Homa ya Mapafu (Pneumonia): Makundi haya yapo katika hatari ya kupata ugonjwa huu

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Homa ya Mapafu au kama ilivyozoeleka kwa wengi Pneumonia (Nimonia) ni ugonjwa hao umesababisha vifo vya maelfu ya watu duniani kote.

Mara nyingi Ugonjwa huu husambazwa kwa vijidudu, fangasi, bakteria na virusi. Licha ya hivyo bado kuna visababishi vinayoweza kupelekea mtu kuumwa Pneumonia.

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Nini Chanzo Cha Pneumonia?
Pneumonia husababishwa na bacteria, virusi, fangasi na vyanzo vingine. Hapa chini tutaona baadhi ya vyanzo hivi kwa undani zaidi:

Bacterial Pneumonia
Wagonjwa wengi wa pneumonia hushambuliwa na bacteria aitwaye Streptococcus pneumoniae. Watu wanaougua kwa muda mrefu ugonjwa wa obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) au wale wanaotumia pombe kwa wingi hupata pneumonia kutokana na bacteria waitwao Klebsiella pneumoniae na Hemophilus influenzae. Baadhi ya wagonjwa wengine hupata ugonjwa huu kutokana na bacteria aitwaye Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Maji yasiyo salama yakinywewa au kutumika ndani ya viyoyozi husababisha pneumonia kutokana na bacteria aitwaye bacterium Legionella pneumoniae. Kuna aina ya pneumonia, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, ambayo hushambulia mapafu yote mawili inayotokana na mwili kuwa na upungufu wa kinga unaotokana na magonjwa ya kansa au UKIMWI au kutibiwa rheumatoid arthritis na baadhi ya dawa.

Viral Pneumonia
Hii ni pneumonia inayotokana na virusi na ambayo haisikii tiba za antibiotics. Baadhi ya virusi wa aini hii ni Adenoviruses, rhinovirus, influenza virus (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), na parainfluenza virus.

Fungal Pneumonia
Aina hii ya pneumonia husababishwa na fangasi wa aina za histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, aspergillosis, na cryptococcosis.

Nosocomial Pneumonia
Viumbe wadogo walioishi kwenye mazingira ya antibiotics kwa muda mrefu hujijengea uwezo wa kuhimili dawa hizo na pindi wakiingia katika mapafu husababisha nosocomial pneumonia. Bacteria wa aina hii hupatikana kwenye majumba ya kuuguzia wagonjwa na katika hospitali.

Mazingira Yanayosababisha Pneumonia
Mazingira au hali zifuatazo zinaweza kusababisha ugonjwa huu:

- Moshi
- Unywaji wa pombe wa kukithiri
- Magonjwa kama chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, pumu, au UKIMWI.
- Umri pungufu ya mwaka mmoja au zaidi ya miaka 65.
- Kuwa na kinga ndogo za mwili
- Utumiaji wa dawa za magonjwa, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
- Kushambuliwa na kifua na mafua
- Kuwa na lishe duni
- Kulazwa kwenye hospitali kwenye kitenge cha uangalizi maalumu (Intensive care unit).
- Kuwezepo kwenye mazingira ya kemikali za aina fulani au uchafuzi wa hewa.
- Kuwa na matatizo yanayoruhusu chakula kutoka tumboni kuingia kwenye mapafu

Chanzo: Top Wellness Products

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Pneumonia risk factors
Anyone can get pneumonia, but certain groups do have a higher risk. These groups include:

• Infants from birth to 2 years old
• People ages 65 years and older
• People with weakened immune systems because of disease or use of medications, such as steroids or certain cancer drugs
• People with certain chronic medical conditions, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, or heart failure
• People who’ve recently had a respiratory infection, such as a cold or the flu
• People who’ve been recently or are currently hospitalized, particularly if they were or are on a ventilator
• People who’ve had a stroke, have problems swallowing, or have a condition that causes immobility
• People who smoke, use certain types of drugs, or drink excessive amounts of alcohol
• People who’ve been exposed to lung irritants, such as pollution, fumes, and certain chemicals

Source: Healthline

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Transmission
Pneumonia can be spread in a number of ways. The viruses and bacteria that are commonly found in a child's nose or throat, can infect the lungs if they are inhaled. They may also spread via air-borne droplets from a cough or sneeze. In addition, pneumonia may spread through blood, especially during and shortly after birth. More research needs to be done on the different pathogens causing pneumonia and the ways they are transmitted, as this is of critical importance for treatment and prevention.

Risk factors
While most healthy children can fight the infection with their natural defences, children whose immune systems are compromised are at higher risk of developing pneumonia. A child's immune system may be weakened by malnutrition or undernourishment, especially in infants who are not exclusively breastfed.

Pre-existing illnesses, such as symptomatic HIV infections and measles, also increase a child's risk of contracting pneumonia.

The following environmental factors also increase a child's susceptibility to pneumonia:

• Indoor air pollution caused by cooking and heating with biomass fuels (such as wood or dung)
• Living in crowded homes
• Parental smoking.

Source: World Health Organization (WHO)

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Why Pneumonia is More Common in Seniors

• Changes to the lungs as we age. Seniors can't always effectively clear secretions as well from their lungs. Those secretions can go down into bronchial tubes, causing the infection.
• Weakened immune systems. A senior’s immune system has a harder time fighting off infection, especially if they’ve gone through chemotherapy, had an organ or bone marrow transplant, or have taken certain medications for an extended period of time.
• Senior health conditions. Some conditions can put seniors at a higher risk. These include diabetes, Parkinson's disease, HIV, cystic fibrosis, asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Surgery can also expose seniors to infections

Source: Comfort Keepers

 

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