Iran: Vitisho vya netanyahu dhidi ya Uwepo wa Iran syria ni kituko na dhihaka

[Elungata]

israel ilifanya mashambulizi ya anga leo mida ya saa nane mchana ikilenga damusca airport,walitime wakati ndege ya abiria mahan airbus ikiwa na abiria ikijiandaa kutua pale uwanjani,ndege hiyo iligeuza na kurudi iran,ndege ya abiria ilitaka kutumika kama ngao iwapo syria ingetumia lile kombora lilodungua ndege ya urusi kujibu mashambulizi,saa hizi tungekuwa tunaongelea kudunguliwa ndege ya abiria ya iran na syria air defence,kwa sasa hiyo ndege ya abiria iko njiani tena kutoka iran kuelekea damusca

 

[Gavana]

Mwarabu nae ni mkoloni alikuja kuwatawala babu zetu na kuanzisha biashara ya utumwa. Kwenye biashara ya utumwa wa Africa mashariki mwarabu hakwepi Asilimia100 ni zake. Wakwanza ni mwarabu kufika Africa mashariki , baada ya hapo alikuja Mreno. Mreno hakukaa Sana aliondolewa na mwarabu tena. Mjerumani akaondolewa na mwingereza . Mwingereza ameendelea Mpaka tunapata Uhuru 1961. Sultan alimiliki kanzia hizo Pwani za Kenya Mombasa malindi , pwani ya Tanganyika yote pamoja msumbiji na visiwa vya Zanzibar na Mafia. Zanzibar Kwa kipindi hicho ilikuwa ukanda wa pwani yote ya Tanganyika na Kenya pamoja na visiwa.

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Wakristo Wanapanga Biashara Ya Utumwa

Watumwa walikuwa wanachukuliwa kutoka hata katika wakati wa Ufalme wa Kirumi, lakini “biashara halisi ya Utumwa” ilianza mnamo karne ya 16 baada ya ujio wa mataifa ya Kikristo ya Ulaya.

Edward A. Alpers wa Chuo Kikuu cha Dar-es Salaam, anaandika kwamba; “kama tunavyoleta utofautisho baina ya biashara inayoambatana katika watumwa ambayo ilichuruzika katika sahara kutoka magharibi mpaka kaskazini ya Afrika kuanzia siku za nyuma sana za wakati wa utawala wa Ufalme wa Kirumi, kwa upande mmoja, na kioja tunacho kiita The West African Slave Trade kwa upande mwingine, kwa hiyo lazima tulete tofauti hiyo hiyo kwa Afrika ya Mashariki.”1

Walter Rodney pia wa Chuo, Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, anaanza kuandika kijitabu chake “West Africa and the Atlantic Slave-Trade kwa maneno yafuatayo: - Wakati wote lazima ikumbukwe kwamba biashara ya utumwa iliyo;fanyi- ka katika bahari ya Atlantiki” lilikuwa ni tukio katika histo- ria ya dunia, iliyo husisha mabara matatu – Ulaya, Afrika na Marekani.

Watu walio toka kwa dhamira ya kutafuta watumwa walikuwa Wazungu waliotoka katika kila nchi kati ya Sweeden kwa upande wa Kaskazini na Ureno kwa upande wa magharibi.

Wareno walifika Afrika ya Magharibi muda mfupi kabla ya kuingia nusu karne ya kumi na tano. Mara moja na kwa haraka sana walianza kukamata (watumwa) Waafrika na kuwapeleka kufanya kazi Ulaya kama watumwa, hususan katika Ureno na Hispania. Lakini maendeleo muhimu sana kwa biashara hii ya utumwa yalikuwa katika karne ya kumi na sita, ambapo mabepari wa Kizungu walitambua kwamba wangepata faida kubwa sana kwa kutumia nguvukazi ya Waafrika kuujenga na kuuendeleza utajiri wa nchi zote za Amerika.

Matokeo yake, Waafrika walipelekwa Amerika ya kaskazini, Amerika ya kati, Amerika ya kusini na Visiwa vya Caribbean kwa ajili ya kukidhi haja ya nguvukazi ya watumwa kwenye machimbo ya dhahabu na shaba, na kwenye mashamba ya kilimo cha mazao ya miwa, pamba na tumbaku. Biashara hii mbaya ya kununua na kuuza binadamu ilidumu kwa kipindi cha miaka (400) mia nne, kwani Atlantic slave-Trade (Biashara ya Utumwa wa kupitia bahari ya Atlantiki) ilikoma mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1870.

“Mambo mengi yanaweza kusemwa kuhusu jinsi Biashara ya Utumwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki ilivyopangwa huko Ulaya, na kuhusu faida kubwa iliyokusanywa na nchi kama Uingereza na Ufaransa. Mambo mengi yanaweza kusemwa kuhusu safari za kutisha kutoka Afrika hadi Marekani kuvu- ka bahari ya Atlantic. Waafrika walipangwa kama dagaa kwenye meli za kubeba watumwa, na matokeo yake walikufa wengi sana.”2

Na dagaa walioje! Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu upakiaji huu wa watumwa kwenye meli, soma taarifa ifuatayo: - Moja ya hati yenye kuuvunja moyo sana katika nyaraka zote zinazotisha ni “Plan of the Brookes,” mpango mbaya sana wa karne ya kumi na nane wa kupanga watumwa kwenye meli ya kubeba watumwa ‘Brookes’… Kwa mahesabu sahi- hi, teknolojia ya kushtua ilitengenezwa - futi na inchi, chumba cha kusimama na nafasi ya kupumua iliwekwa kwa matumaini ya faida kubwa.

Mtu mmoja Bwana Jones anapendekeza kwamba wanawake watano wahesabiwe kama wanaume wanne, na wavulana watatu au wasichana watatu wafanywe kuwa sawa na watu wazima wawili … kila mtumwa mwanaume aruhusiwe futi sita kwa futi moja na inchi nne (1’4”x6’) kama nafasi ya chumba chake, kila mwanamke alipewa nafasi ya upana wa futi tano na inchi kumi na futi moja na inchi nne…. (5’10”x1’4”); na inaendelea hivyo mpaka kila mtu anapata nafasi – watumwa 451.

Lakini Muswada wa Bunge unaruhusu watumwa 454. Kwa hiyo hati hiyo inahitimisha kwamba kama watumwa watatu zaidi wangeweza kuwekwa kwa kubanwa katikati ya wale waliotamkwa kwenye mpango, mpango huu ungeweza kuchukua idadi ile ile ambayo imeelekezwa kwenye muswada.3

Mara Waafrika walipofikishwa upande mwingine wa bahari ya Atlantic, kwa hakika walikuwa katika “Dunia Mpya”, iliyojaa ukandamizaji na ukatili. Taarifa ifuatayo inaweza kusaidia kuelewa hali ilivyokuwa wakati huo. Rodney anaandika:
“Kuanzia wakati walipofika (Wakristo) Wazungu hadi 1600, takriban Waafrika milioni moja (1, 000,000) walichukuliwa kwenye meli za kubeba watumwa.

Wakati wa kipindi hicho, Wareno walikuwa ndio wafanya biashara wakuu wa biashara ya watumwa huko Afrika ya Magharibi. Ama wali- wapeleka Waafrika huko Brazil, ambayo nchi hiyo ilikuwa koloni lao, au vinginevyo waliwauza kwa waloezi wa Kihispania huko Mexico, Amerika ya kati, Amerika ya Kusini na visiwa vya Caribbean. Mnamo karne ya kumi na saba, kiasi cha Waafrika wapatao milioni saba hadi nane kutoka Afrika ya magharibi walivushwa bahari ya Atlantic.

Wadachi walijumuika na Wareno kama wafanya biashara wakuu wa biashara ya utumwa mnamo karne ya kumi na saba, na karne iliyofuata Waingereza wakawa wafanya biashara wakubwa kushinda wote wa biashara ya utumwa. Wakati biashara ya Utumwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki ilipofikia kileleni mnamo karne ya kumi na nane, meli za Kiingereza zilikuwa zinachukua zaidi ya nusu ya jumla yote ya watumwa na idadi iliyobaki iligawanywa baina ya Wadachi, Wafaransa, Wareno na Wadane (Danish).

“Ilipofika karne ya kumi na tisa, palikuwepo na mabadiliko mengine ya watu ambao walishika nafasi mbele katika kuinyonya Afrika. Nchi za Ulaya zenyewe hazikushiriki kikamilifu kwenye biashara ya utumwa, lakini badala yake Wazungu ambao waliloea Brazil, Cuba, na Amerika ya Kaskazini ndio ambao walipanga sehemu kubwa ya biashara.

Waamerika (U.S.A) ndiyo katika kipindi hicho hicho tu walipata uhuru kutoka kwa Waingereza, hili lilikuwa taifa jipya (U.S.A.) ambalo lilikuwa na mgawo mkubwa kabisa kuliko wote katika biashara ya watumwa katika biashara ya Atlantiki katika kipindi cha miaka hamsi- ni ya mwisho, kwa kuchukua kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha watumwa kuliko ambavyo imewahi kufanya huko nyuma.
“Ilipoanza “biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi, ilichukua utaratibu wa kutu- mia nguvu moja kwa moja wa Wazungu kuwashambulia Waafrika waliokuwa wanaishi karibu na pwani.

Mabaharia wa kwanza wa Kireno walipofika kwenye pwani inayoju- likana leo kama Mauritania, waliacha meli zao na kuanza kuwawinda watu waitwao, Moors watu walioishi katika jimbo hilo. Kwa kweli, hii haikuwa biashara hata kidogo – ilikuwa uvamizi wa nguvu. Hata hivyo, baada ya mashambulizi kadhaa ya kushtukizwa, Waafrika wa pwani wakawa na kawaida ya kulinda kwa zamu na walijilinda kwa nguvu dhidi ya washambuliaji wao Wazungu.

Katika kipindi kifupi tu, Wareno walitambua kwamba uvamizi haikuwa mbinu inayofaa na iliyo salama katika kujaribu kuwapata watumwa. Zaidi ya hayo, pia walitaka dhahabu na bidhaa zingine za Kiafrika, ambazo wangeweza tu kuzipata kwa njia ya kununuliana na kuuziana kwa amani. Kwa hiyo badala ya kuvamia, Wareno waliona afadhali kutumia bidhaa zilizo tengenezwa kiwandani ili kuwatia moyo Waafrika kubadilishana na bidhaa zao na hata kuweza kuwafikisha mateka wa Kiafrika kwenye meli za Wazungu kwa urahisi. Mpango huu haukufanywa na Wareno pekee, lakini hata wazungu wengine wote walitambua na kukubali kwamba huo ulikuwa mpango mzuri zaidi wa kupata bidhaa hapa Afrika; na ilikuwa kwa njia hii waliweza kupata mamilioni mengi ya Waafrika.”4

Akifafanua juu ya kipengele hiki cha biashara ya watumwa, mwandishi anasema: “Moja ya vitu muhimu sana ni kutambua jambo liumalo sana na lisilo pendeza kwamba walikuwepo Waafrika ambao waliwasaidia na kushirikiana na Wazungu katika kuwafanya Waafrika wenzao kuwa watumwa.

Maana yake ni kwamba hatuwezi kuchukua msimamo dhaifu na kusema kwamba watu weupe walikuwa wabaya sana na watu weusi walikuwa waathirika (katika kuangamia). Mfano unaofaa na sambamba ambao ungeweza kusaidia kuelewa yale yaliyotokea katika Afrika ya Magharibi wakati wa kipindi cha karne za biashara za watumwa unaweza kuonekana hapa Afrika leo, ambapo viongozi wengi wanashirikiana na mabeberu wa Ulaya na Marekani (U. S. A.) kwa lengo la kuwanyonya na kuwakan- damiza Waafrika walio wengi.

Hatimaye, Waafrika wa Afrika ya Magharibi walifikishwa kwenye hali ya “uza au uuzwe.” Hapa suala la bunduki lilikuwa na umuhimu maalum. Kuwa na nguvu, serikali ili- hitaji bunduki, lakini ili kupata bunduki kutoka kwa wazungu, Waafrika ilibidi kuwapa Wazungu watumwa na wao kupewa bunduki. Watawala wa Kiafrika walijikuta wenyewe wanawauza watumwa ili wapate bunduki ambazo ziliwawezesha kuwakamata raia wao na kuwauza kama watumwa ili wanunue bunduki nyingi zaidi.

Hali hii inaweza kuelezewa, kama “ubaya juu ya ubaya (mzunguuko unaoashiria kukwama).” Watawala wa Kiafrika ambao waliwasaidia wazungu hawasameheki moja kwa moja, lakini inafafanua jinsi gani mwishoni hawakuwa washirika halisi wa Wazungu bali walikuwa watumishi au vibaraka wa Wazungu.” 5


Na kanisa lilikuwa linafanya nini wakati wote huo? Msikilize mwandishi huyu huyu anasema; “Kwa sababu faida kubwa sana ilikuwa inapatikana kwa kuwachukua watumwa kutoka Afrika, Wazungu walikataa kuzisikiliza dhamiri zao. Walifahamu kuhusu mateso yaliyo wapata watu katika Afrika, ndani ya meli za kubebea watumwa na kwenye mashamba yaliyokuwa yanalimwa na watumwa ya Waamerika, na walitambua kwamba kuwauza binadamu wenzao ni jambo ambalo halingethibitishwa kimaadili. Hata hivyo kanisa la Kikristo lilijitokeza na kutoa sababu nyingi likijitetea kuingia kwake katika biashara ya watumwa.

Wachungaji wengi walifanya biashara ya watumwa, hasa katika Angola, na wengine wengi walimiliki watumwa, katika nchi za Amerika. Sababu moja tu ambayo ilitolewa na kanisa Katoliki kuhusu vitendo vyake ilikuwa kwamba lilikuwa kinajaribu kuziokoa roho za Waafrika kwa kuwabatiza watumwa. Waprotestanti walikuwa wabaya zaidi, kwani wala hawakuweka wazi kwamba walikubali kwamba Waafrika walikuwa na roho.

Badala yake, walikubaliana na fikira kwamba mtumwa wa Kiafrika alikuwa sehemu ya rasilimali kama fenicha au hayawani wa kufugwa. Hakuna sehemu ya historia ya Kanisa la Kikristo ambayo inafedhehesha zaidi kuliko kusaidia “Biashara ya Utumwa katika Bahari ya Atlantiki.”6

Kwa mujibu wa orodha ya Lloyd, iliamuliwa kwamba watumwa walikuwa ni bidhaa, na wenye thamani sana. Hati za bima zilizochukuliwa kutoka Lloyd waliwakatia watumwa hati za bima hadi kufika kiasi cha pauni za Kiingereza 45 kila mtumwa kiasi hicho cha fedha ni kikubwa katika kipindi hichi cha mwanzoni mwa karne ya 18 huko Uingereza.

Ili kuwazuia watumwa wasitoroke, au kuwaadhibu, nyenzo zisizo za kawaida kama zilivyoorodheshwa hapa zilitumiwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi na katika visiwa vya West Indies.7

Siku zote kulikuwepo watu wachache ambao walipinga Biashara ya Utumwa katika Bahari ya Atlantiki. tangu mwanzo; lakini serikali mbalimbali na wafanya biashara hawakuwajali, wakati wa karne ya kumi na tano, kumi na sita na kumi na saba. Haikuwa hivyo, hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na nane wakati majaribio ya dhati yalifanywa kwa lengo la kukomesha biashara hii.

James Boswell, akijaribu kukana hoja za watu waliotaka biashara ya watumwa ikomeshwe, anaandika katika kitabu chake kiitwacho “Life of Johnson.” Kwamba: Jaribio la kinyama na la hatari ambalo kwa muda fulani limeendelea kuwepo kwa lengo la kupata sheria ya bunge letu, ili kukomesha tawi la maana sana na muhimu la faida kibiashara, lazima lingekwisha amuliwa mara moja, kama isin- gelikuwa kundi lisilo na maana la washabiki waliokuwa msitari wa mbele kwalo bila kufaulu, ndilo ambalo linaunda kundi kubwa la Wakulima, Wafanya biashara na wengineo ambao rasilimali yao imetumbukizwa na kuhusishwa kwenye biashara hiyo, kwa sababu zao kujikinaisha, hufikiria kwamba hapangekuwepo na hatari.

Ujasiri ambao jaribio hilo limepata msisimko mshangao wangu na hasira, na ingawa watu fulani wenye uwezo mkubwa wameliunga mkono, ama kwa sababu ya kutaka umaarufu wa muda mfupi, wakati wanao utajiri, au kupenda kujumuika kwenye fitina, wakati hawana kitu, maoni yangu hayatetereki.

Kukomesha hali ya kuwepo utumwa ambayo katika zama zote, MUNGU ameruhusu, na binadamu akaendeleza, haingekuwa unyang’anyi tu kwa tabaka la raia wetu wasio hesabika; lakini pia ingekuwa ukatili mno kwa Washenzi wa Kiafrika, ambao sehemu kutoka miongoni mwao inaokolewa kutoka kwenye mauaji ya kinyama, au kutoka kwenye utumwa isiyovumilika katika nchi yao wenyewe, na huwaingiza kwenye maisha ya hali ya furaha zaidi, hasa zaidi sasa kupita kwao kwenda katika visiwa vya West-Indies na wanavyotendewa huko katika hali ya udhibiti wa kibinadamu.

Kukomesha biashara hiyo itakuwa sawa na kufunga milango ya huruma kwa binadamu.”8Marekebisho ya takrima ya kibinadamu wanayofanyiwa na huruma, hujionyesha yenyewe kwenye maelezo ya kina na picha iliyoonyeshwa hapo juu!

• 1. Alpers, Edward A., East Africa Slave-Trade (Dar-es-Salaam: The Historical
  Association of Tanzania, 1967)
• 2. Rodney, Walter., West African and the Atlantic slave-trade (Dar- es-Salaam: The
  Historical Association of Tanzania, 1967)
• 3. Newsweek (March 15, 1965) uk. 106
• 4. Rodney, op. cit., uk.4-5
• 5. Ibid, uk. 7f.
• 6. Ibid uk.22.
• 7. Lloyd’s list, 250th Anniversary (1734-1984) April 17, 1984, London, uk. 149.
• 8. Boswell, J, Life of Johnson (N.Y. Modern Library Edition, 1965) Uk. 365

 

[Gavana]

Mwarabu nae ni mkoloni alikuja kuwatawala babu zetu na kuanzisha biashara ya utumwa. Kwenye biashara ya utumwa wa Africa mashariki mwarabu hakwepi Asilimia100 ni zake. Wakwanza ni mwarabu kufika Africa mashariki , baada ya hapo alikuja Mreno. Mreno hakukaa Sana aliondolewa na mwarabu tena. Mjerumani akaondolewa na mwingereza . Mwingereza ameendelea Mpaka tunapata Uhuru 1961. Sultan alimiliki kanzia hizo Pwani za Kenya Mombasa malindi , pwani ya Tanganyika yote pamoja msumbiji na visiwa vya Zanzibar na Mafia. Zanzibar Kwa kipindi hicho ilikuwa ukanda wa pwani yote ya Tanganyika na Kenya pamoja na visiwa.

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Biashara Ya Watumwa Ya Afrika Ya Mashariki

Kama ilivyokuwa Afrika ya Magharibi, biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya Mashariki ilikuwa mashuhuri na ilianzishwa kikamilifu na kutokana na maendeleo na jitihada za nchi za Kikristo za Ulaya. Bwana E. A. Alpers anaandika kwenye “African Slave-Trade (Biashara ya Utumwa ya Afrika):

“Ushahidi zaidi kwamba biashara ya watumwa kwa vyovyote vile ilikuwa mashuhuri katika Afrika ya Mashariki kabla ya karne ya kumi na nane, imeletwa na Wareno. Hakika Wareno, wakiwa ndiyo waasisi (waanzilishi) wa Atlantic Slave-Trade, wangejaribu kuendeleza biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya Mashariki kama wangeikuta tayari ipo na imekwisha shamiri. Lakini maandiko ya mwanzo ya Wareno yanataja tu biashara ya watumwa kwa kupitia tu.

Lililokuwa muhimu zaidi ni wale wafanyabiashara za dhahabu na pembe za ndovu walizipeleka Arabuni na India. Wavamizi wa Kireno walielekeza juhudi zao kwenye bidhaa hizo wakati wa karne ya kumi na sita na kumi na saba, sio tu kwenye pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania, bali pia katika Msumbiji na Zimbabwe. Hata nta na ambari zinaonyesha zilikuwa bidhaa muhimu zaidi kuzidi watumwa wakati mrefu sana wa kipindi hiki. Kwani tofauti na wakoloni katika nchi ya Amerika, Wareno kamwe hawakuanzisha uchumi wowote wa kilimo huko India.

Biashara ya watumwa ya Wareno kutoka Msumbiji kwenda India kwa nadra sana ili- fika idadi ya watu elfu moja katika kipindi cha mwaka mmoja wowote ule, na kwa kawaida ilikuwa chini ya nusu ya idadi hiyo. Huko Brazil ilikuwa haramu kufanya biashara ya watumwa hadi mwaka 1645, na kamwe haikulitiliwa maanani hadi mwanzoni mwa karne ya kumi na tisa. Hadi mwaka wa 1753, wakati misingi ya biashara mpya ya watumwa ilikuwa inawekwa Afrika ya Mashariki, palikuwepo na jumla ya watumwa 4399 tu wa Kiafrika katika India yote ya Wareno.

“Misingi hii ni ipi? Licha ya mahusiano ya muda mrefu baina ya Waarabu na Afrika ya Mashariki, biashara ya watumwa haikutiliwa matumaini na Wafaransa. Kwa mujibu wa tarakimu rasimi, zaidi ya watumwa 1,000 walikuwa wanasafirishwa kila mwaka. Wafaransa, wakifanya magendo kwa ajili ya kukwepa kodi ambazo zilitozwa Msumbiji, labda waliongeza idadi na kufika angalau 1,500. Inawezekana ni idadi ile ile ilichukuliwa kutoka Ibo wakati wa muongo huu. Kwa hiyo Wareno kule Msumbiji na Ibo (na baadaye Quelimane, karibu na mdomo wa mto Zambezi unapoingilia baharini) walijishughulisha na sera ya biashara ya watumwa na hawakurudi nyuma, wakaendelea nayo hadi kukomeshwa kwake.

Biashara ya watumwa ilizidi kupamba moto mnamo miaka ya themanini, hasa zaidi baada ya kumalizika vita ya uhuru wan chi ya Amerika.

Katika miaka ya sabini, wafanya biashara ya utumwa wachache wa Kifaransa walichukua mizigo kutoka Msumbiji kwenda visiwa vya West-Indies, kwa sababu waliiona hasara ilikuwa inaongezeka katika wakati wa kutafuta bidhaa zao zinazohamashika kwenye pwani ya Guinea. Sasa, wakati wa amani, kwa mashindano makubwa zaidi ya kutafuta watumwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi, ilifunguliwa njia kwa ajili ya upanuzi mkubwa wa biashara ya watumwa ya Waamerika kutoka Afrika ya Mashariki.

Wakati huo huo meli za Wareno pia zilianza sehemu ya kufaa (ingawa ilikuwa bado ni ya kufuata) katika biashara ya watumwa kwenda kisiwa cha Mascarene. Tarakimu rasimi kutoka Msumbiji peke yake zinaonyesha kwamba tangu 1781 hadi 1794 jumla ya watumwa 46,461 walipakiwa kwenye meli za Kireno na za kigeni, ambazo karibu zote zilikuwa za Wafaransa. Ikijumlishwa na idadi ndogo ya magendo, angalau watumwa 4,000 lazima walikuwa wanaondoka Msumbiji wakati wa kipindi hiki kila mwaka.” 1

Ilikuwa katika hali hii ambayo Waarabu walipanua msaada wao kuwasaidia hawa wafanyabiashara ya utumwa wa Kikristo. Mwandishi huyo huyo anasema: “Baada ya Waarabu wa Oman kuitika wito wa baadhi ya watawala wa Kiswahili wa miji ya pwani na kwa msaada wao waliwatoa Wareno kutoka Mombasa mnamo 1698 na sehemu zingine muhimu za mbali, wao wenyewe walikuwa wanyonge sana kushughulika na jambo lingine zaidi ya kuwasumbua na kuwaibia watu hao hao waliowaomba msaada wao; lakini baada ya familia ya Busaid ilipowapindua Yarubi na kuanzisha utawala wao katika Oman mnamo 1744, wali- weza kuanza unyonyaji wa kiuchumi wenye faida kutoka kwa watu wa Afrika ya Mashariki.

Kama walivyofanya wafanya biashara wote wa zamani sehemu ya pwani, lengo lao kubwa na la msingi ni kupata pembe za ndovu, lakini kuanzia hapo pia tunaweza kuona ongezeko katika biashara ya watumwa.

“Hata hivyo, hakuna takwimu sahihi zozote zile zenye kuonyesha kuhusu ukubwa wa biashara ya utumwa iliyofanywa na Waarabu katika karne ya kumi na nane.

Dalili ya kwanza iliopo inatoka kwa mfanya biashara ya watumwa wa Kifaransa aitwaye Jean Vincent Morice, ambaye alifanya biashara Zanzibar na Kilwa, ambayo ilikuwa bandari muhimu ya watumwa katika pwani, mnamo miaka ya 1770. Mnamo tarehe 14, September, 1776, Morice alifanya mkataba na Sultani wa Kilwa kwa ununuzi wa angalau watumwa

1,000 kwa mwaka. Katika misafara mitatu kabla ya kuutia sahihi mkataba huu, Morice alikwisha nunua watumwa 2325 kwa ajili ya kuwasafirisha nje. Morice hatuambii Waarabu walikuwa wakiwachukua watumwa wangapi kutoka pwani kila mwaka, lakini kwa wazi aliona kuwa ilikuwa biashara kubwa kwa viwango vya Kifaransa.

Inaonekana ni sawa kusema kwamba angalau watumwa 2000 walikuwa wanachukuliwa kwa mwaka katika kipindi hicho. Kwa hiyo, licha ya kwamba Wafaransa hawakutawala biashara ya watumwa hapa kama walivyofanya Msumbiji, walikuwa kichocheo kwa mahitaji ya soko la watumwa katika kipindi ambacho biashara ya Waarabu ilikuwa bado ndiyo inakua katika uchanga wake. Juhudi za Ufaransa ziliendelea hadi miaka ya 1780, lakini mnamo mwishoni mwa karne hiyo, juhudi hizi zilionyesha zilikwisha pungua sana umuhimu wake kuliko biashara ya Waarabu.

Mambo kadhaa mapya yalisababisha kuongezeka mahitaji ya watumwa kutoka Afrika ya Mashariki wakati wa karne ya kumi na tisa. Katika eneo la mamlaka la pwani ya Ureno, palikuwepo na ongezeko la juu sana katika biashara ya utumwa kwenda Brazil. Hii ilisababishwa na kuondolewa kwa familia ya kifalme ya Kireno kutoka Lisbon kupelekwa Brazil wakati wa Vita za Napoleon. Ruhusa maalum zilitolewa kwa Wabrazil na mara biashara inayoshamiri katika watumwa ikawa inaendeshwa kupitia Rasi ya Tumaini Jema huko Afrika ya kusini.2

“Sasa ni ukweli unaokubalika miongoni mwa wataalam wa historia makini wa Afrika ya Mashariki kwamba njia ndefu za biashara kati ya bara na pwani zilianzishwa hasa zaidi kwa kutumia ujasiri na moyo wa kujituma wa Waafrika. Kwa maneno mengine njia za biashara zilibuniwa na Waafrika kutoka bara kwenda pwani, wala si Waarabu, au Waswahili, ambao walisafiri kutoka pwani kwenda bara kupitia sehemu zisizojulikana.

Wafanya biashara wa Kiswahili walianza tu kutelekeza usalama wa pwani mnamo nusu ya pili ya karne ya kumi na nane, na walisafiri kufuata njia safi ambazo ziliendelezwa kwa miongo mingi kabla yake. Ni baada tu kuanza karne ya kumi na tisa ndipo wafanya biashara wa Kiarabu walijasiri kufuata njia hiyo.” 3

Wayao ambao walikuja kuwa wafanya biashara makini sana wa Kiafrika wa biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya Mashariki, hivyo walikuwa na desturi ya muda mrefu ya kubeba pembe za ndovu na bidhaa zingine halali kwenda pwani miongo mingi kabla ya mahitaji ya pamoja ya Wafaransa na Waarabu kutaka watumwa yalipoeleweka.”4

“Katika Afrika Magharibi njia hizi ziliendeshwa kwenda bara kutoka pwani na Waafrika ambao kazi yao hasa ilikuwa kutafuta watumwa. Watumwa walitawala biashara ya Afrika ya Magharibi tangu mwanzo. Katika Afrika ya Mashariki wala hapakuwepo na hali zilizolingana na hiyo. Biashara ya watumwa lazima ionekane kuwepo katika mazingira ya mapema zaidi, iliyokwishajengeka kwa umakini, na biashara yenye faida ya masafa marefu ambayo chimbuko lake ilikuwa ubebaji wa pembe za ndovu. Hii ni muhimu kukumbuka hasa kwa mikoa ya kusini ambalo kila mara ilikuwa hazina kuu ya “Biashara ya Utumwa katika Afrikamashariki.”5

Bwana Alpers anahitimisha, “lazima iwe wazi sasa kwamba fikira ya zamani inayotamkwa kiholela kwamba wengi wa watumwa walikamatwa na wafanya biashara wanyang’anyi wa Kiarabu na Kiswahili ni moja wapo ya mambo ya kubuniwa na ngano tu ambazo zimekuzwa kuhusu biashara ya watumwa ya Afrika mashariki. Lakini lazima tuwe waangalifu tusifanye kosa la kutoa tathmini potofu kuhusu mchango waliotoa watu hawa kwenye biashara hii.” 6

Kwa mara nyingine, lazima nisisitize kwamba lengo langu si kudhihaki juhudi za kundi dogo la waadilifu ambao walikuwa wanashughulika na propaganda dhidi ya utumwa. Ninachotaka kuonyesha ni kwamba juhudi zao hazikufaulu (na hazingefaulu) hadi pale shinikizo la kiuchumi lilipoilaz- imisha kwanza Uingereza ilipolazimika kufuatana na matatizo ya kiuchumi kuanza kuzuia utumwa, biashara ya utumwa na halafu kukomesha utumwa.

Kwa kweli, Uingereza ilipojitokeza kwa ajili ya kutaka kukomesha utumwa haikusimama kwenye mapaa ya nyumba na kutangaza kwamba ilikuwa inakomesha utumwa kushindana dhidi ya wenye viwanda wa Kifaransa. Uingereza ililigeuza jambo hili kuwa suala la kimaadili na kiunyofu kabla haijatumainia kushinikiza serikali zingine kufuata mpango wake. Na ilifanya hivyo. Tunatambua jinsi Uingereza ilivyoanzisha vita si kwa lengo la kulinda maslahi ya himaya yake kiuchumi na kisiasa, lakini ilifanya hivyo ili “kulinda Uhuru wa Watu.”

Ndivyo ilivyokuwa kuhusu vita yake dhidi ya utumwa. Murua na maadili mema lilikuwa suala la waadilifu wachache tu ambao hawakuwa na uwezo. Suala halisi, kama serikali mbali mbali na walowezi na wakoloni walivyohusika, lilikuwa kuhusu uchumi.

• 1. Alpers, op. cit., uk. 5-6
• 2. Ibid uk. 7-8.
• 3. Ibid, uk. 13.
• 4. Bid, uk. 14.
• 5. Ibid uk. 15.
• 6. Ibid uk. 24.

 

[DASM]

Biashara Ya Watumwa Ya Afrika Ya Mashariki

Kama ilivyokuwa Afrika ya Magharibi, biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya Mashariki ilikuwa mashuhuri na ilianzishwa kikamilifu na kutokana na maendeleo na jitihada za nchi za Kikristo za Ulaya. Bwana E. A. Alpers anaandika kwenye “African Slave-Trade (Biashara ya Utumwa ya Afrika):

“Ushahidi zaidi kwamba biashara ya watumwa kwa vyovyote vile ilikuwa mashuhuri katika Afrika ya Mashariki kabla ya karne ya kumi na nane, imeletwa na Wareno. Hakika Wareno, wakiwa ndiyo waasisi (waanzilishi) wa Atlantic Slave-Trade, wangejaribu kuendeleza biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya Mashariki kama wangeikuta tayari ipo na imekwisha shamiri. Lakini maandiko ya mwanzo ya Wareno yanataja tu biashara ya watumwa kwa kupitia tu.

Lililokuwa muhimu zaidi ni wale wafanyabiashara za dhahabu na pembe za ndovu walizipeleka Arabuni na India. Wavamizi wa Kireno walielekeza juhudi zao kwenye bidhaa hizo wakati wa karne ya kumi na sita na kumi na saba, sio tu kwenye pwani ya Kenya na Tanzania, bali pia katika Msumbiji na Zimbabwe. Hata nta na ambari zinaonyesha zilikuwa bidhaa muhimu zaidi kuzidi watumwa wakati mrefu sana wa kipindi hiki. Kwani tofauti na wakoloni katika nchi ya Amerika, Wareno kamwe hawakuanzisha uchumi wowote wa kilimo huko India.

Biashara ya watumwa ya Wareno kutoka Msumbiji kwenda India kwa nadra sana ili- fika idadi ya watu elfu moja katika kipindi cha mwaka mmoja wowote ule, na kwa kawaida ilikuwa chini ya nusu ya idadi hiyo. Huko Brazil ilikuwa haramu kufanya biashara ya watumwa hadi mwaka 1645, na kamwe haikulitiliwa maanani hadi mwanzoni mwa karne ya kumi na tisa. Hadi mwaka wa 1753, wakati misingi ya biashara mpya ya watumwa ilikuwa inawekwa Afrika ya Mashariki, palikuwepo na jumla ya watumwa 4399 tu wa Kiafrika katika India yote ya Wareno.

“Misingi hii ni ipi? Licha ya mahusiano ya muda mrefu baina ya Waarabu na Afrika ya Mashariki, biashara ya watumwa haikutiliwa matumaini na Wafaransa. Kwa mujibu wa tarakimu rasimi, zaidi ya watumwa 1,000 walikuwa wanasafirishwa kila mwaka. Wafaransa, wakifanya magendo kwa ajili ya kukwepa kodi ambazo zilitozwa Msumbiji, labda waliongeza idadi na kufika angalau 1,500. Inawezekana ni idadi ile ile ilichukuliwa kutoka Ibo wakati wa muongo huu. Kwa hiyo Wareno kule Msumbiji na Ibo (na baadaye Quelimane, karibu na mdomo wa mto Zambezi unapoingilia baharini) walijishughulisha na sera ya biashara ya watumwa na hawakurudi nyuma, wakaendelea nayo hadi kukomeshwa kwake.

Biashara ya watumwa ilizidi kupamba moto mnamo miaka ya themanini, hasa zaidi baada ya kumalizika vita ya uhuru wan chi ya Amerika.

Katika miaka ya sabini, wafanya biashara ya utumwa wachache wa Kifaransa walichukua mizigo kutoka Msumbiji kwenda visiwa vya West-Indies, kwa sababu waliiona hasara ilikuwa inaongezeka katika wakati wa kutafuta bidhaa zao zinazohamashika kwenye pwani ya Guinea. Sasa, wakati wa amani, kwa mashindano makubwa zaidi ya kutafuta watumwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi, ilifunguliwa njia kwa ajili ya upanuzi mkubwa wa biashara ya watumwa ya Waamerika kutoka Afrika ya Mashariki.

Wakati huo huo meli za Wareno pia zilianza sehemu ya kufaa (ingawa ilikuwa bado ni ya kufuata) katika biashara ya watumwa kwenda kisiwa cha Mascarene. Tarakimu rasimi kutoka Msumbiji peke yake zinaonyesha kwamba tangu 1781 hadi 1794 jumla ya watumwa 46,461 walipakiwa kwenye meli za Kireno na za kigeni, ambazo karibu zote zilikuwa za Wafaransa. Ikijumlishwa na idadi ndogo ya magendo, angalau watumwa 4,000 lazima walikuwa wanaondoka Msumbiji wakati wa kipindi hiki kila mwaka.” 1

Ilikuwa katika hali hii ambayo Waarabu walipanua msaada wao kuwasaidia hawa wafanyabiashara ya utumwa wa Kikristo. Mwandishi huyo huyo anasema: “Baada ya Waarabu wa Oman kuitika wito wa baadhi ya watawala wa Kiswahili wa miji ya pwani na kwa msaada wao waliwatoa Wareno kutoka Mombasa mnamo 1698 na sehemu zingine muhimu za mbali, wao wenyewe walikuwa wanyonge sana kushughulika na jambo lingine zaidi ya kuwasumbua na kuwaibia watu hao hao waliowaomba msaada wao; lakini baada ya familia ya Busaid ilipowapindua Yarubi na kuanzisha utawala wao katika Oman mnamo 1744, wali- weza kuanza unyonyaji wa kiuchumi wenye faida kutoka kwa watu wa Afrika ya Mashariki.

Kama walivyofanya wafanya biashara wote wa zamani sehemu ya pwani, lengo lao kubwa na la msingi ni kupata pembe za ndovu, lakini kuanzia hapo pia tunaweza kuona ongezeko katika biashara ya watumwa.

“Hata hivyo, hakuna takwimu sahihi zozote zile zenye kuonyesha kuhusu ukubwa wa biashara ya utumwa iliyofanywa na Waarabu katika karne ya kumi na nane.

Dalili ya kwanza iliopo inatoka kwa mfanya biashara ya watumwa wa Kifaransa aitwaye Jean Vincent Morice, ambaye alifanya biashara Zanzibar na Kilwa, ambayo ilikuwa bandari muhimu ya watumwa katika pwani, mnamo miaka ya 1770. Mnamo tarehe 14, September, 1776, Morice alifanya mkataba na Sultani wa Kilwa kwa ununuzi wa angalau watumwa

1,000 kwa mwaka. Katika misafara mitatu kabla ya kuutia sahihi mkataba huu, Morice alikwisha nunua watumwa 2325 kwa ajili ya kuwasafirisha nje. Morice hatuambii Waarabu walikuwa wakiwachukua watumwa wangapi kutoka pwani kila mwaka, lakini kwa wazi aliona kuwa ilikuwa biashara kubwa kwa viwango vya Kifaransa.

Inaonekana ni sawa kusema kwamba angalau watumwa 2000 walikuwa wanachukuliwa kwa mwaka katika kipindi hicho. Kwa hiyo, licha ya kwamba Wafaransa hawakutawala biashara ya watumwa hapa kama walivyofanya Msumbiji, walikuwa kichocheo kwa mahitaji ya soko la watumwa katika kipindi ambacho biashara ya Waarabu ilikuwa bado ndiyo inakua katika uchanga wake. Juhudi za Ufaransa ziliendelea hadi miaka ya 1780, lakini mnamo mwishoni mwa karne hiyo, juhudi hizi zilionyesha zilikwisha pungua sana umuhimu wake kuliko biashara ya Waarabu.

Mambo kadhaa mapya yalisababisha kuongezeka mahitaji ya watumwa kutoka Afrika ya Mashariki wakati wa karne ya kumi na tisa. Katika eneo la mamlaka la pwani ya Ureno, palikuwepo na ongezeko la juu sana katika biashara ya utumwa kwenda Brazil. Hii ilisababishwa na kuondolewa kwa familia ya kifalme ya Kireno kutoka Lisbon kupelekwa Brazil wakati wa Vita za Napoleon. Ruhusa maalum zilitolewa kwa Wabrazil na mara biashara inayoshamiri katika watumwa ikawa inaendeshwa kupitia Rasi ya Tumaini Jema huko Afrika ya kusini.2

“Sasa ni ukweli unaokubalika miongoni mwa wataalam wa historia makini wa Afrika ya Mashariki kwamba njia ndefu za biashara kati ya bara na pwani zilianzishwa hasa zaidi kwa kutumia ujasiri na moyo wa kujituma wa Waafrika. Kwa maneno mengine njia za biashara zilibuniwa na Waafrika kutoka bara kwenda pwani, wala si Waarabu, au Waswahili, ambao walisafiri kutoka pwani kwenda bara kupitia sehemu zisizojulikana.

Wafanya biashara wa Kiswahili walianza tu kutelekeza usalama wa pwani mnamo nusu ya pili ya karne ya kumi na nane, na walisafiri kufuata njia safi ambazo ziliendelezwa kwa miongo mingi kabla yake. Ni baada tu kuanza karne ya kumi na tisa ndipo wafanya biashara wa Kiarabu walijasiri kufuata njia hiyo.” 3

Wayao ambao walikuja kuwa wafanya biashara makini sana wa Kiafrika wa biashara ya watumwa katika Afrika ya Mashariki, hivyo walikuwa na desturi ya muda mrefu ya kubeba pembe za ndovu na bidhaa zingine halali kwenda pwani miongo mingi kabla ya mahitaji ya pamoja ya Wafaransa na Waarabu kutaka watumwa yalipoeleweka.”4

“Katika Afrika Magharibi njia hizi ziliendeshwa kwenda bara kutoka pwani na Waafrika ambao kazi yao hasa ilikuwa kutafuta watumwa. Watumwa walitawala biashara ya Afrika ya Magharibi tangu mwanzo. Katika Afrika ya Mashariki wala hapakuwepo na hali zilizolingana na hiyo. Biashara ya watumwa lazima ionekane kuwepo katika mazingira ya mapema zaidi, iliyokwishajengeka kwa umakini, na biashara yenye faida ya masafa marefu ambayo chimbuko lake ilikuwa ubebaji wa pembe za ndovu. Hii ni muhimu kukumbuka hasa kwa mikoa ya kusini ambalo kila mara ilikuwa hazina kuu ya “Biashara ya Utumwa katika Afrikamashariki.”5

Bwana Alpers anahitimisha, “lazima iwe wazi sasa kwamba fikira ya zamani inayotamkwa kiholela kwamba wengi wa watumwa walikamatwa na wafanya biashara wanyang’anyi wa Kiarabu na Kiswahili ni moja wapo ya mambo ya kubuniwa na ngano tu ambazo zimekuzwa kuhusu biashara ya watumwa ya Afrika mashariki. Lakini lazima tuwe waangalifu tusifanye kosa la kutoa tathmini potofu kuhusu mchango waliotoa watu hawa kwenye biashara hii.” 6

Kwa mara nyingine, lazima nisisitize kwamba lengo langu si kudhihaki juhudi za kundi dogo la waadilifu ambao walikuwa wanashughulika na propaganda dhidi ya utumwa. Ninachotaka kuonyesha ni kwamba juhudi zao hazikufaulu (na hazingefaulu) hadi pale shinikizo la kiuchumi lilipoilaz- imisha kwanza Uingereza ilipolazimika kufuatana na matatizo ya kiuchumi kuanza kuzuia utumwa, biashara ya utumwa na halafu kukomesha utumwa.

Kwa kweli, Uingereza ilipojitokeza kwa ajili ya kutaka kukomesha utumwa haikusimama kwenye mapaa ya nyumba na kutangaza kwamba ilikuwa inakomesha utumwa kushindana dhidi ya wenye viwanda wa Kifaransa. Uingereza ililigeuza jambo hili kuwa suala la kimaadili na kiunyofu kabla haijatumainia kushinikiza serikali zingine kufuata mpango wake. Na ilifanya hivyo. Tunatambua jinsi Uingereza ilivyoanzisha vita si kwa lengo la kulinda maslahi ya himaya yake kiuchumi na kisiasa, lakini ilifanya hivyo ili “kulinda Uhuru wa Watu.”

Ndivyo ilivyokuwa kuhusu vita yake dhidi ya utumwa. Murua na maadili mema lilikuwa suala la waadilifu wachache tu ambao hawakuwa na uwezo. Suala halisi, kama serikali mbali mbali na walowezi na wakoloni walivyohusika, lilikuwa kuhusu uchumi.

• 1. Alpers, op. cit., uk. 5-6
• 2. Ibid uk. 7-8.
• 3. Ibid, uk. 13.
• 4. Bid, uk. 14.
• 5. Ibid uk. 15.
• 6. Ibid uk. 24.

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The East African slave trade

[http://discoveringbristol]Indian painting, Chinese-style interior

The Indian Ocean stretches between the east coast of Africa and the west coast of India. It was once part of the route for a slave trade known as the ‘Oriental’ or eastern slave trade. From the 7th century enslaved Africans were taken to the Middle East, North Africa and India. This eastern slave trade was different to the slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean (the transatlantic slave trade ) from Africa to the Americas and the Caribbean. In the transatlantic slave trade the demand was for labourers to work on plantations and in mines, and mostly men were captured to supply the demand. In the eastern trade, the demand was for domestic servants, and mostly women were captured to supply the trade. This painting shows an Indian woman in a Chinese style room. The woman’s pale skin shows that she is high class, and her servant who is playing a lute also points to this. Sprawled on the floor beside the women is a young African pageboy, presumably a slave bought from east Africa to India. The end of the eastern slave trade began when the British ended slavery in India in 1843. Throughout much of the area, though, slavery remained legal until a country came under European rule (for example Egypt in 1882) or until the country tried to join the League of Nations after the 1st World War (for example, Saudi Arabia).

Slaves taken to the Middle East and North Africa were not just from Africa. Until about 1500, slaves were also bought from northern Europe, but as this supply route dried up the numbers bought from Africa increased. In the eastern slave trade enslaved Africans were taken from the east coast of Africa (the modern countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and the island of Madagascar). They also came from the Savannah area (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). Slaves were sold to merchants from North Africa and the Middle East. The women slaves in this trade often married their masters, or had children by them and the children were often freed by their fathers. Over time, the enslaved Africans tended to become part of the local population. In the transatlantic slave trade to the Americas, enslaved African women were often involved with their white masters, but it was usually an unequal relationship and the children were never free citizens. The mixed race children in the Americas were still slaves. The demand for women slaves in the eastern slave trade meant that the many men who were captured at the same time as the women remained as slaves in Africa. There were many plantations in, for example, Kenya (east Africa), where the enslaved men worked growing food and spices on plantations.

There are no records for the number of enslaved Africans sold before the 17th century from the Savannah area of Africa (which includes countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan) and the Horn of Africa (which covers Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia). It is estimated that in the 17th century, about 10,000 slaves per year were sold to North Africa and the Middle East. There was a large domestic slave population in this area and slavery was an accepted form of labour amongst the rulers of the different kingdoms. Small numbers of enslaved Africans were sold from the east coast to other areas including the Persian Gulf and India for hundreds of years. (The Persian Gulf is today the area including Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates). The numbers of enslaved Africans sold to these areas increased in the late 18th century. This was because French merchants bought slaves from East Africa for the growing sugar plantations on the French owned islands in the Indian Ocean. Brazilian merchants also began buying slaves from the same area for the sugar plantations in Brazil, after 1800. Then, trade to the Persian Gulf and India increased rapidly. By the early 19th century about 30,000 people were being sold into slavery from this eastern area of Africa. They were being bought and sold through the main centre of the trade on the island of Zanzibar (off the east coast of Africa, of what is now the country of Tanzania).

It has been estimated that over the twelve centuries from 750 to the 20th century (slavery continued in this area well into the 20th century, and beyond) almost 12,000,000 enslaved Africans were traded to the Middle East, North Africa and India. The eastern slave trade , over a much longer period, took from Africa about the same numbers of people as the transatlantic slave trade took in 300 years.

The East Indies

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The East African slave trade

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Wakristo Wanapanga Biashara Ya Utumwa

Watumwa walikuwa wanachukuliwa kutoka hata katika wakati wa Ufalme wa Kirumi, lakini “biashara halisi ya Utumwa” ilianza mnamo karne ya 16 baada ya ujio wa mataifa ya Kikristo ya Ulaya.

Edward A. Alpers wa Chuo Kikuu cha Dar-es Salaam, anaandika kwamba; “kama tunavyoleta utofautisho baina ya biashara inayoambatana katika watumwa ambayo ilichuruzika katika sahara kutoka magharibi mpaka kaskazini ya Afrika kuanzia siku za nyuma sana za wakati wa utawala wa Ufalme wa Kirumi, kwa upande mmoja, na kioja tunacho kiita The West African Slave Trade kwa upande mwingine, kwa hiyo lazima tulete tofauti hiyo hiyo kwa Afrika ya Mashariki.”1

Walter Rodney pia wa Chuo, Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, anaanza kuandika kijitabu chake “West Africa and the Atlantic Slave-Trade kwa maneno yafuatayo: - Wakati wote lazima ikumbukwe kwamba biashara ya utumwa iliyo;fanyi- ka katika bahari ya Atlantiki” lilikuwa ni tukio katika histo- ria ya dunia, iliyo husisha mabara matatu – Ulaya, Afrika na Marekani.

Watu walio toka kwa dhamira ya kutafuta watumwa walikuwa Wazungu waliotoka katika kila nchi kati ya Sweeden kwa upande wa Kaskazini na Ureno kwa upande wa magharibi.

Wareno walifika Afrika ya Magharibi muda mfupi kabla ya kuingia nusu karne ya kumi na tano. Mara moja na kwa haraka sana walianza kukamata (watumwa) Waafrika na kuwapeleka kufanya kazi Ulaya kama watumwa, hususan katika Ureno na Hispania. Lakini maendeleo muhimu sana kwa biashara hii ya utumwa yalikuwa katika karne ya kumi na sita, ambapo mabepari wa Kizungu walitambua kwamba wangepata faida kubwa sana kwa kutumia nguvukazi ya Waafrika kuujenga na kuuendeleza utajiri wa nchi zote za Amerika.

Matokeo yake, Waafrika walipelekwa Amerika ya kaskazini, Amerika ya kati, Amerika ya kusini na Visiwa vya Caribbean kwa ajili ya kukidhi haja ya nguvukazi ya watumwa kwenye machimbo ya dhahabu na shaba, na kwenye mashamba ya kilimo cha mazao ya miwa, pamba na tumbaku. Biashara hii mbaya ya kununua na kuuza binadamu ilidumu kwa kipindi cha miaka (400) mia nne, kwani Atlantic slave-Trade (Biashara ya Utumwa wa kupitia bahari ya Atlantiki) ilikoma mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1870.

“Mambo mengi yanaweza kusemwa kuhusu jinsi Biashara ya Utumwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki ilivyopangwa huko Ulaya, na kuhusu faida kubwa iliyokusanywa na nchi kama Uingereza na Ufaransa. Mambo mengi yanaweza kusemwa kuhusu safari za kutisha kutoka Afrika hadi Marekani kuvu- ka bahari ya Atlantic. Waafrika walipangwa kama dagaa kwenye meli za kubeba watumwa, na matokeo yake walikufa wengi sana.”2

Na dagaa walioje! Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu upakiaji huu wa watumwa kwenye meli, soma taarifa ifuatayo: - Moja ya hati yenye kuuvunja moyo sana katika nyaraka zote zinazotisha ni “Plan of the Brookes,” mpango mbaya sana wa karne ya kumi na nane wa kupanga watumwa kwenye meli ya kubeba watumwa ‘Brookes’… Kwa mahesabu sahi- hi, teknolojia ya kushtua ilitengenezwa - futi na inchi, chumba cha kusimama na nafasi ya kupumua iliwekwa kwa matumaini ya faida kubwa.

Mtu mmoja Bwana Jones anapendekeza kwamba wanawake watano wahesabiwe kama wanaume wanne, na wavulana watatu au wasichana watatu wafanywe kuwa sawa na watu wazima wawili … kila mtumwa mwanaume aruhusiwe futi sita kwa futi moja na inchi nne (1’4”x6’) kama nafasi ya chumba chake, kila mwanamke alipewa nafasi ya upana wa futi tano na inchi kumi na futi moja na inchi nne…. (5’10”x1’4”); na inaendelea hivyo mpaka kila mtu anapata nafasi – watumwa 451.

Lakini Muswada wa Bunge unaruhusu watumwa 454. Kwa hiyo hati hiyo inahitimisha kwamba kama watumwa watatu zaidi wangeweza kuwekwa kwa kubanwa katikati ya wale waliotamkwa kwenye mpango, mpango huu ungeweza kuchukua idadi ile ile ambayo imeelekezwa kwenye muswada.3

Mara Waafrika walipofikishwa upande mwingine wa bahari ya Atlantic, kwa hakika walikuwa katika “Dunia Mpya”, iliyojaa ukandamizaji na ukatili. Taarifa ifuatayo inaweza kusaidia kuelewa hali ilivyokuwa wakati huo. Rodney anaandika:
“Kuanzia wakati walipofika (Wakristo) Wazungu hadi 1600, takriban Waafrika milioni moja (1, 000,000) walichukuliwa kwenye meli za kubeba watumwa.

Wakati wa kipindi hicho, Wareno walikuwa ndio wafanya biashara wakuu wa biashara ya watumwa huko Afrika ya Magharibi. Ama wali- wapeleka Waafrika huko Brazil, ambayo nchi hiyo ilikuwa koloni lao, au vinginevyo waliwauza kwa waloezi wa Kihispania huko Mexico, Amerika ya kati, Amerika ya Kusini na visiwa vya Caribbean. Mnamo karne ya kumi na saba, kiasi cha Waafrika wapatao milioni saba hadi nane kutoka Afrika ya magharibi walivushwa bahari ya Atlantic.

Wadachi walijumuika na Wareno kama wafanya biashara wakuu wa biashara ya utumwa mnamo karne ya kumi na saba, na karne iliyofuata Waingereza wakawa wafanya biashara wakubwa kushinda wote wa biashara ya utumwa. Wakati biashara ya Utumwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki ilipofikia kileleni mnamo karne ya kumi na nane, meli za Kiingereza zilikuwa zinachukua zaidi ya nusu ya jumla yote ya watumwa na idadi iliyobaki iligawanywa baina ya Wadachi, Wafaransa, Wareno na Wadane (Danish).

“Ilipofika karne ya kumi na tisa, palikuwepo na mabadiliko mengine ya watu ambao walishika nafasi mbele katika kuinyonya Afrika. Nchi za Ulaya zenyewe hazikushiriki kikamilifu kwenye biashara ya utumwa, lakini badala yake Wazungu ambao waliloea Brazil, Cuba, na Amerika ya Kaskazini ndio ambao walipanga sehemu kubwa ya biashara.

Waamerika (U.S.A) ndiyo katika kipindi hicho hicho tu walipata uhuru kutoka kwa Waingereza, hili lilikuwa taifa jipya (U.S.A.) ambalo lilikuwa na mgawo mkubwa kabisa kuliko wote katika biashara ya watumwa katika biashara ya Atlantiki katika kipindi cha miaka hamsi- ni ya mwisho, kwa kuchukua kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha watumwa kuliko ambavyo imewahi kufanya huko nyuma.
“Ilipoanza “biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi, ilichukua utaratibu wa kutu- mia nguvu moja kwa moja wa Wazungu kuwashambulia Waafrika waliokuwa wanaishi karibu na pwani.

Mabaharia wa kwanza wa Kireno walipofika kwenye pwani inayoju- likana leo kama Mauritania, waliacha meli zao na kuanza kuwawinda watu waitwao, Moors watu walioishi katika jimbo hilo. Kwa kweli, hii haikuwa biashara hata kidogo – ilikuwa uvamizi wa nguvu. Hata hivyo, baada ya mashambulizi kadhaa ya kushtukizwa, Waafrika wa pwani wakawa na kawaida ya kulinda kwa zamu na walijilinda kwa nguvu dhidi ya washambuliaji wao Wazungu.

Katika kipindi kifupi tu, Wareno walitambua kwamba uvamizi haikuwa mbinu inayofaa na iliyo salama katika kujaribu kuwapata watumwa. Zaidi ya hayo, pia walitaka dhahabu na bidhaa zingine za Kiafrika, ambazo wangeweza tu kuzipata kwa njia ya kununuliana na kuuziana kwa amani. Kwa hiyo badala ya kuvamia, Wareno waliona afadhali kutumia bidhaa zilizo tengenezwa kiwandani ili kuwatia moyo Waafrika kubadilishana na bidhaa zao na hata kuweza kuwafikisha mateka wa Kiafrika kwenye meli za Wazungu kwa urahisi. Mpango huu haukufanywa na Wareno pekee, lakini hata wazungu wengine wote walitambua na kukubali kwamba huo ulikuwa mpango mzuri zaidi wa kupata bidhaa hapa Afrika; na ilikuwa kwa njia hii waliweza kupata mamilioni mengi ya Waafrika.”4

Akifafanua juu ya kipengele hiki cha biashara ya watumwa, mwandishi anasema: “Moja ya vitu muhimu sana ni kutambua jambo liumalo sana na lisilo pendeza kwamba walikuwepo Waafrika ambao waliwasaidia na kushirikiana na Wazungu katika kuwafanya Waafrika wenzao kuwa watumwa.

Maana yake ni kwamba hatuwezi kuchukua msimamo dhaifu na kusema kwamba watu weupe walikuwa wabaya sana na watu weusi walikuwa waathirika (katika kuangamia). Mfano unaofaa na sambamba ambao ungeweza kusaidia kuelewa yale yaliyotokea katika Afrika ya Magharibi wakati wa kipindi cha karne za biashara za watumwa unaweza kuonekana hapa Afrika leo, ambapo viongozi wengi wanashirikiana na mabeberu wa Ulaya na Marekani (U. S. A.) kwa lengo la kuwanyonya na kuwakan- damiza Waafrika walio wengi.

Hatimaye, Waafrika wa Afrika ya Magharibi walifikishwa kwenye hali ya “uza au uuzwe.” Hapa suala la bunduki lilikuwa na umuhimu maalum. Kuwa na nguvu, serikali ili- hitaji bunduki, lakini ili kupata bunduki kutoka kwa wazungu, Waafrika ilibidi kuwapa Wazungu watumwa na wao kupewa bunduki. Watawala wa Kiafrika walijikuta wenyewe wanawauza watumwa ili wapate bunduki ambazo ziliwawezesha kuwakamata raia wao na kuwauza kama watumwa ili wanunue bunduki nyingi zaidi.

Hali hii inaweza kuelezewa, kama “ubaya juu ya ubaya (mzunguuko unaoashiria kukwama).” Watawala wa Kiafrika ambao waliwasaidia wazungu hawasameheki moja kwa moja, lakini inafafanua jinsi gani mwishoni hawakuwa washirika halisi wa Wazungu bali walikuwa watumishi au vibaraka wa Wazungu.” 5


Na kanisa lilikuwa linafanya nini wakati wote huo? Msikilize mwandishi huyu huyu anasema; “Kwa sababu faida kubwa sana ilikuwa inapatikana kwa kuwachukua watumwa kutoka Afrika, Wazungu walikataa kuzisikiliza dhamiri zao. Walifahamu kuhusu mateso yaliyo wapata watu katika Afrika, ndani ya meli za kubebea watumwa na kwenye mashamba yaliyokuwa yanalimwa na watumwa ya Waamerika, na walitambua kwamba kuwauza binadamu wenzao ni jambo ambalo halingethibitishwa kimaadili. Hata hivyo kanisa la Kikristo lilijitokeza na kutoa sababu nyingi likijitetea kuingia kwake katika biashara ya watumwa.

Wachungaji wengi walifanya biashara ya watumwa, hasa katika Angola, na wengine wengi walimiliki watumwa, katika nchi za Amerika. Sababu moja tu ambayo ilitolewa na kanisa Katoliki kuhusu vitendo vyake ilikuwa kwamba lilikuwa kinajaribu kuziokoa roho za Waafrika kwa kuwabatiza watumwa. Waprotestanti walikuwa wabaya zaidi, kwani wala hawakuweka wazi kwamba walikubali kwamba Waafrika walikuwa na roho.

Badala yake, walikubaliana na fikira kwamba mtumwa wa Kiafrika alikuwa sehemu ya rasilimali kama fenicha au hayawani wa kufugwa. Hakuna sehemu ya historia ya Kanisa la Kikristo ambayo inafedhehesha zaidi kuliko kusaidia “Biashara ya Utumwa katika Bahari ya Atlantiki.”6

Kwa mujibu wa orodha ya Lloyd, iliamuliwa kwamba watumwa walikuwa ni bidhaa, na wenye thamani sana. Hati za bima zilizochukuliwa kutoka Lloyd waliwakatia watumwa hati za bima hadi kufika kiasi cha pauni za Kiingereza 45 kila mtumwa kiasi hicho cha fedha ni kikubwa katika kipindi hichi cha mwanzoni mwa karne ya 18 huko Uingereza.

Ili kuwazuia watumwa wasitoroke, au kuwaadhibu, nyenzo zisizo za kawaida kama zilivyoorodheshwa hapa zilitumiwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi na katika visiwa vya West Indies.7

Siku zote kulikuwepo watu wachache ambao walipinga Biashara ya Utumwa katika Bahari ya Atlantiki. tangu mwanzo; lakini serikali mbalimbali na wafanya biashara hawakuwajali, wakati wa karne ya kumi na tano, kumi na sita na kumi na saba. Haikuwa hivyo, hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na nane wakati majaribio ya dhati yalifanywa kwa lengo la kukomesha biashara hii.

James Boswell, akijaribu kukana hoja za watu waliotaka biashara ya watumwa ikomeshwe, anaandika katika kitabu chake kiitwacho “Life of Johnson.” Kwamba: Jaribio la kinyama na la hatari ambalo kwa muda fulani limeendelea kuwepo kwa lengo la kupata sheria ya bunge letu, ili kukomesha tawi la maana sana na muhimu la faida kibiashara, lazima lingekwisha amuliwa mara moja, kama isin- gelikuwa kundi lisilo na maana la washabiki waliokuwa msitari wa mbele kwalo bila kufaulu, ndilo ambalo linaunda kundi kubwa la Wakulima, Wafanya biashara na wengineo ambao rasilimali yao imetumbukizwa na kuhusishwa kwenye biashara hiyo, kwa sababu zao kujikinaisha, hufikiria kwamba hapangekuwepo na hatari.

Ujasiri ambao jaribio hilo limepata msisimko mshangao wangu na hasira, na ingawa watu fulani wenye uwezo mkubwa wameliunga mkono, ama kwa sababu ya kutaka umaarufu wa muda mfupi, wakati wanao utajiri, au kupenda kujumuika kwenye fitina, wakati hawana kitu, maoni yangu hayatetereki.

Kukomesha hali ya kuwepo utumwa ambayo katika zama zote, MUNGU ameruhusu, na binadamu akaendeleza, haingekuwa unyang’anyi tu kwa tabaka la raia wetu wasio hesabika; lakini pia ingekuwa ukatili mno kwa Washenzi wa Kiafrika, ambao sehemu kutoka miongoni mwao inaokolewa kutoka kwenye mauaji ya kinyama, au kutoka kwenye utumwa isiyovumilika katika nchi yao wenyewe, na huwaingiza kwenye maisha ya hali ya furaha zaidi, hasa zaidi sasa kupita kwao kwenda katika visiwa vya West-Indies na wanavyotendewa huko katika hali ya udhibiti wa kibinadamu.

Kukomesha biashara hiyo itakuwa sawa na kufunga milango ya huruma kwa binadamu.”8Marekebisho ya takrima ya kibinadamu wanayofanyiwa na huruma, hujionyesha yenyewe kwenye maelezo ya kina na picha iliyoonyeshwa hapo juu!

• 1. Alpers, Edward A., East Africa Slave-Trade (Dar-es-Salaam: The Historical
  Association of Tanzania, 1967)
• 2. Rodney, Walter., West African and the Atlantic slave-trade (Dar- es-Salaam: The
  Historical Association of Tanzania, 1967)
• 3. Newsweek (March 15, 1965) uk. 106
• 4. Rodney, op. cit., uk.4-5
• 5. Ibid, uk. 7f.
• 6. Ibid uk.22.
• 7. Lloyd’s list, 250th Anniversary (1734-1984) April 17, 1984, London, uk. 149.
• 8. Boswell, J, Life of Johnson (N.Y. Modern Library Edition, 1965) Uk. 365

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Arab slave trade

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Arab slave traders and their captives along the Ruvuma River in Mozambique.

The Arab slave trade was the intersection of slavery and trade in the Arab Islamic world, mainly in Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa and Europe.[1] This barter occurred chiefly between the medieval era and the early 20th century. The trade was conducted through slave markets in these areas, with the slaves captured mostly from Africa's interior[2]and Southern Europe.[3][4][5]

Walter Rodney argues that the term Arab Slave Trade is a historical misnomer since bilateral trade agreements between myriad ethnic groups across the proposed 'Zanj trade network' characterized much of the acquisition process of chattel, and more often than not indentured servants.[6]

Scope of the tradeEdit

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A 19th-century European engraving of Arab slave-trading caravan transporting African slaves across the Sahara.

African Zanj slavesEdit

The Arab slave trade, across the Saharadesert and across the Indian Ocean, began after Muslim Arab and Swahili traders won control of the Swahili Coast and sea routes during the 9th century (see Sultanate of Zanzibar). These traders captured Bantu peoples (Zanj) from the interior in present-day Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania and brought them to the coast.[2][7] There, the slaves gradually assimilated in the rural areas, particularly on the Unguja and Pembaislands.[8]

Some historians assert that as many as 17 million people were sold into slavery on the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and North Africa, and approximately 5 million African slaves were transported by Muslim slave traders via Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara desert to other parts of the world between 1500 and 1900.[9]

The captives were sold throughout the Middle East. This trade accelerated as superior ships led to more trade and greater demand for labour on plantations in the region. Eventually, tens of thousands of captives were being taken every year.[8][10][11]

The Indian Ocean slave trade was multi-directional and changed over time. To meet the demand for menial labor, Bantu slaves bought by Arab slave traders from southeastern Africa were sold in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to customers in Egypt, Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, European colonies in the Far East, the Indian Ocean islands, Ethiopia and Somalia.[1]

Slave labor in East Africa was drawn from the Zanj, Bantu peoples that lived along the East African coast.[7][12] The Zanj were for centuries shipped as slaves by Arab traders to all the countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs recruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early as 696, there were revolts of Zanj slave soldiers in Iraq.[13] A 7th-century Chinese text mentions ambassadors from Java presenting the Chinese emperor with two Seng Chi (Zanj) slaves as gifts in 614, and 8th- and 9th-century chronicles mention Seng Chi slaves reaching China from the Hindu kingdom of Sri Vijaya in Java.[13]

The Zanj Rebellion, a series of uprisings that took place between 869 and 883 AD near the city of Basra (also known as Basara), situated in present-day Iraq, is believed to have involved enslaved Zanj that had originally been captured from the African Great Lakesregion and areas further south in East Africa.[14] It grew to involve over 500,000 slaves and free men who were imported from across the Muslim empire and claimed over "tens of thousands of lives in lower Iraq".[15]The Zanj who were taken as slaves to the Middle East were often used in strenuous agricultural work.[16] As the plantation economy boomed and the Arabs became richer, agriculture and other manual labor work was thought to be demeaning. The resulting labor shortage led to an increased slave market.

It is certain that large numbers of slaves were exported from eastern Africa; the best evidence for this is the magnitude of the Zanj revolt in Iraq in the 9th century, though not all of the slaves involved were Zanj. There is little evidence of what part of eastern Africa the Zanj came from, for the name is here evidently used in its general sense, rather than to designate the particular stretch of the coast, from about 3°N. to 5°S., to which the name was also applied.[17]

The Zanj were needed to take care of:

the Tigris-Euphrates delta, which had become abandoned marshland as a result of peasant migration and repeated flooding, could be reclaimed through intensive labor. Wealthy proprietors "had received extensive grants of tidal land on the condition that they would make it arable." Sugar cane was prominent among the products of their plantations, particularly in Khūzestān Province. Zanj also worked the salt mines of Mesopotamia, especially around Basra.[18]

Their jobs were to clear away the nitrous topsoil that made the land arable. The working conditions were also considered to be extremely harsh and miserable. Many other people were imported into the region, besides Zanj.[19]

Historian M. A. Shaban has argued that rebellion was not a slave revolt, but a revolt of blacks (zanj). In his opinion, although a few runaway slaves did join the revolt, the majority of the participants were Arabs and free Zanj. If the revolt had been led by slaves, they would have lacked the necessary resources to combat the Abbasid government for as long as they did.[20]

Ibn Battuta who visited the ancient African kingdom of Mali in the mid-14th century recounts that the local inhabitants vie with each other in the number of slaves and servants they have, and was himself given a slave boy as a "hospitality gift."[21]

European slavesEdit

Arabs also enslaved Europeans. According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured between the 16th and 19th centuries by Barbary corsairs, who were vassals of the Ottoman Empire, and sold as slaves.[22][23][24] These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and also from more distant places like France or England, the Netherlands, and even Iceland. They were also taken from ships stopped by the pirates.[25] The most prominent Barbary pirates were European renegades.[26]

The effects of these attacks were devastating: France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships. Long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants, because of frequent pirate attacks. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.[27][28]

Periodic Muslim raiding expeditions were sent from Islamic Iberia to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back slaves. In a raid against Lisbon in 1189, for example, the Almohad Berber Muslim caliph, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, took 3,000 female and child captives, while his governor of Córdoba, in a subsequent attack upon Silves in 1191, took 3,000 Christian slaves.[29]

Arab slavesEdit

Arabs were sometimes made into slaves in the Muslim world.[30][31] Sometimes castration was done on Arab slaves. In Mecca, Arab women were sold as slaves according to Ibn Butlan, and certain rulers in West Africa had slave girls of Arab origin.[32][33] According to al-Maqrizi, slave girls with lighter skin were sold to West Africans on hajj.[34][35][36] Ibn Battuta met an Arab slave girl near Timbuktu in Mali in 1353. Battuta wrote that the slave girl was fluent in Arabic, from Damascus, and her master's name was Farbá Sulaymán.[37][38][39] Besides his Damascus slave girl and a secretary fluent in Arabic, Arabic was also understood by Farbá himself.[40]



The subject merges with the Oriental slave trade, which followed two main routes in the Middle Ages:

Overland routes across the Maghreb and Mashriq deserts (Trans-Saharan route)[43]

Sea routes to the east of Africa through the Red Sea and Indian Ocean (Oriental route)[44][45]

The Arab slave trade originated before Islam and lasted more than a millennium.[46][47][48]To meet the demand for plantation labor, these captured Zanj slaves were shipped to the Arabian peninsula and the Near East, among other areas.[49]

History of the Arab slave tradeEdit

Further information: History of slavery in the Muslim world and Barbary slave trade

African Zanj slavesEdit

The Arab trade of Zanj (Bantu) slaves in Southeast Africa is one of the oldest slave trades, predating the European transatlantic slave trade by 700 years.[7][12][50] Male slaves were often forced to work as servants, soldiers, or laborers by their owners, while female slaves, including those from Africa, were long traded to the Middle Eastern countries and kingdoms by Arab and Oriental traders as concubines and servants. Arab, African and Oriental[dubious – discuss] traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into the Middle East, Persia and the Far East.[7][12]

From the 7th century until around the 1960s, the Arab slave trade continued in one form or another. Historical accounts and references to slave-owning nobility in Arabia, Yemen and elsewhere are frequent into the early 1920s.[50]

In 641 during the Baqt, a treaty between the Nubian Christian state of Makuria and the new Muslim rulers of Egypt, the Nubians agreed to give Arab traders more privileges of trade in addition to a share in their slave trading.[51]

In Somalia, the Bantu minorities are descended from Bantu groups that had settled in Southeast Africa after the initial expansion from Nigeria/Cameroon. To meet the demand for menial labor, Bantus from southeastern Africa captured by Somali slave traders were sold in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to customers in Somalia and other areas in Northeast Africaand Asia.[52] People captured locally during wars and raids were also sometimes enslaved by Somalis mostly of Oromo and Niloticorigin. [53][54][55] However, the perception, capture, treatment and duties of both groups of slaves differed markedly.[55][56] From 1800 to 1890, between 25,000–50,000 Bantu slaves are thought to have been sold from the slave market of Zanzibar to the Somali coast.[57]Most of the slaves were from the Majindo, Makua, Nyasa, Yao, Zalama, Zaramo and Zigua ethnic groups of Tanzania, Mozambique and Malawi. Collectively, these Bantu groups are known as Mushunguli, which is a term taken from Mzigula, the Zigua tribe's word for "people" (the word holds multiple implied meanings including "worker", "foreigner", and "slave").[58]

During the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, slaves shipped from Ethiopia had a high demand in the markets of the Arabian peninsula and elsewhere in the Middle East. They were mostly domestic servants, though some served as agricultural labourers, or as water carriers, herdsmen, seamen, camel drivers, porters, washerwomen, masons, shop assistants and cooks. The most fortunate of the men worked as the officials or bodyguards of the ruler and emirs, or as business managers for rich merchants.[59] They enjoyed significant personal freedom and occasionally held slaves of their own. Besides European, Caucasian, Javanese and Chinese girls brought in from the Far East, "red" (non-black) Ethiopian young females were among the most valued concubines. The most beautiful ones often enjoyed a wealthy lifestyle, and became mistresses of the elite or even mothers to rulers.[59] The principal sources of these slaves, all of whom passed through Matamma, Massawa and Tadjoura on the Red Sea, were the southwestern parts of Ethiopia, in the Oromo and Sidama country.[60]

In the Central African Republic, during the 16th and 17th centuries Muslim slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were enslaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers.[61][62]

The Arab slave trade in the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean Sea long predated the arrival of any significant number of Europeans on the African continent south of the Sahara.[50][63]



The purchase of Christian captives by Catholic monks in the Barbary states.

Some descendants of African slaves brought to the Middle East during the slave-trade still live there today, and are aware of their African origins.[64][65]

European slavesEdit

The North African slave markets traded also in European slaves. The European slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, and as far afield as Iceland. Men, women, and children were captured to such a devastating extent that vast numbers of sea coast towns were abandoned. Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the white slave trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800 (Palgrave Macmillan).[66]

Davis estimates that 1 million to 1.25 million White Christian Europeans were enslaved in North Africa, from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th by slave traders from Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli alone (these numbers do not include the European people which were enslaved by Morocco and by other raiders and traders of the Mediterranean Sea coast),[66] and roughly 700 Americans were held captive in this region as slaves between 1785 and 1815.[67]

16th- and 17th-century customs statistics suggest that Istanbul's additional slave import from the Black Sea may have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700.[68]

19th centuryEdit

In the 1800s, the slave trade from Africa to the Islamic countries picked up significantly. When the European slave trade ended around the 1850s, the slave trade to the east picked up significantly[dubious – [[Talk:Arab slave trade#Repetition of wording-due to the editor forgetting to erase discarded version, or clumsy wording hiding nuance, "to the Islamic countries" not the same as "to the east [as seen from Africa]"?|discuss]]]only to be ended with European colonisation of Africa around 1900.[69][full citation needed]

In 1814, Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardtwrote of his travels in Egypt and Nubia, where he saw the practice of slave trading: "I frequently witnessed scenes of the most shameless indecency, which the traders, who were the principal actors, only laughed at. I may venture to state, that very few female slaves who have passed their tenth year, reach Egypt or Arabia in a state of virginity."[70]



A photograph of a slave boy in Zanzibar. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence. ' c. 1890.

David Livingstone wrote of the slave trade in the African Great Lakes region, which he visited in the mid-nineteenth century:

To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility ... We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. [Onlookers] said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer. We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead ... We came upon a man dead from starvation ... The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems real to be broken heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves.[71]

[72] Livingstone estimated that 80,000 Africans died each year before ever reaching the slave markets of Zanzibar.[44][45][73][74]

Zanzibar was once East Africa's main slave-trading port, and under Omani Arabs in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the city each year.[75]

Livingstone wrote in a letter to the editor of the New York Herald:

And if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave trade, I shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together.[76]

20th centuryEdit

During the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14,000 to 200,000.[77]

Slavery in Mauritania was legally abolished by laws passed in 1905, 1961, and 1981.[78] It was finally criminalized in August 2007.[79] It is estimated that up to 600,000 Mauritanians, or 20% of Mauritania's population, are currently in conditions which some consider to be "slavery", namely, many of them used as bonded labour due to poverty.[80]

Slavery was comparatively recently outlawed in Oman (1970)[81], Qatar (1952), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen (both in 1962). [82]

Historical and geographical context

Geography of the slave trade

Legacy

Primary sources

See also

References

Further reading

External links

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[Abu Ubaidah Commando]

Wakristo Wanapanga Biashara Ya Utumwa

Watumwa walikuwa wanachukuliwa kutoka hata katika wakati wa Ufalme wa Kirumi, lakini “biashara halisi ya Utumwa” ilianza mnamo karne ya 16 baada ya ujio wa mataifa ya Kikristo ya Ulaya.

Edward A. Alpers wa Chuo Kikuu cha Dar-es Salaam, anaandika kwamba; “kama tunavyoleta utofautisho baina ya biashara inayoambatana katika watumwa ambayo ilichuruzika katika sahara kutoka magharibi mpaka kaskazini ya Afrika kuanzia siku za nyuma sana za wakati wa utawala wa Ufalme wa Kirumi, kwa upande mmoja, na kioja tunacho kiita The West African Slave Trade kwa upande mwingine, kwa hiyo lazima tulete tofauti hiyo hiyo kwa Afrika ya Mashariki.”1

Walter Rodney pia wa Chuo, Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, anaanza kuandika kijitabu chake “West Africa and the Atlantic Slave-Trade kwa maneno yafuatayo: - Wakati wote lazima ikumbukwe kwamba biashara ya utumwa iliyo;fanyi- ka katika bahari ya Atlantiki” lilikuwa ni tukio katika histo- ria ya dunia, iliyo husisha mabara matatu – Ulaya, Afrika na Marekani.

Watu walio toka kwa dhamira ya kutafuta watumwa walikuwa Wazungu waliotoka katika kila nchi kati ya Sweeden kwa upande wa Kaskazini na Ureno kwa upande wa magharibi.

Wareno walifika Afrika ya Magharibi muda mfupi kabla ya kuingia nusu karne ya kumi na tano. Mara moja na kwa haraka sana walianza kukamata (watumwa) Waafrika na kuwapeleka kufanya kazi Ulaya kama watumwa, hususan katika Ureno na Hispania. Lakini maendeleo muhimu sana kwa biashara hii ya utumwa yalikuwa katika karne ya kumi na sita, ambapo mabepari wa Kizungu walitambua kwamba wangepata faida kubwa sana kwa kutumia nguvukazi ya Waafrika kuujenga na kuuendeleza utajiri wa nchi zote za Amerika.

Matokeo yake, Waafrika walipelekwa Amerika ya kaskazini, Amerika ya kati, Amerika ya kusini na Visiwa vya Caribbean kwa ajili ya kukidhi haja ya nguvukazi ya watumwa kwenye machimbo ya dhahabu na shaba, na kwenye mashamba ya kilimo cha mazao ya miwa, pamba na tumbaku. Biashara hii mbaya ya kununua na kuuza binadamu ilidumu kwa kipindi cha miaka (400) mia nne, kwani Atlantic slave-Trade (Biashara ya Utumwa wa kupitia bahari ya Atlantiki) ilikoma mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1870.

“Mambo mengi yanaweza kusemwa kuhusu jinsi Biashara ya Utumwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki ilivyopangwa huko Ulaya, na kuhusu faida kubwa iliyokusanywa na nchi kama Uingereza na Ufaransa. Mambo mengi yanaweza kusemwa kuhusu safari za kutisha kutoka Afrika hadi Marekani kuvu- ka bahari ya Atlantic. Waafrika walipangwa kama dagaa kwenye meli za kubeba watumwa, na matokeo yake walikufa wengi sana.”2

Na dagaa walioje! Kwa maelezo zaidi kuhusu upakiaji huu wa watumwa kwenye meli, soma taarifa ifuatayo: - Moja ya hati yenye kuuvunja moyo sana katika nyaraka zote zinazotisha ni “Plan of the Brookes,” mpango mbaya sana wa karne ya kumi na nane wa kupanga watumwa kwenye meli ya kubeba watumwa ‘Brookes’… Kwa mahesabu sahi- hi, teknolojia ya kushtua ilitengenezwa - futi na inchi, chumba cha kusimama na nafasi ya kupumua iliwekwa kwa matumaini ya faida kubwa.

Mtu mmoja Bwana Jones anapendekeza kwamba wanawake watano wahesabiwe kama wanaume wanne, na wavulana watatu au wasichana watatu wafanywe kuwa sawa na watu wazima wawili … kila mtumwa mwanaume aruhusiwe futi sita kwa futi moja na inchi nne (1’4”x6’) kama nafasi ya chumba chake, kila mwanamke alipewa nafasi ya upana wa futi tano na inchi kumi na futi moja na inchi nne…. (5’10”x1’4”); na inaendelea hivyo mpaka kila mtu anapata nafasi – watumwa 451.

Lakini Muswada wa Bunge unaruhusu watumwa 454. Kwa hiyo hati hiyo inahitimisha kwamba kama watumwa watatu zaidi wangeweza kuwekwa kwa kubanwa katikati ya wale waliotamkwa kwenye mpango, mpango huu ungeweza kuchukua idadi ile ile ambayo imeelekezwa kwenye muswada.3

Mara Waafrika walipofikishwa upande mwingine wa bahari ya Atlantic, kwa hakika walikuwa katika “Dunia Mpya”, iliyojaa ukandamizaji na ukatili. Taarifa ifuatayo inaweza kusaidia kuelewa hali ilivyokuwa wakati huo. Rodney anaandika:
“Kuanzia wakati walipofika (Wakristo) Wazungu hadi 1600, takriban Waafrika milioni moja (1, 000,000) walichukuliwa kwenye meli za kubeba watumwa.

Wakati wa kipindi hicho, Wareno walikuwa ndio wafanya biashara wakuu wa biashara ya watumwa huko Afrika ya Magharibi. Ama wali- wapeleka Waafrika huko Brazil, ambayo nchi hiyo ilikuwa koloni lao, au vinginevyo waliwauza kwa waloezi wa Kihispania huko Mexico, Amerika ya kati, Amerika ya Kusini na visiwa vya Caribbean. Mnamo karne ya kumi na saba, kiasi cha Waafrika wapatao milioni saba hadi nane kutoka Afrika ya magharibi walivushwa bahari ya Atlantic.

Wadachi walijumuika na Wareno kama wafanya biashara wakuu wa biashara ya utumwa mnamo karne ya kumi na saba, na karne iliyofuata Waingereza wakawa wafanya biashara wakubwa kushinda wote wa biashara ya utumwa. Wakati biashara ya Utumwa katika bahari ya Atlantiki ilipofikia kileleni mnamo karne ya kumi na nane, meli za Kiingereza zilikuwa zinachukua zaidi ya nusu ya jumla yote ya watumwa na idadi iliyobaki iligawanywa baina ya Wadachi, Wafaransa, Wareno na Wadane (Danish).

“Ilipofika karne ya kumi na tisa, palikuwepo na mabadiliko mengine ya watu ambao walishika nafasi mbele katika kuinyonya Afrika. Nchi za Ulaya zenyewe hazikushiriki kikamilifu kwenye biashara ya utumwa, lakini badala yake Wazungu ambao waliloea Brazil, Cuba, na Amerika ya Kaskazini ndio ambao walipanga sehemu kubwa ya biashara.

Waamerika (U.S.A) ndiyo katika kipindi hicho hicho tu walipata uhuru kutoka kwa Waingereza, hili lilikuwa taifa jipya (U.S.A.) ambalo lilikuwa na mgawo mkubwa kabisa kuliko wote katika biashara ya watumwa katika biashara ya Atlantiki katika kipindi cha miaka hamsi- ni ya mwisho, kwa kuchukua kiwango kikubwa zaidi cha watumwa kuliko ambavyo imewahi kufanya huko nyuma.
“Ilipoanza “biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi, ilichukua utaratibu wa kutu- mia nguvu moja kwa moja wa Wazungu kuwashambulia Waafrika waliokuwa wanaishi karibu na pwani.

Mabaharia wa kwanza wa Kireno walipofika kwenye pwani inayoju- likana leo kama Mauritania, waliacha meli zao na kuanza kuwawinda watu waitwao, Moors watu walioishi katika jimbo hilo. Kwa kweli, hii haikuwa biashara hata kidogo – ilikuwa uvamizi wa nguvu. Hata hivyo, baada ya mashambulizi kadhaa ya kushtukizwa, Waafrika wa pwani wakawa na kawaida ya kulinda kwa zamu na walijilinda kwa nguvu dhidi ya washambuliaji wao Wazungu.

Katika kipindi kifupi tu, Wareno walitambua kwamba uvamizi haikuwa mbinu inayofaa na iliyo salama katika kujaribu kuwapata watumwa. Zaidi ya hayo, pia walitaka dhahabu na bidhaa zingine za Kiafrika, ambazo wangeweza tu kuzipata kwa njia ya kununuliana na kuuziana kwa amani. Kwa hiyo badala ya kuvamia, Wareno waliona afadhali kutumia bidhaa zilizo tengenezwa kiwandani ili kuwatia moyo Waafrika kubadilishana na bidhaa zao na hata kuweza kuwafikisha mateka wa Kiafrika kwenye meli za Wazungu kwa urahisi. Mpango huu haukufanywa na Wareno pekee, lakini hata wazungu wengine wote walitambua na kukubali kwamba huo ulikuwa mpango mzuri zaidi wa kupata bidhaa hapa Afrika; na ilikuwa kwa njia hii waliweza kupata mamilioni mengi ya Waafrika.”4

Akifafanua juu ya kipengele hiki cha biashara ya watumwa, mwandishi anasema: “Moja ya vitu muhimu sana ni kutambua jambo liumalo sana na lisilo pendeza kwamba walikuwepo Waafrika ambao waliwasaidia na kushirikiana na Wazungu katika kuwafanya Waafrika wenzao kuwa watumwa.

Maana yake ni kwamba hatuwezi kuchukua msimamo dhaifu na kusema kwamba watu weupe walikuwa wabaya sana na watu weusi walikuwa waathirika (katika kuangamia). Mfano unaofaa na sambamba ambao ungeweza kusaidia kuelewa yale yaliyotokea katika Afrika ya Magharibi wakati wa kipindi cha karne za biashara za watumwa unaweza kuonekana hapa Afrika leo, ambapo viongozi wengi wanashirikiana na mabeberu wa Ulaya na Marekani (U. S. A.) kwa lengo la kuwanyonya na kuwakan- damiza Waafrika walio wengi.

Hatimaye, Waafrika wa Afrika ya Magharibi walifikishwa kwenye hali ya “uza au uuzwe.” Hapa suala la bunduki lilikuwa na umuhimu maalum. Kuwa na nguvu, serikali ili- hitaji bunduki, lakini ili kupata bunduki kutoka kwa wazungu, Waafrika ilibidi kuwapa Wazungu watumwa na wao kupewa bunduki. Watawala wa Kiafrika walijikuta wenyewe wanawauza watumwa ili wapate bunduki ambazo ziliwawezesha kuwakamata raia wao na kuwauza kama watumwa ili wanunue bunduki nyingi zaidi.

Hali hii inaweza kuelezewa, kama “ubaya juu ya ubaya (mzunguuko unaoashiria kukwama).” Watawala wa Kiafrika ambao waliwasaidia wazungu hawasameheki moja kwa moja, lakini inafafanua jinsi gani mwishoni hawakuwa washirika halisi wa Wazungu bali walikuwa watumishi au vibaraka wa Wazungu.” 5


Na kanisa lilikuwa linafanya nini wakati wote huo? Msikilize mwandishi huyu huyu anasema; “Kwa sababu faida kubwa sana ilikuwa inapatikana kwa kuwachukua watumwa kutoka Afrika, Wazungu walikataa kuzisikiliza dhamiri zao. Walifahamu kuhusu mateso yaliyo wapata watu katika Afrika, ndani ya meli za kubebea watumwa na kwenye mashamba yaliyokuwa yanalimwa na watumwa ya Waamerika, na walitambua kwamba kuwauza binadamu wenzao ni jambo ambalo halingethibitishwa kimaadili. Hata hivyo kanisa la Kikristo lilijitokeza na kutoa sababu nyingi likijitetea kuingia kwake katika biashara ya watumwa.

Wachungaji wengi walifanya biashara ya watumwa, hasa katika Angola, na wengine wengi walimiliki watumwa, katika nchi za Amerika. Sababu moja tu ambayo ilitolewa na kanisa Katoliki kuhusu vitendo vyake ilikuwa kwamba lilikuwa kinajaribu kuziokoa roho za Waafrika kwa kuwabatiza watumwa. Waprotestanti walikuwa wabaya zaidi, kwani wala hawakuweka wazi kwamba walikubali kwamba Waafrika walikuwa na roho.

Badala yake, walikubaliana na fikira kwamba mtumwa wa Kiafrika alikuwa sehemu ya rasilimali kama fenicha au hayawani wa kufugwa. Hakuna sehemu ya historia ya Kanisa la Kikristo ambayo inafedhehesha zaidi kuliko kusaidia “Biashara ya Utumwa katika Bahari ya Atlantiki.”6

Kwa mujibu wa orodha ya Lloyd, iliamuliwa kwamba watumwa walikuwa ni bidhaa, na wenye thamani sana. Hati za bima zilizochukuliwa kutoka Lloyd waliwakatia watumwa hati za bima hadi kufika kiasi cha pauni za Kiingereza 45 kila mtumwa kiasi hicho cha fedha ni kikubwa katika kipindi hichi cha mwanzoni mwa karne ya 18 huko Uingereza.

Ili kuwazuia watumwa wasitoroke, au kuwaadhibu, nyenzo zisizo za kawaida kama zilivyoorodheshwa hapa zilitumiwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi na katika visiwa vya West Indies.7

Siku zote kulikuwepo watu wachache ambao walipinga Biashara ya Utumwa katika Bahari ya Atlantiki. tangu mwanzo; lakini serikali mbalimbali na wafanya biashara hawakuwajali, wakati wa karne ya kumi na tano, kumi na sita na kumi na saba. Haikuwa hivyo, hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya kumi na nane wakati majaribio ya dhati yalifanywa kwa lengo la kukomesha biashara hii.

James Boswell, akijaribu kukana hoja za watu waliotaka biashara ya watumwa ikomeshwe, anaandika katika kitabu chake kiitwacho “Life of Johnson.” Kwamba: Jaribio la kinyama na la hatari ambalo kwa muda fulani limeendelea kuwepo kwa lengo la kupata sheria ya bunge letu, ili kukomesha tawi la maana sana na muhimu la faida kibiashara, lazima lingekwisha amuliwa mara moja, kama isin- gelikuwa kundi lisilo na maana la washabiki waliokuwa msitari wa mbele kwalo bila kufaulu, ndilo ambalo linaunda kundi kubwa la Wakulima, Wafanya biashara na wengineo ambao rasilimali yao imetumbukizwa na kuhusishwa kwenye biashara hiyo, kwa sababu zao kujikinaisha, hufikiria kwamba hapangekuwepo na hatari.

Ujasiri ambao jaribio hilo limepata msisimko mshangao wangu na hasira, na ingawa watu fulani wenye uwezo mkubwa wameliunga mkono, ama kwa sababu ya kutaka umaarufu wa muda mfupi, wakati wanao utajiri, au kupenda kujumuika kwenye fitina, wakati hawana kitu, maoni yangu hayatetereki.

Kukomesha hali ya kuwepo utumwa ambayo katika zama zote, MUNGU ameruhusu, na binadamu akaendeleza, haingekuwa unyang’anyi tu kwa tabaka la raia wetu wasio hesabika; lakini pia ingekuwa ukatili mno kwa Washenzi wa Kiafrika, ambao sehemu kutoka miongoni mwao inaokolewa kutoka kwenye mauaji ya kinyama, au kutoka kwenye utumwa isiyovumilika katika nchi yao wenyewe, na huwaingiza kwenye maisha ya hali ya furaha zaidi, hasa zaidi sasa kupita kwao kwenda katika visiwa vya West-Indies na wanavyotendewa huko katika hali ya udhibiti wa kibinadamu.

Kukomesha biashara hiyo itakuwa sawa na kufunga milango ya huruma kwa binadamu.”8Marekebisho ya takrima ya kibinadamu wanayofanyiwa na huruma, hujionyesha yenyewe kwenye maelezo ya kina na picha iliyoonyeshwa hapo juu!

• 1. Alpers, Edward A., East Africa Slave-Trade (Dar-es-Salaam: The Historical
  Association of Tanzania, 1967)
• 2. Rodney, Walter., West African and the Atlantic slave-trade (Dar- es-Salaam: The
  Historical Association of Tanzania, 1967)
• 3. Newsweek (March 15, 1965) uk. 106
• 4. Rodney, op. cit., uk.4-5
• 5. Ibid, uk. 7f.
• 6. Ibid uk.22.
• 7. Lloyd’s list, 250th Anniversary (1734-1984) April 17, 1984, London, uk. 149.
• 8. Boswell, J, Life of Johnson (N.Y. Modern Library Edition, 1965) Uk. 365

Umeeleweka vizuri sana mkuu, huyo kijana DASM atakuwa amekuelewa Vyema. Na kama ataendelea kubisha kwamba eti waarabu walitesa babu zetu basi atakuwa na lake jambo sio bure, maana kama fact umeweka. Allah akujaze kheri GAVANA

 

[JustDoItNow]

Huoni wanavyoiendesha Duniani. Nyie waislam Nani aliwaroga. Mwarabu alikuwa mkoloni mbaya kuliko mzungu.alianzisha biashara ya utumwa . Akawapeleka watu uarabuni . Anawahasi yaani castration. Ndio maana leo hutaona watu weusi uarabuni. Walileta dini ya uislam na kuendesha biashara ya utumwa. Wana roho mbaya Sana waarabu. Mzungu alipotutawala alituletea ukristo, alijenga mashuleni, mahospitali na miundombinu. Pamoja na mabaya ya mzungu lakini alitusaidia. Waislam wanaongelea maxuri ya mwarabu bila kuongelea ubaya aliotifanyia

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Tunaongelea ishu ya IQ mkuu. sasa hilo povu la nini? pia mi siyo muislam

 

[DASM]

Tunaongelea ishu ya IQ mkuu. sasa hilo povu la nini? pia mi siyo muislam

Mi ntajuaje kama we sio muislam. Leta data zako ni watu wa taifa gani ndio Wana high iq. Waislam siku zote mpo against Muisrael na US, ulaya. Sasa mwarabu atakumbukwa Kwa kitu gani ameifanyia dunia. Yeye akipata hela yaafuta ameridhika . Ndio maana ni rahisi Marekani kuwawekea vikwazo waarabu. Wao wanauza mafuta tuu no invention. Saud arabia mafuta yake hayaendi Zaid ya miaka 50 yatakuwa yameisha. Pia tunakoelekea mafuta yanaweza kukosa soko la uhakika kutokana na ugunduzi wa magari ya umeme.USA tayari wanakiwanda cha kutengeneza magari ya umeme.

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[JustDoItNow]

Mi ntajuaje kama we sio muislam. Leta data zako ni watu wa taifa gani ndio Wana high iq. Waislam siku zote mpo against Muisrael na US, ulaya. Sasa mwarabu atakumbukwa Kwa kitu gani ameifanyia dunia. Yeye akipata hela yaafuta ameridhika . Ndio maana ni rahisi Marekani kuwawekea vikwazo waarabu. Wao wanauza mafuta tuu no invention. Saud arabia mafuta yake hayaendi Zaid ya miaka 50 yatakuwa yameisha. Pia tunakoelekea mafuta yanaweza kukosa soko la uhakika kutokana na ugunduzi wa magari ya umeme.USA tayari wanakiwanda cha kutengeneza magari ya umeme.

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Du unachanganya ishu sana. Binadam yeyote anaweza kuwa na IQ. Hata muafrika mkuu

 

[DASM]

Du unachanganya ishu sana. Binadam yeyote anaweza kuwa na IQ. Hata muafrika mkuu

Sikatai waafrika kuwa na high iq . Tatizo waafrika tunashindwa kuonyesha iq kutokana na umaskini uliokithiri. Kutokana na umaskini tutanakosa chakula au Hunger au kama kipo sio balanced diet kinachojenga ubongo because we are what we eat , tunakosa Elimu au kama ipo sio elimu Bora. Kwa staili hiyo watu watu wenye high iq hawaonekani wanafia vijijini. Developed nations Wana pesa nyingi kwahiyo wanawekeza kwenye elimu na kufanya research za kutosha. Ndio gap tunapoachwa waafrika

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[Poluyakhtov]

Hivi unafikiria vizuri kabla hujatoa hoja?Unawezaje kuanika uwezo wako wote wa kimapambano kwa maadui?unataka ushambuliwe kirahisi?unachekesha sana.

Iran Hana uwezo wa kuishambulia Israel. Israel inaweza kuishambulia Iran. Iran mwenyewe haingi top 10 ya majeshi yenye nguvu. Wala hana technolojia kubwa ya kivita dhidi ya Israel.

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[Poluyakhtov]

Mkuu kuwa serious Iran nia yake ni kuitoa Israel pale ilipo ndio nia ya Waarabu wote..sasa unaposema aanze Israel najiona kituko maana Israel hana shida na uwepo wa Irani maana Irani ni ya kwanza kuundwa so anayeumia ni Irani kutikana na uwepo wa Wayahudi maana wanawanyanyasa Waarabu na kukalia ardhi yao....sasa nakushangaa mkuu kwa jibu lako...kikubwa naona Irani ni either hana uwezo wa kumpiga Myahudi ili awakomboa waislamu wenzake wanaokandamizwa or anaogipa kuazisha vita na Israel fullstop huo ndio ukweli mchungu bila kupepesa macho!

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Tangu lini wa-Iran wakawa ni Waarabu?

 

[Poluyakhtov]

Ndio maana hata ukisoma vita Vingi vilivyopiganwa middle East ni Israel ndio walianza kushambuliwa..so Waarabu&waislamu wanachukia uwepo wa Israel pale ilipo kwenye ardhi ya Waarabu & waislamu,.. Lengo lao wote ni moja kuiondoa Israel pale ilipo ili kukimesha mateso na manyanyaso ya wayahudi.so nakuona unajitoa ufahamu unapotaka Israel aanzishe vita na Irani hali ya kuwa yeye hana shida na MTU ila tu ukiingilia maslahi yao au ukiwachokoza ndipo hukushambulia na hii tumeona katika vita vyote ukianzia na six day war.

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Duh,hii Israel unayoiona wewe imeundwa 1948!acha kuongea usiyokuwa na ujuzi nayo!

 

[Poluyakhtov]

Iran ni maneno tuu. Wakiingia kwenye vita kamili Iran atanyoosha mikono. Lengo lao ni kwamba Israel iwe ardhi ya Kiislam. Zama zimebadilika Israel ndio mlinzi wa mashariki. Na amakaa pale purposely. Historia tells Israel pale ni kwao

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Since 1948 to be precise

 

[fidel castro wapili]

mbona kwa miaka dahari Iran inaapa kuifuta Israel kwenye raman ya dunia wala haijatimiza!!

Subir achokozwe uone.

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[Poluyakhtov]

Kumbe udini unakusumbua,pole

Huoni wanavyoiendesha Duniani. Nyie waislam Nani aliwaroga. Mwarabu alikuwa mkoloni mbaya kuliko mzungu.alianzisha biashara ya utumwa . Akawapeleka watu uarabuni . Anawahasi yaani castration. Ndio maana leo hutaona watu weusi uarabuni. Walileta dini ya uislam na kuendesha biashara ya utumwa. Wana roho mbaya Sana waarabu. Mzungu alipotutawala alituletea ukristo, alijenga mashuleni, mahospitali na miundombinu. Pamoja na mabaya ya mzungu lakini alitusaidia. Waislam wanaongelea maxuri ya mwarabu bila kuongelea ubaya aliotifanyia

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[msabillah]

Iran Hana uwezo wa kuishambulia Israel. Israel inaweza kuishambulia Iran. Iran mwenyewe haingi top 10 ya majeshi yenye nguvu. Wala hana technolojia kubwa ya kivita dhidi ya Israel.

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Wao hawana mbwembwe za kujitangaza subiri!

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[Elungata]

Iran: We have taken
control of 7-8 US drones
over Syria, extracted intel
Feb 22, 2019 @ 18:41 Iran
controls US drones, MQ-9 Reaper
“Seven to eight drones that flew
constantly over Syria and Iraq were
brought under our control and their
intel was monitored by us first hand,”
claimed Brig. Gen. Amir Ali Hajizadeh,
commander of the Iranian Guards Air
Force on Friday, Feb. 22. To support
the claim, the Iranian FARS agency
released a three-minute video called
““one of the many proofs in support of
General Hajizadeh’s remarks” with
footage from several different
incidents that show a US MQ-9 Reaper
UAV, known also as Predator B, crash-
landing after its operator apparently
lost control. The Reaper is one of the
larges US Air Force armed drones’ it is
capable of high altitudes and speed
and operated by pilot teams from a
ground station in the United States or
a regional US command center. The
Predator Bs are in service with US
forces in war arenas like Afghanistan,
Syria, Iraq and Yemen. The Iranian clip
shows the US drone destroyed on the
ground by an airstrike to destroy its
intelligence instruments. Some aviation
sources date this purported incident to
2016 and report that there were no
recurrences since then.
When asked about the Iranian
claim, Pentagon spokeswoman
Commander Rebecca Rebarich,
said: “We are aware of the report and
we have nothing else to add.”
The Iranian general’s claim was the
first time Tehran had reported taking
over the command and control of a US
UAV. Eight years ago, Iran captured the
top-secret US CIA RQ-170 Sentinel,
bringing it down almost intact at one
of its western bases on Dec. 5, 2011.
DEBKAfile revealed at the time that
Chinese army cyber engineers were
responsible for the Iranian coup.
Tehran claimed then to have controlled
not just the RQ-170s command and
control system but also its channels of
communications to the US military
satellites which bounced orders from
the ground station.
US official sources have never
commented on this incident. But there
were repercussions. On 2014, Iran
showcased Shahed 171 a new drone
that was a close replica of the US
Sentinel. Another Iranian drone Saeqeh
also showed similar features.
On Feb. 10, 2018, Iran fired an
armed Shahed 171 UAV into Israel. It
flew over the Golan towards Tiberias
over Beit Shean, the Gilboa and the
Valley of the Springs before being shot
down by Israeli fighter jets.
Tehran chose the third week of
February to show off its ability to hack
into the control systems of US drones
for reasons unknown. Using a high-
ranking IRGC general for the purpose
indicates to DEBKAfile’s military sources
that Iran is building up towards a
military engagement with American or
Israel forces in the Syrian/Iraqi arena
and wants both to know that it is in
possession of cyber warfare
capabilities for fighting back.

 

[Elungata]

The Iranian Counter
Insurgency A.I. Capability
V1.1
First posted 13 February 2019; Updated
15 February 2019
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. China's Experience in Counter
Insurgency A.I.
2.1. China's Past Decade Experience In
Counter Insurgency A.I.
2.2. Teraherz Radar: China's Latest
Development In Counter Insurgency A.I.
3. Iranian Road Map For A Counter
Insurgency A.I.
1. Introduction
Gone are the days when the U.S. could
threaten the Islamic Republic of Iran
with a blunt military invasion.
And as of 2018, Iran has already
secured a credible deterrence against
any direct act of aggression.
For this, no need to reach the American
continent. Iran's IRGC has the ability to
strike at the Empire's Achilles' heel, that
is at the U.S. 20,000 orbital military
satellites, and all the related ECHELON
ground facilities.
Any salvo of Moksong-2 ICBMs
(militarized Safir-2) could easily take
down most of the U.S. space satellites
with a single EMP blow.
In addition, Moksong-2 ICBMs are able
to reach key facilities of the GEODSS, an
important piece of U.S. Strategic
Command in the Indian Ocean at some
3,800 km south-eastwards.
The track of the January 15, 2019,
Safir-2-e-Payam launch has clearly
demonstrated Iran's IRGC ballistic
deterrence's vital credibility, putting the
U.S. Diego Garcia GEODSS within its
range.
This is why the U.S. is now mostly using
indirect strategies of proxy war against
bigger military powerhouses, as
demonstrated with the 2011 Jasmin
Revolution targeting Syria, Libya and all
the Middle East, the 21 February 2014
coup against Ukrainian President Viktor
Yanukovych, and of course the botched
15 July 2016 coup d'état, thwarted by
Turkish President Erdogan.
2. China's Experience in Counter
Insurgency A.I.
2.1. China's Past Decade Experience In
Counter Insurgency A.I.
Alas, nowadays imperialists prefer to
avoid direct military conflicts and use
instead fifth columnists as an
alternative: look at Syria, Libya, Ukraine.
Only China has been able to crack down
on these due to an extensive A.I.
monitoring in real time of all electronic
recordings: public and private CCTVs,
smartphones, laptops, dashcams,
GoPros, etc, and 24/7/365.
Not only all real time video footages but
also all sound recordings from TV
remote controls, digital cameras,
headphones, etc.
Remember of the last riot in Tibet or
Xinjiang? That was years ago, and not
likely to be repeated any time soon in
the future! The use of A.I. counter
insurgency technology has allowed to
round up literally millions of potential
dissenters before any basic menacing
organization could even take form!
2.2. Teraherz Radar: China's Latest
Development In Counter Insurgency A.I.
Radar to spot the bad guys from on
high
15:43, February 15, 2019
China's space engineers said they
can now offer a new method to
detect terrorists transporting
explosives as well as track moving
targets more efficiently than
current modalities.
Researchers at the Beijing Institute
of Radio Measurement, affiliated
with the China Aerospace Science
and Industry Corp, said they have
developed the country's first
terahertz radiation-enabled
synthetic-aperture radar and they
are working to utilize the
technology in public security work.
Li Jun, a senior designer at the
institute, explained that a terahertz
is a unit of the electromagnetic
spectrum between the microwave
and the optical wavelengths.
Among terahertz radiation's many
physical characteristics, it has a
special ability to identify proteins,
the building blocks of living
organisms. It can also detect TNT,
one of the most oftused explosive
materials, and can therefore be
used to detect individuals carrying
the material on their persons.
"Currently, it is very difficult for
public security authorities to screen
people for firearms or explosive
devices from long, safe distances.
Most methods rely on handheld
detectors and visual clues, forcing
law-enforcement personnel to
check suspected people within a
short range or manually and this
has proved to be time-consuming
and dangerous," Li said.
By comparison, terahertz radiation-
enabled radar takes advantage of
its high penetration capability, and
is able to detect explosives and
reveal hidden weapons from afar,
which helps to improve safety at
public buildings and at large
events, as well as the safety of
security officers, he said.
In addition to its potential
applications in remote detection
work, the radar technology also
offers better solutions for law
enforcement departments'
surveillance of criminal suspects or
terrorists, Li said.
"Existing optical, infrared or radar
systems are subject to a host of
external factors such as sunlight,
cloud or smog, when they are used
to monitor and track people on the
move. But terahertz technology is
immune to these factors, reducing
the risk of losing targets," he said.
The institute is a leading research
body in radar and terahertz
technology in China and has taken
part in the development of many
advanced defense technologies.
Encouraged by the government's
policies to foster transfer of
defense technologies to civilian
industries, institute designers have
been seeking to make use of their
expertise to assist other sectors, Li
said.
Engineers have built prototypes of
terahertz radiation-enabled
synthetic-aperture radar and are
conducting tests.
"We mounted a prototype on a
drone and recently conducted test
flights in Shaanxi province," Li said.
"A typical application of the radar in
the future can be drone-based to
help with large-scale detection of
explosive-carrying terrorists or the
placement of improvised explosive
devices. This will be much more
efficient and safer than deploying a
lot of security personnel to do the
same work."
Drones equipped with the radar
can also perform uninterrupted
surveillance of suspects, he added.
http://en.people.cn/n3/2019/0215/
c90000-9546772.html
3. Iranian Road Map For A Counter
Insurgency A.I.
Iran has the military muscle to deter any
frontal military attack, but it must now
learn from China's decade old
experience, and strengthen its counter
fifth-columnist capability, for the U.S.
will try relentlessly to wage color
revolutions, encouraged by its
successes in Libya and Syria. Iran has to
improve its A.I. monitoring of facial
reconnaissance and cellphone network,
to neutralize any U.S. wire-pulled
plotters before they can even get
organized! Build reeducation camps,
Iran does not lack of empty spaces in its
deserts!
By investing in Huawei 5G hardware
would be an excellent start. These
marvels are fitted with new phased
array antenna that even allow to
provide real time millimetric wavelength
imagery inside all the buildings within
range, tracking all individuals 24/7! And
the bonus, Counter Terrorist A.I.
disposes for the first time of a tool that
allows it to neutralize the dangerous
individuals remotely, with its latest most
advanced beamforming and
beamsteering capability. Basically frying
within seconds the brain of any would
be terrorists.
Indeed a win-win strategy!

 

[ze kokuyo]

Iran: We have taken
control of 7-8 US drones
over Syria, extracted intel
Feb 22, 2019 @ 18:41 Iran
controls US drones, MQ-9 Reaper
“Seven to eight drones that flew
constantly over Syria and Iraq were
brought under our control and their
intel was monitored by us first hand,”
claimed Brig. Gen. Amir Ali Hajizadeh,
commander of the Iranian Guards Air
Force on Friday, Feb. 22. To support
the claim, the Iranian FARS agency
released a three-minute video called
““one of the many proofs in support of
General Hajizadeh’s remarks” with
footage from several different
incidents that show a US MQ-9 Reaper
UAV, known also as Predator B, crash-
landing after its operator apparently
lost control. The Reaper is one of the
larges US Air Force armed drones’ it is
capable of high altitudes and speed
and operated by pilot teams from a
ground station in the United States or
a regional US command center. The
Predator Bs are in service with US
forces in war arenas like Afghanistan,
Syria, Iraq and Yemen. The Iranian clip
shows the US drone destroyed on the
ground by an airstrike to destroy its
intelligence instruments. Some aviation
sources date this purported incident to
2016 and report that there were no
recurrences since then.
When asked about the Iranian
claim, Pentagon spokeswoman
Commander Rebecca Rebarich,
said: “We are aware of the report and
we have nothing else to add.”
The Iranian general’s claim was the
first time Tehran had reported taking
over the command and control of a US
UAV. Eight years ago, Iran captured the
top-secret US CIA RQ-170 Sentinel,
bringing it down almost intact at one
of its western bases on Dec. 5, 2011.
DEBKAfile revealed at the time that
Chinese army cyber engineers were
responsible for the Iranian coup.
Tehran claimed then to have controlled
not just the RQ-170s command and
control system but also its channels of
communications to the US military
satellites which bounced orders from
the ground station.
US official sources have never
commented on this incident. But there
were repercussions. On 2014, Iran
showcased Shahed 171 a new drone
that was a close replica of the US
Sentinel. Another Iranian drone Saeqeh
also showed similar features.
On Feb. 10, 2018, Iran fired an
armed Shahed 171 UAV into Israel. It
flew over the Golan towards Tiberias
over Beit Shean, the Gilboa and the
Valley of the Springs before being shot
down by Israeli fighter jets.
Tehran chose the third week of
February to show off its ability to hack
into the control systems of US drones
for reasons unknown. Using a high-
ranking IRGC general for the purpose
indicates to DEBKAfile’s military sources
that Iran is building up towards a
military engagement with American or
Israel forces in the Syrian/Iraqi arena
and wants both to know that it is in
possession of cyber warfare
capabilities for fighting back.

The Iranian Counter
Insurgency A.I. Capability
V1.1
First posted 13 February 2019; Updated
15 February 2019
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. China's Experience in Counter
Insurgency A.I.
2.1. China's Past Decade Experience In
Counter Insurgency A.I.
2.2. Teraherz Radar: China's Latest
Development In Counter Insurgency A.I.
3. Iranian Road Map For A Counter
Insurgency A.I.
1. Introduction
Gone are the days when the U.S. could
threaten the Islamic Republic of Iran
with a blunt military invasion.
And as of 2018, Iran has already
secured a credible deterrence against
any direct act of aggression.
For this, no need to reach the American
continent. Iran's IRGC has the ability to
strike at the Empire's Achilles' heel, that
is at the U.S. 20,000 orbital military
satellites, and all the related ECHELON
ground facilities.
Any salvo of Moksong-2 ICBMs
(militarized Safir-2) could easily take
down most of the U.S. space satellites
with a single EMP blow.
In addition, Moksong-2 ICBMs are able
to reach key facilities of the GEODSS, an
important piece of U.S. Strategic
Command in the Indian Ocean at some
3,800 km south-eastwards.
The track of the January 15, 2019,
Safir-2-e-Payam launch has clearly
demonstrated Iran's IRGC ballistic
deterrence's vital credibility, putting the
U.S. Diego Garcia GEODSS within its
range.
This is why the U.S. is now mostly using
indirect strategies of proxy war against
bigger military powerhouses, as
demonstrated with the 2011 Jasmin
Revolution targeting Syria, Libya and all
the Middle East, the 21 February 2014
coup against Ukrainian President Viktor
Yanukovych, and of course the botched
15 July 2016 coup d'état, thwarted by
Turkish President Erdogan.
2. China's Experience in Counter
Insurgency A.I.
2.1. China's Past Decade Experience In
Counter Insurgency A.I.
Alas, nowadays imperialists prefer to
avoid direct military conflicts and use
instead fifth columnists as an
alternative: look at Syria, Libya, Ukraine.
Only China has been able to crack down
on these due to an extensive A.I.
monitoring in real time of all electronic
recordings: public and private CCTVs,
smartphones, laptops, dashcams,
GoPros, etc, and 24/7/365.
Not only all real time video footages but
also all sound recordings from TV
remote controls, digital cameras,
headphones, etc.
Remember of the last riot in Tibet or
Xinjiang? That was years ago, and not
likely to be repeated any time soon in
the future! The use of A.I. counter
insurgency technology has allowed to
round up literally millions of potential
dissenters before any basic menacing
organization could even take form!
2.2. Teraherz Radar: China's Latest
Development In Counter Insurgency A.I.
Radar to spot the bad guys from on
high
15:43, February 15, 2019
China's space engineers said they
can now offer a new method to
detect terrorists transporting
explosives as well as track moving
targets more efficiently than
current modalities.
Researchers at the Beijing Institute
of Radio Measurement, affiliated
with the China Aerospace Science
and Industry Corp, said they have
developed the country's first
terahertz radiation-enabled
synthetic-aperture radar and they
are working to utilize the
technology in public security work.
Li Jun, a senior designer at the
institute, explained that a terahertz
is a unit of the electromagnetic
spectrum between the microwave
and the optical wavelengths.
Among terahertz radiation's many
physical characteristics, it has a
special ability to identify proteins,
the building blocks of living
organisms. It can also detect TNT,
one of the most oftused explosive
materials, and can therefore be
used to detect individuals carrying
the material on their persons.
"Currently, it is very difficult for
public security authorities to screen
people for firearms or explosive
devices from long, safe distances.
Most methods rely on handheld
detectors and visual clues, forcing
law-enforcement personnel to
check suspected people within a
short range or manually and this
has proved to be time-consuming
and dangerous," Li said.
By comparison, terahertz radiation-
enabled radar takes advantage of
its high penetration capability, and
is able to detect explosives and
reveal hidden weapons from afar,
which helps to improve safety at
public buildings and at large
events, as well as the safety of
security officers, he said.
In addition to its potential
applications in remote detection
work, the radar technology also
offers better solutions for law
enforcement departments'
surveillance of criminal suspects or
terrorists, Li said.
"Existing optical, infrared or radar
systems are subject to a host of
external factors such as sunlight,
cloud or smog, when they are used
to monitor and track people on the
move. But terahertz technology is
immune to these factors, reducing
the risk of losing targets," he said.
The institute is a leading research
body in radar and terahertz
technology in China and has taken
part in the development of many
advanced defense technologies.
Encouraged by the government's
policies to foster transfer of
defense technologies to civilian
industries, institute designers have
been seeking to make use of their
expertise to assist other sectors, Li
said.
Engineers have built prototypes of
terahertz radiation-enabled
synthetic-aperture radar and are
conducting tests.
"We mounted a prototype on a
drone and recently conducted test
flights in Shaanxi province," Li said.
"A typical application of the radar in
the future can be drone-based to
help with large-scale detection of
explosive-carrying terrorists or the
placement of improvised explosive
devices. This will be much more
efficient and safer than deploying a
lot of security personnel to do the
same work."
Drones equipped with the radar
can also perform uninterrupted
surveillance of suspects, he added.
http://en.people.cn/n3/2019/0215/
c90000-9546772.html
3. Iranian Road Map For A Counter
Insurgency A.I.
Iran has the military muscle to deter any
frontal military attack, but it must now
learn from China's decade old
experience, and strengthen its counter
fifth-columnist capability, for the U.S.
will try relentlessly to wage color
revolutions, encouraged by its
successes in Libya and Syria. Iran has to
improve its A.I. monitoring of facial
reconnaissance and cellphone network,
to neutralize any U.S. wire-pulled
plotters before they can even get
organized! Build reeducation camps,
Iran does not lack of empty spaces in its
deserts!
By investing in Huawei 5G hardware
would be an excellent start. These
marvels are fitted with new phased
array antenna that even allow to
provide real time millimetric wavelength
imagery inside all the buildings within
range, tracking all individuals 24/7! And
the bonus, Counter Terrorist A.I.
disposes for the first time of a tool that
allows it to neutralize the dangerous
individuals remotely, with its latest most
advanced beamforming and
beamsteering capability. Basically frying
within seconds the brain of any would
be terrorists.
Indeed a win-win strategy!

Hahaha....Nilivyoziona hizi habari last month nilicheka sana...kwanza walianza na propaganda ya kutoa video kwamba wanalipua na kuizamisha aircraft carrier ya Marekani,wameona hiyo haijakiki wakaja na propaganda ya kucontrol drones. Halafu kituko ni kusema video ilikua ya mwaka Jana ila Iran wameamua waitoe mwaka huu! Hivi Iran inavypenda Kiki vile ihack drones za Marekani halafu wasitoe taarifa papo hapo?!

Iran tangu imerudishiwa vikwazo na Marekani imekua Ni ya kuja na propaganda kuanzia sijui kutengeneza Ndege mpk kulipua aircraft carrier na hii yote ni kutaka kuudhihirishia ulimwengu kwamba vikwazo haviwaumizi wanasonga mbele wakati hali ya halisi ya wananchi huko Iran ni wanasaga menoo yaani kama Jehanam ukizingatia muda wa ruhusa ya Marekani kwa zile Nchi nane kununua mafuta ya Iran unakaribia kuisha ( mwez May kama sikosei) na kwa hivyo tutegemee propaganda zaidi.
Kwahiyo kama walizihack Nani alitungua hiyo nyingine wanayosema ilitunguliwa na hizo drones nyingine wakati nazo zilikua hacked?!
Nadhani Pentagon hawakukosea kabisa kuweka 'Misinformation' kwenye kitengo Chao kipya kinachohitaji nguvu zaidi miaka hii...
Mwezi May watakuja na propaganda za kuilipua White House kama alivyokua akifanya Kim

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