotam ya nini kimetokea Mtwara, Arusha, Zanzibar na Mbeya kidooogo kisiasa watu walipokaza uzi. Kinachoinyoosha CCM ni kukomaa tu. Si vitisho. Wakati umefika sasa kulishughulikia hili joka kwa vitendo. Mikwara haitupeleki popote!

Chadema walituliza ghasia 2010 kwa kuwatuliza vijana. Kila mtu anajua hili. Hizo ni sera za MODESTY, yaani ustaarabu wa utu wema kwa lugha nyingine. Kiko wapi sasa. MODESTY haituondolei tatizo tulilo nalo hata kidogo.... Niliwahi kusikia Mwanafalsafa mmoja wa kigiriki alisema MODESTY IS NOT NECESSARY IN NEED.

Tanzania inahitaji mabadiliko, na mabadiliko haya hayataletwa na Modesty, wala Mikwara ya kutishiatishia wahalifu halafu mnakwenda kujificha Kinondoni!!!!

Wake up!!!
 
Mods msinitoe ila nahisi uchaguzi 2015 utakua wa hovyo sana. Litakua liwalo na liwe kweli. Sidhani kama chadema watakubali tena. God forbid damu isimwagike.
 
Hii ishu ya Lwakatare, inaidhalilisha Tanzania hasa vyombo vyetu vya Usalama. Kweli inabidi serikali yetu iingizwe kwenye maajabu ya dunia
 
Makamanda saidieni ukweli ujulikane katika hili. Kuna watu akili zao ndogo wanataka ziongoze akili kubwa, Hii METADATA itumike kuwaumbua na wakose pa kuficha sura zao. Mnajifungia vyumbani mwenu kutafuta kuchafua CDM kwa akili zenu ndogo mnadhani mtashinda???
 
Interesting......

Hii ishu ya Lwakatare, inaidhalilisha Tanzania hasa vyombo vyetu vya Usalama. Kweli inabidi serikali yetu iingizwe kwenye maajabu ya dunia

Mchangiaji mmojawapo wa matatizo tunayoyaona hapa nchini kwetu ni CHADEMA wenyewe kwa sera yao ya passive resistance. Wamebobea sana katika kutishia ambako kunafuatiwa na hatua hafifu. Niliwahi kumsikia mtaalamu mmoja wa vita akiita tabia hii kuwa ni tabia ya MKWARA.

Chadeama wamebobea zaidi katika Mikwara isiyofuatiwa na hatua tosha zinazoonekana. Palikuwapo na viashiria vya hatua za maana Arusha, Mwanza na Mbeya kidooogo, lakini mbali na maeneo haya CHADEMA kimekuwa chama cha Mikwara zaidi kuliko vitendo. Halafu wana confusion fulani hivi--kujifanya wapo careful katika recruitment ya watu, confusion ambayo hata hivyo inaingiza watu hafifu katika mambo fulanifulani.

Tanzania tuliyoifikia si nchi inayotaka MODESTY sasa. Nchi hii inataka tuhame kutoka kwenye sera za Mikwara tuingie kwenye sera za vitendo. Ukitaka kujua hilo ndilo jibu la matatizo tuliyo nayo fanya postmotam ya nini kimetokea Mtwara, Arusha, Zanzibar na Mbeya kidooogo kisiasa watu walipokaza uzi. Kinachoinyoosha CCM ni kukomaa tu. Si vitisho. Wakati umefika sasa kulishughulikia hili joka kwa vitendo. Mikwara haitupeleki popote!

Chadema walituliza ghasia 2010 kwa kuwatuliza vijana. Kila mtu anajua hili. Hizo ni sera za MODESTY, yaani ustaarabu wa utu wema kwa lugha nyingine. Kiko wapi sasa. MODESTY haituondolei tatizo tulilo nalo hata kidogo.... Niliwahi kusikia Mwanafalsafa mmoja wa kigiriki alisema MODESTY IS NOT NECESSARY IN NEED.

Tanzania inahitaji mabadiliko, na mabadiliko haya hayataletwa na Modesty, wala Mikwara ya kutishiatishia wahalifu halafu mnakwenda kujificha Kinondoni!!!!

Wake up!!!

Mods msinitoe ila nahisi uchaguzi 2015 utakua wa hovyo sana. Litakua liwalo na liwe kweli. Sidhani kama chadema watakubali tena. God forbid damu isimwagike.

issue ikiwekwa kitaaluma, safi sana huwezi kubishana na ninaamini kwamba hakutakuwa na mjadala mrefu dhidi ya ukweli huu hapa jf

Ni kweli kabisa mkuu, hilo lawezekana tatizo ni jee hilo likifanyika litainufaisha serikali? Kumbuka mtandao wa "the utamu" watu walilalamika kuwa unawadhalilisha lakini serikali ilifumbia macho lakini walipotoa picha za mkulu ndani ya sekunde 50 ukawa umefutika.

This issue wont go anywhere I trust now adays we have very sofisticated electronic devises and software that can identify the trueth of the matter....if it was those years 1980s then i would say this can be true But for todays technology A BIG NO!!

Mimi nahisi ya Nguza a.k.a Babu Seya yanamkaribia Lwakatare
 
Polisi haina uwezo wa ku-'prove' 'authenticity' ya video ya 'Lwakatare' bila msaada wa aliyeitengeneza. Kitu gani kinaifanya video iwe 'authentic'? Kwanza, Wasifu na umiliki wa aliyeitengeneza (Ownership factors), Pili, ufunguo (keys) wa aliyeitengeneza (knowledge factors), Tatu, uhalisia wa wahusika na hadhira (Inherent factors). Polisi lazima iweze kupata uthibitisho usio na mashaka wa hayo mambo matatu ili kuweza kutengeneza kesi ya maana mahakamani vinginevyo basi itakuwa kesi 'kichekesho' ya kupoteza muda wa wahusika.. Lakini kwa jinsi wanavyo hangaika inaonekana mtengenezaji wanamjua na atajitokeza wakati muafaka..
 
Polisi haina uwezo wa ku-'prove' 'authenticity' ya video ya 'Lwakatare' bila msaada wa aliyeitengeneza. Kitu gani kinaifanya video iwe 'authentic'? Kwanza, Wasifu na umiliki wa aliyeitengeneza (Ownership factors), Pili, ufunguo (keys) wa aliyeitengeneza (knowledge factors), Tatu, uhalisia wa wahusika na hadhira (Inherent factors). Polisi lazima iweze kupata uthibitisho usio na mashaka wa hayo mambo matatu ili kuweza kutengeneza kesi ya maana mahakamani vinginevyo basi itakuwa kesi 'kichekesho' ya kupoteza muda wa wahusika.. Lakini kwa jinsi wanavyo hangaika inaonekana mtengenezaji wanamjua na atajitokeza wakati muafaka..


Mkuu Mungo Park, katika hili kundi hapa chini, hivi wewe mwenzangu unaweza kunisaidia kumtambua mwenye capacity
ya strategic analysis hapa?

RAIS MWISLAM, MAKAMU WA RAIS MWISLAMU, JAJI MKUU MWISLAMU, MKUU WA USALAMA WA TAIFA MWISLAM,
IGP MWISILAM, WAZIRI WA ULINZI MWISLAM, WAKUU WA MIKOA 19 KATI YA 28 NI WAISLAM,
78% YA WAJUMBE WA KAMATI KUU YA CCM NI WAISLAM, 81% YA WAJUMBE WA TUME YA KATIBA MPYA NI WAISLAM.
66% YA WAKUU WA WILAYA NI WAISLAM.

Unaona mwenye capacity ya strategic analysis hapo? Mbona mimi sioni?!
 
That's why i like jf, it's a combination of experts and ordinary citizen this lead to dissemination of valuable information, good job *****
 
Yeah hii kitu itasaidia ku reveal the truth. Kama polisi watashindwa kuitumia basi wanasheria wa CHADEMA waifanyie kazi na kujua kama ile vidoe ni genuine. Kama siasa za Tanzania tumefikia level hii sasa uko mbele naona hatari kubwa sana.
 
Guys you know what, now adays people create a lot of video clip and fake them, for a good example how many times we see video clip on YOu tube uploaded showing the President Obama Kick the door by his foot just after finishing his speech, are you guys trust thos clips?? if You look at that video clip it looks exactly like Obama but those are NOT true videos!! heey work uuup guys mpo wapi???


Kuna Jipya nimelipata mtaani: Kama si jipya humu JF tafadhali mtanijuza wanajamvi.

Video ya Rwakatare eti ni ya kweli. Mtu aliyeitengeza alikuwa katika chumba akipanga njama na Rwakatare.
Eti alitumia simu ya Camera ilikuwa mfuko wa shati mkono wa kushoto.

Kutokana na kumuamini sana, Rwakatare alifunguka na huyu mwanachadema wa YouTube akawa anauliza
maswali ili kumingiza zaidi Mkenge Rwakatare.

Kwa maana hiyo Video ni Kweli, na aliyei-upload ni Mwanachadema. Af sijaiona hiyo clip. naiomba basi
tafadhali wanajamvi. Em mtu anipe link tafadhali....
 
The only way to work out on this political ambiguity!

Metadata usually hide information that can embarrassingly lead to revelation of secrets resulting in leakage of business deals, hidden agendas and other crucial information, and hence a danger of exposing secrets which can be very costly!

It is known that (I will not put refs for now) even for reputable companies with server-based metadata removal, 10% of all information (provided they are in electronic form) going out of company server have metadata.

Metadata can reveal how an electronic file was created. Metadata for example can tell you whether this video was taken continuously from one place or just a combination of parts taken from different places in different times. It provides plenty of other information as well.

"One of the factors that distinguishes electronic documents from their paper counterparts and contributes to the complexity of electronic document records management is that electronically stored data is accompanied by metadata. Metadata "describes" the underlying data. It may include information such as what language it’s written in; where the data is stored; number of characters, pages and words; what tools were used to create it; when the data was created/modified and by whom." Reference: (E-discovery: What does your metadata reveal? : Municipal Association of SC)

I'm certain for large percentage, that this video is a forgery. The only way to clear this dilemma is to work it the clever way by extracting the meta information associated with the video file!

I'm convinced that there is little chance for people (who may also be not intelligent enough) who created this video to have ever thought of the meta info hidden in the file. And because the video is posted on internet, that means they cannot take it all back in order to remove metadata. Metadata can be extracted by just executing a small piece of code in the command prompt.

Yes, information should be submitted to the court as an evidence or let some geek do it before the public in the court so that everyone can witness!

Alternatively: Extract images from a video, then get EXIF (exchangeable image file) to analyze.

Mtahangaika sana lakini mwaka huu mmeshikwa pabaya. acha sheria ichukue mkondo wake.
 
I had no idea of Metadata..but good thing there's always some people out there who know things..Thank you for sharing this with us

[h=2]Definition[/h] Metadata (metacontent) are defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data, such as:

  • Means of creation of the data
  • Purpose of the data
  • Time and date of creation
  • Creator or author of the data
  • Location on a computer network where the data were created
  • Standards used
For example, a digital image may include metadata that describe how large the picture is, the color depth, the image resolution, when the image was created, and other data. A text document's metadata may contain information about how long the document is, who the author is, when the document was written, and a short summary of the document.
Metadata are data. As such, metadata can be stored and managed in a database, often called a Metadata registry or Metadata repository.[SUP][1][/SUP] However, without context and a point of reference, it might be impossible to identify metadata just by looking at them.[SUP][2][/SUP] For example: by itself, a database containing several numbers, all 13 digits long could be the results of calculations or a list of numbers to plug into an equation - without any other context, the numbers themselves can be perceived as the data. But if given the context that this database is a log of a book collection, those 13-digit numbers may now be identified as ISBNs - information that refers to the book, but is not itself the information within the book.
The term "metadata" was coined in 1968 by Philip Bagley, in his book "Extension of programming language concepts" [SUP][3][/SUP] where it is clear that he uses the term in the ISO 11179 "traditional" sense, which is "structural metadata" i.e. "data about the containers of data"; rather than the alternate sense "content about individual instances of data content" or metacontent, the type of data usually found in library catalogues.[SUP][4][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP] Since then the fields of information management, information science, information technology, librarianship and GIS have widely adopted the term. In these fields the word metadata is defined as "data about data".[SUP][6][/SUP] While this is the generally accepted definition, various disciplines have adopted their own more specific explanation and uses of the term.
[h=3]Libraries[/h] Metadata have been used in various forms as a means of cataloging archived information. The Dewey Decimal System employed by libraries for the classification of library materials is an early example of metadata usage. Library catalogues used 3x5 inch cards to display a book's title, author, subject matter, and a brief plot synopsis along with an abbreviated alpha-numeric identification system which indicated the physical location of the book within the library's shelves. Such data help classify, aggregate, identify, and locate a particular book. Another form of older metadata collection is the use by US Census Bureau of what is known as the "Long Form." The Long Form asks questions that are used to create demographic data to find patterns of distribution.[SUP][7][/SUP] For the purposes of this article, an "object" refers to any of the following:

  • A physical item such as a book, CD, DVD, map, chair, table, flower pot, etc.
  • An electronic file such as a digital image, digital photo, document, program file, database table, etc.
[h=3]Photographs[/h] Metadata may be written into a digital photo file that will identify who owns it, copyright & contact information, what camera created the file, along with exposure information and descriptive information such as keywords about the photo, making the file searchable on the computer and/or the Internet. Some metadata are written by the camera and some is input by the photographer and/or software after downloading to a computer. However, not all digital cameras enable you to edit metadata;[SUP][8][/SUP] this functionality has been available on most Nikon DSLRs since the Nikon D3 and on most new Canon cameras since the Canon EOS 7D.
Photographic Metadata Standards are governed by organizations that develop the following standards. They include, but are not limited to:

  • IPTC Information Interchange Model IIM (International Press Telecommunications Council),
  • IPTC Core Schema for XMP
  • XMP – Extensible Metadata Platform (an ISO standard)
  • Exif – Exchangeable image file format, Maintained by CIPA (Camera & Imaging Products Association) and published by JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association)
  • Dublin Core (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative – DCMI)
  • PLUS (Picture Licensing Universal System).
[h=3]Video[/h] Metadata are particularly useful in video, where information about its contents (such as transcripts of conversations and text descriptions of its scenes) are not directly understandable by a computer, but where efficient search is desirable.
[h=3]Web pages[/h] Web pages often include metadata in the form of meta tags. Description and keywords meta tags are commonly used to describe the Web page's content. Most search engines use these data when adding pages to their search index.
[h=3]Creation of metadata[/h] Metadata can be created either by automated information processing or by manual work. Elementary metadata captured by computers can include information about when a file was created, who created it, when it was last updated, file size and file extension.
[h=2]Metadata types[/h] The metadata application is manyfold covering a large variety of fields of application there are nothing but specialised and well accepted models to specify types of metadata. Bretheron & Singley (1994) distinguish between two distinct classes: structural/control metadata and guide metadata.[SUP][9][/SUP] Structural metadata are used to describe the structure of computer systems such as tables, columns and indexes. Guide metadata are used to help humans find specific items and are usually expressed as a set of keywords in a natural language. According to Ralph Kimball metadata can be divided into 2 similar categories: technical metadata and business metadata. Technical metadata correspond to internal metadata, business metadata - to external metadata. Kimball adds a third category named process metadata. On the other hand, NISO distinguishes between three types of metadata: descriptive, structural and administrative.[SUP][6][/SUP] Descriptive metadata are the information used to search and locate an object such as title, author, subjects, keywords, publisher; structural metadata give a description of how the components of the object are organised; and administrative metadata refer to the technical information including file type. Two sub-types of administrative metadata are rights management metadata and preservation metadata.
[h=2]Metadata structures[/h] Metadata (metacontent), or more correctly, the vocabularies used to assemble metadata (metacontent) statements, are typically structured according to a standardized concept using a well-defined metadata scheme, including: metadata standards and metadata models. Tools such as controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, thesauri, data dictionaries and metadata registries can be used to apply further standardization to the metadata. Structural metadata commonality is also of paramount importance in data model development and in database design.
[h=3]Metadata syntax[/h] Metadata (metacontent) syntax refers to the rules created to structure the fields or elements of metadata (metacontent).[SUP][10][/SUP] A single metadata scheme may be expressed in a number of different markup or programming languages, each of which requires a different syntax. For example, Dublin Core may be expressed in plain text, HTML, XML and RDF.[SUP][11][/SUP]
A common example of (guide) metacontent is the bibliographic classification, the subject, the Dewey Decimal class number. There is always an implied statement in any "classification" of some object. To classify an object as, for example, Dewey class number 514 (Topology) (i.e. books having the number 514 on their spine) the implied statement is: "<book><subject heading><514>. This is a subject-predicate-object triple, or more importantly, a class-attribute-value triple. The first two elements of the triple (class, attribute) are pieces of some structural metadata having a defined semantic. The third element is a value, preferably from some controlled vocabulary, some reference (master) data. The combination of the metadata and master data elements results in a statement which is a metacontent statement i.e. "metacontent = metadata + master data". All these elements can be thought of as "vocabulary". Both metadata and master data are vocabularies which can be assembled into metacontent statements. There are many sources of these vocabularies, both meta and master data: UML, EDIFACT, XSD, Dewey/UDC/LoC, SKOS, ISO-25964, Pantone, Linnaean Binomial Nomenclature etc. Using controlled vocabularies for the components of metacontent statements, whether for indexing or finding, is endorsed by ISO-25964: "If both the indexer and the searcher are guided to choose the same term for the same concept, then relevant documents will be retrieved." This is particularly relevant when considering that the behemoth of the internet, Google, is simply indexing then matching text strings, there is no intelligence or "inferencing" occurring.
[h=3]Hierarchical, linear and planar schemata[/h] Metadata schema can be hierarchical in nature where relationships exist between metadata elements and elements are nested so that parent-child relationships exist between the elements. An example of a hierarchical metadata schema is the IEEE LOM schema where metadata elements may belong to a parent metadata element. Metadata schema can also be one-dimensional, or linear, where each element is completely discrete from other elements and classified according to one dimension only. An example of a linear metadata schema is Dublin Core schema which is one dimensional. Metadata schema are often two dimensional, or planar, where each element is completely discrete from other elements but classified according to two orthogonal dimensions.[SUP][12][/SUP]
[h=3]Metadata hypermapping[/h] In all cases where the metadata schemata exceed the planar depiction, some type of hypermapping is required to enable display and view of metadata according to chosen aspect and to serve special views. Hypermapping frequently applies to layering of geographical and geological information overlays.[SUP][13][/SUP]
[h=3]Granularity[/h] The degree to which the data or metadata are structured is referred to as their granularity. Metadata with a high granularity allow for deeper structured information and enable greater levels of technical manipulation however, a lower level of granularity means that metadata can be created for considerably lower costs but will not provide as detailed information. The major impact of granularity is not only on creation and capture, but moreover on maintenance. As soon as the metadata structures get outdated, the access to the referred data will get outdated. Hence granularity shall take into account the effort to create as well as the effort to maintain.
[h=2]Metadata standards[/h] International standards apply to metadata. Much work is being accomplished in the national and international standards communities, especially ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) to reach consensus on standardizing metadata and registries.
The core standard is ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004 [SUP][14][/SUP] and subsequent standards (see ISO/IEC 11179). All yet published registrations according to this standard cover just the definition of metadata and do not serve the structuring of metadata storage or retrieval neither any administrative standardisation. It is important to note that this standard refers to metadata as the data about containers of the data and not to metadata (metacontent) as the data about the data contents. It should also be noted that this standard describes itself originally as a "data element" registry, describing disembodied data elements, and explicitly disavows the capability of containing complex structures. Thus the original term "data element" is more applicable than the later applied buzzword "metadata".
The Dublin Core metadata terms are a set of vocabulary terms which can be used to describe resources for the purposes of discovery. The original set of 15 classic [2] metadata terms, known as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set [3] are endorsed in the following standards documents:

Although not a standard, Microformat (also mentionned in the section metadata on the internet below) is a web-based approach to semantic markup which seeks to re-use existing HTML/XHTML tags to convey metadata. Microformat follows XHTML and HTML standards but is not a standard in itself. One advocate of microformats, Tantek Çelik, characterized a problem with alternative approaches:
“Here's a new language we want you to learn, and now you need to output these additional files on your server. It's a hassle. (Microformats) lower the barrier to entry.[SUP][15][/SUP]”
[h=2]Metadata usage[/h] [h=3]Data virtualization[/h] Main article: Data virtualization
Data virtualization has emerged as the new software technology to complete the virtualization stack in the enterprise. Metadata are used in data virtualization servers which are enterprise infrastructure components, alongside database and application servers. Metadata in these servers are saved as persistent repository and describe business objects in various enterprise systems and applications. Structural metadata commonality is also important to support data virtualization.
[h=3]SVN checkout metadata[/h] SVN maintains .SVN hidden files created in the web root folder which can reveal crucial information of the code repositories.
[h=3]Statistics and census services[/h] Standardization work has had a large impact on efforts to build metadata systems in the statistical community. Several metadata standards are described, and their importance to statistical agencies is discussed. Applications of the standards at the Census Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Statistics Canada, and many others are described. Emphasis is on the impact a metadata registry can have in a statistical agency.
[h=3]Library and information science[/h] Libraries employ metadata in library catalogues, most commonly as part of an Integrated Library Management System. Metadata are obtained by cataloguing resources such as books, periodicals, DVDs, web pages or digital images. These data are stored in the integrated library management system, ILMS, using the MARC metadata standard. The purpose is to direct patrons to the physical or electronic location of items or areas they seek as well as to provide a description of the item/s in question.
More recent and specialized instances of library metadata include the establishment of digital libraries including e-print repositories and digital image libraries. While often based on library principles, the focus on non-librarian use, especially in providing metadata, means they do not follow traditional or common cataloging approaches. Given the custom nature of included materials, metadata fields are often specially created e.g. taxonomic classification fields, location fields, keywords or copyright statement. Standard file information such as file size and format are usually automatically included.[SUP][16][/SUP]
Standardization for library operation has been a key topic in international standardization (ISO) for decades. Standards for metadata in digital libraries include Dublin Core, METS, MODS, DDI, ISO standard Digital Object Identifier (DOI), ISO standard Uniform Resource Name (URN), PREMIS schema, Ecological Metadata Language, and OAI-PMH. Leading libraries in the world give hints on their metadata standards strategies.[SUP][17][/SUP][SUP][18][/SUP]
[h=3]Metadata and the law[/h] [h=4]United States[/h] Problems involving metadata in litigation in the United States are becoming widespread.[SUP][when?][/SUP] Courts have looked at various questions involving metadata, including the discoverability of metadata by parties. Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have only specified rules about electronic documents, subsequent case law has elaborated on the requirement of parties to reveal metadata.[SUP][19][/SUP] In October 2009, the Arizona Supreme Court has ruled that metadata records are public record.[SUP][20][/SUP]
Document metadata have proven particularly important in legal environments in which litigation has requested metadata, which can include sensitive information detrimental to a party in court.
Using metadata removal tools to "clean" documents can mitigate the risks of unwittingly sending sensitive data. This process partially (see Data remanence) protects law firms from potentially damaging leaking of sensitive data through electronic discovery.
[h=3]Metadata in healthcare[/h] Australian researches in medicine started a lot of metadata definition for applications in health care. That approach offers the first recognized attempt to adhere to international standards in medical sciences instead of defining a proprietary standard under the WHO umbrella first.
The medical community yet did not approve the need to follow metadata standards despite respective research.[SUP][21][/SUP]
[h=3]Metadata and data warehousing[/h] Data warehouse (DW) is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data. Data warehouses are designed to manage and store the data whereas the business intelligence (BI) focuses on the usage of the data to facilitate reporting and analysis.[SUP][22][/SUP]
The purpose of a data warehouse is to house standardized, structured, consistent, integrated, correct, cleansed and timely data, extracted from various operational systems in an organization. The extracted data are integrated in the data warehouse environment in order to provide an enterprise wide perspective, one version of the truth. Data are structured in a way to specifically address the reporting and analytic requirements. The design of structural metadata commonality using a data modeling method such as entity relationship model diagramming is very important in any data warehouse development effort.
An essential component of a data warehouse/business intelligence system is the metadata and tools to manage and retrieve the metadata. Ralph Kimball[SUP][23][/SUP] describes metadata as the DNA of the data warehouse as metadata defines the elements of the data warehouse and how they work together.
Kimball et al.[SUP][24][/SUP] refers to three main categories of metadata: Technical metadata, business metadata and process metadata. Technical metadata are primarily definitional, while business metadata and process metadata are primarily descriptive. Keep in mind that the categories sometimes overlap.

  • Technical metadata define the objects and processes in a DW/BI system, as seen from a technical point of view. The technical metadata include the system metadata which define the data structures such as: tables, fields, data types, indexes and partitions in the relational engine, and databases, dimensions, measures, and data mining models. Technical metadata define the data model and the way it is displayed for the users, with the reports, schedules, distribution lists and user security rights.

  • Business metadata are a content from the data warehouse described in more user-friendly terms. The business metadata tell you what data you have, where they come from, what they mean and what is their relationship is to other data in the data warehouse. Business metadata may also serve as a documentation for the DW/BI system. Users who browse the data warehouse are primarily viewing the business metadata.

  • Process metadata are used to describe the results of various operations in the data warehouse. Within the ETL process, all key data from tasks are logged on execution. This includes start time, end time, CPU seconds used, disk reads, disk writes and rows processed. When troubleshooting the ETL or query process, this sort of data becomes valuable. Process metadata are the fact measurement when building and using a DW/BI system. Some organizations make a living out of collecting and selling this sort of data to companies - in that case the process metadata become the business metadata for the fact and dimension tables. Collecting process metadata is in the interest of business people who can use the data to identify the users of their products, which products they are using and what level of service they are receiving.
[h=3]Metadata on the Internet[/h] The HTML format used to define web pages allows for the inclusion of a variety of types of metadata, from basic descriptive text, dates and keywords to further advanced metadata schemes such as the Dublin Core, e-GMS, and AGLS[SUP][25][/SUP] standards. Pages can also be geotagged with coordinates. Metadata may be included in the page's header or in a separate file. Microformats allow metadata to be added to on-page data in a way that users do not see, but computers can readily access.
Interestingly, many search engines are cautious about using metadata in their ranking algorithms due to exploitation of metadata and the practice of search engine optimization, SEO, to improve rankings. See Meta element article for further discussion. Studies show that search engines respond to web pages with metadata implementations.[SUP][26][/SUP]
[h=3]Metadata in the broadcast industry[/h] In broadcast industry, metadata are linked to audio and video Broadcast media to:

  • identify the media: clip or playlist names, duration, timecode, etc.
  • describe the content: notes regarding the quality of video content, rating, description (for example, during a sport event, keywords like goal, red card will be associated to some clips)
  • classify media: metadata allow to sort the media or to easily and quickly find a video content (a TV news could urgently need some archive content for a subject). For example, the BBC have a large subject classification system, Lonclass, a customized version of the more general-purpose Universal Decimal Classification.
These metadata can be linked to the video media thanks to the video servers. All latest broadcasted sport events like FIFA World Cup or Olympic Games use these metadata to distribute their video content to TV stations through keywords. It's often the host broadcaster[SUP][27][/SUP] who is in charge of organizing metadata through its International Broadcast Centre and its video servers. Those metadata are recorded with the images and are entered by metadata operators (loggers) who associate in live metadata available in metadata grids through software (such as Multicam(LSM) or IPDirector used during FIFA World Cup or Olympic Games).[SUP][28][/SUP][SUP][29][/SUP]
[h=3]Geospatial metadata[/h] Metadata that describe geographic objects (such as datasets, maps, features, or simply documents with a geospatial component) have a history dating back to at least 1994 (refer MIT Library page on FGDC Metadata). This class of metadata is described more fully on the Geospatial metadata page.
[h=3]Ecological & environmental metadata[/h] Ecological and environmental metadata are intended to document the who, what, when, where, why, and how of data collection for a particular study. Metadata should be generated in a format commonly used by the most relevant science community, such as Darwin Core, Ecological Metadata Language,[SUP][30][/SUP] or Dublin Core. Metadata editing tools exist to facilitate metadata generation (e.g. Metavist,[SUP][31][/SUP] Mercury: Metadata Search System, Morpho[SUP][32][/SUP]). Metadata should describe provenance of the data (where they originated, as well as any transformations the data underwent) and how to give credit for (cite) the data products.
[h=3]Digital Music[/h] CDs such as recordings of music will carry a layer of metadata about the recordings such as dates, artist, genre, copyright owner, etc. The metadata, not normally displayed by CD players, can be accessed and displayed by specialized music playback and/or editing applications.
The metadata for compressed and uncompressed digital music is often encoded in the ID3 tag. Common editors such as TagLib support MP3, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, MPC, Speex, WavPack TrueAudio, WAV, AIFF, MP4 and ASF file formats.
[h=3]Cloud applications[/h] With the availability of Cloud applications, which include those to add metadata to content, metadata is increasingly available over the Internet.
[h=2]Metadata administration and management[/h] [h=3]Metadata storage[/h]

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010)
Metadata can be stored either internally,[SUP][33][/SUP] in the same file as the data, or externally, in a separate file. Metadata that are embedded with content is called embedded metadata. A data repository typically stores the metadata detached from the data. Both ways have advantages and disadvantages:

  • Internal storage allows transferring metadata together with the data they describe; thus, metadata are always at hand and can be manipulated easily. This method creates high redundancy and does not allow holding metadata together.
  • External storage allows bundling metadata, for example in a database, for more efficient searching. There is no redundancy and metadata can be transferred simultaneously when using streaming. However, as most formats use URIs for that purpose, the method of how the metadata are linked to their data should be treated with care. What if a resource does not have a URI (resources on a local hard disk or web pages that are created on-the-fly using a content management system)? What if the metadata can only be evaluated if there is a connection to the Web, especially when using RDF? How to realize that a resource is replaced by another with the same name but different content?
Moreover, there is the question of data format: storing metadata in a human-readable format such as XML can be useful because users can understand and edit it without specialized tools. On the other hand, these formats are not optimized for storage capacity; it may be useful to store metadata in a binary, non-human-readable format instead to speed up transfer and save memory....
[h=3]Metadata management[/h] Metadata management is the end-to-end process and governance framework for creating, controlling, enhancing, attributing, defining and managing a metadata schema, model or other structured aggregation, either independently or within a repository and the associated supporting processes (often to enable the management of content). The world Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has identified Governance as a key challenge in the advancement of third generation Web Technologies (Web 3.0, Semantic Web), and a number of research prototypes, such as S3DB, explore the use of semantic modeling to identify practical solutions.
[h=3]Database management[/h] Each relational database system has its own mechanisms for storing metadata. Examples of relational-database metadata include:

  • Tables of all tables in a database, their names, sizes and number of rows in each table.
  • Tables of columns in each database, what tables they are used in, and the type of data stored in each column.
In database terminology, this set of metadata is referred to as the catalog. The SQL standard specifies a uniform means to access the catalog, called the information schema, but not all databases implement it, even if they implement other aspects of the SQL standard. For an example of database-specific metadata access methods, see Oracle metadata. Programmatic access to metadata is possible using APIs such as JDBC, or SchemaCrawler.[SUP][34][/SUP]

source Metadata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
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