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- Jan 3, 2009
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Naishauri Serikali next time ikitaka kubinafsisha Mashirika ya Umma; kuliko kuwauzia wale wanaowaita Wawekezaji, bora waiuzie Machine ya WATSON. Machine hii inauwezo wa kufanya mambo kwa ufanisi kuliko wawekezaji na inafikiri sahihi kuliko hata wengi wa viongozi wetu.
Huwezi kunielewa mpaka umesoma waraka hapo chini.
Shule njema........
IT WAS not quite a foregone conclusion, but all the smart money was on the machine. Since the first rehearsal over a year ago, it had become apparent that Watsona supercomputer built by IBM to decode tricky questions posed in English and answer them correctly within secondswould trounce the smartest of human challengers. And so it did earlier this week, following a three-day contest against the two most successful human champions of all time on Jeopardy!, a popular quiz game aired on American television. By the end of the contest, Watson had accumulated over $77,000 in winnings, compared with $24,000 and $21,600 for the two human champions. IBM donated the $1m in special prize money to charity, while the two human contestants gave half their runner-up awards away.
IBM has a long tradition of setting grand challenges for itselfas a way of driving internal research and innovation as well as demonstrating its technical smarts to the outside world. A previous challenge was the chess match staged in 1997 between IBMs Deep Blue supercomputer and the then world champion, Garry Kasparov. As shocking as it seemed at the time, a computer capable of beating the best chess-player in the world proved only that the machine had enough computational horsepower to perform the rapid logical analysis needed to cope with the combinatorial explosion of moves and counter-moves. In no way did it demonstrate that Deep Blue was doing something even vaguely intelligent.
Even so, defeating a grandmaster at chess was childs play compared with challenging a quiz show famous for offering clues laden with ambiguity, irony, wit and double meaning as well as riddles and punsthings that humans find tricky enough to fathom, let alone answer. Getting a mere number-cruncher to do so had long been thought impossible. The ability to parse the nested structure of language to extract context and meaning, and then use such concepts to create other linguistic structures, is what human intelligence is supposed to be all about.
Four years in the making, Watson is the brainchild of David Ferrucci, head of the DeepQA project at IBMs research centre in Yorktown Heights, New York. Dr Ferrucci and his team have been using search, semantics and natural-language processing technologies to improve the way computers handle questions and answers in plain English. That is easier said than done. In parsing a question, a computer has to decide what is the verb, the subject, the object, the preposition as well as the object of the preposition. It must disambiguate words with multiple meanings, by taking into account any context it can recognise. When people talk among themselves, they bring so much contextual awareness to the conversation that answers become obvious. The computer struggles with that, says Dr Ferrucci.
Another problem for the computer is copying the facility the human brain has to use experience-based short-cuts (heuristics) to perform tasks. Computers have to do this using lengthy step-by-step procedures (algorithms). According to Dr Ferrucci, it would take two hours for one of the fastest processors to answer a simple natural-language question. To stand any chance of winning, contestants on Jeopardy! have to hit the buzzer with a correct answer within three seconds. For that reason, Watson was endowed with no fewer than 2,880 Power750 chips spread over 90 servers. Flat out, the machine can perform 80 trillion calculations a second. For comparisons sake, a modern PC can manage around 100 billion calculations a second.
For the contest, Watson had to rely entirely on its own resources. That meant no searching the internet for answers or asking humans for help. Instead, it used more than 100 different algorithms to parse the natural-language questions and interrogate the 15 trillion bytes of trivia stored in its memory banksequivalent to 200m pages of text. In most cases, Watson could dredge up answers quicker than either of its two human rivals. When it was not sure of the answer, the computer simply shut up rather than risk losing the bet. That way, it avoided impulsive behaviour that cost its opponents points.
Your correspondent finds it rather encouraging that a machine has beaten the best in the business. After all, getting a computer to converse with humans in their own language has been an elusive goal of artificial intelligence for decades. Making it happen says more about human achievement than anything spooky about machine dominance. And should a machine manage the feat without the human participants in the conversation realising they are not talking to another person, then the machine would pass the famous test for artificial intelligence devised in 1950 by Alan Turing, a British mathematician famous for cracking the Enigma and Lorenz ciphers during the second world war.
It is only a matter of time before a computer passes the Turing Test. It will not be Watson, but one of its successors doubtless will. Ray Kurzweil, a serial innovator, engineer and prognosticator, believes it will happen by 2029. He notes that it was only five years after the massive and hugely expensive Deep Blue beat Mr Kasparov in 1997 that Deep Fritz was able to achieve the same level of performance by combining the power of just eight personal computers. In part, that was because of the inexorable effects of Moores Law halving the price/performance of computing every 18 months. It was also due to the vast improvements in pattern-recognition software used to make the crucial tree-pruning decisions that determine successful moves and countermoves in chess.
Now that the price/performance of computers has accelerated to a halving every 12 months, Mr Kurzweil expects a single server to do the job of Watsons 90 servers within seven yearsand by a PC within a decade. If cloud computing fulfils its promise, then bursts of Watson-like performance could be available to the public at nominal cost even sooner. Mr Kurzweil believes that once computers master human levels of pattern recognition and language understanding, they will leave mankind way behind. By then, they will have combined the human skills of language and pattern recognition with their own unique ability to master vast corpora of knowledge.
Will that mean game over for humanswith robots keeping people around merely as pets? Absolutely not, says Oren Etzioni, director of the Turing Centre at the University of Washington in Seattle. But it does mean, he notes, that computers will be able to achieve vastly more than they can today. For a start, super-smart machines capable of answering questions in English (or any other natural language) will change search engines out of all recognition. No longer will Google and Bing bombard users with hundreds or even thousands of dumb links to dubious sources. Instead, people will get the unique and meaningful answers they are seeking.
Long term, Watsons progeny could help people sift through the thousands of possibilities they confront in their public and private lives, and come up with handfuls of appropriate recommendationswhether in medical diagnosis and treatment, legal precedents, investment opportunities, design configurations or whatever. Your correspondent looks forward to the day when such a superior intellect can do his thinking for him.
Sources:
Artificial intelligence: The Difference Engine: The answering machine | The Economist
Huwezi kunielewa mpaka umesoma waraka hapo chini.
Shule njema........
IT WAS not quite a foregone conclusion, but all the smart money was on the machine. Since the first rehearsal over a year ago, it had become apparent that Watsona supercomputer built by IBM to decode tricky questions posed in English and answer them correctly within secondswould trounce the smartest of human challengers. And so it did earlier this week, following a three-day contest against the two most successful human champions of all time on Jeopardy!, a popular quiz game aired on American television. By the end of the contest, Watson had accumulated over $77,000 in winnings, compared with $24,000 and $21,600 for the two human champions. IBM donated the $1m in special prize money to charity, while the two human contestants gave half their runner-up awards away.
IBM has a long tradition of setting grand challenges for itselfas a way of driving internal research and innovation as well as demonstrating its technical smarts to the outside world. A previous challenge was the chess match staged in 1997 between IBMs Deep Blue supercomputer and the then world champion, Garry Kasparov. As shocking as it seemed at the time, a computer capable of beating the best chess-player in the world proved only that the machine had enough computational horsepower to perform the rapid logical analysis needed to cope with the combinatorial explosion of moves and counter-moves. In no way did it demonstrate that Deep Blue was doing something even vaguely intelligent.
Even so, defeating a grandmaster at chess was childs play compared with challenging a quiz show famous for offering clues laden with ambiguity, irony, wit and double meaning as well as riddles and punsthings that humans find tricky enough to fathom, let alone answer. Getting a mere number-cruncher to do so had long been thought impossible. The ability to parse the nested structure of language to extract context and meaning, and then use such concepts to create other linguistic structures, is what human intelligence is supposed to be all about.
Four years in the making, Watson is the brainchild of David Ferrucci, head of the DeepQA project at IBMs research centre in Yorktown Heights, New York. Dr Ferrucci and his team have been using search, semantics and natural-language processing technologies to improve the way computers handle questions and answers in plain English. That is easier said than done. In parsing a question, a computer has to decide what is the verb, the subject, the object, the preposition as well as the object of the preposition. It must disambiguate words with multiple meanings, by taking into account any context it can recognise. When people talk among themselves, they bring so much contextual awareness to the conversation that answers become obvious. The computer struggles with that, says Dr Ferrucci.
Another problem for the computer is copying the facility the human brain has to use experience-based short-cuts (heuristics) to perform tasks. Computers have to do this using lengthy step-by-step procedures (algorithms). According to Dr Ferrucci, it would take two hours for one of the fastest processors to answer a simple natural-language question. To stand any chance of winning, contestants on Jeopardy! have to hit the buzzer with a correct answer within three seconds. For that reason, Watson was endowed with no fewer than 2,880 Power750 chips spread over 90 servers. Flat out, the machine can perform 80 trillion calculations a second. For comparisons sake, a modern PC can manage around 100 billion calculations a second.
For the contest, Watson had to rely entirely on its own resources. That meant no searching the internet for answers or asking humans for help. Instead, it used more than 100 different algorithms to parse the natural-language questions and interrogate the 15 trillion bytes of trivia stored in its memory banksequivalent to 200m pages of text. In most cases, Watson could dredge up answers quicker than either of its two human rivals. When it was not sure of the answer, the computer simply shut up rather than risk losing the bet. That way, it avoided impulsive behaviour that cost its opponents points.
Your correspondent finds it rather encouraging that a machine has beaten the best in the business. After all, getting a computer to converse with humans in their own language has been an elusive goal of artificial intelligence for decades. Making it happen says more about human achievement than anything spooky about machine dominance. And should a machine manage the feat without the human participants in the conversation realising they are not talking to another person, then the machine would pass the famous test for artificial intelligence devised in 1950 by Alan Turing, a British mathematician famous for cracking the Enigma and Lorenz ciphers during the second world war.
It is only a matter of time before a computer passes the Turing Test. It will not be Watson, but one of its successors doubtless will. Ray Kurzweil, a serial innovator, engineer and prognosticator, believes it will happen by 2029. He notes that it was only five years after the massive and hugely expensive Deep Blue beat Mr Kasparov in 1997 that Deep Fritz was able to achieve the same level of performance by combining the power of just eight personal computers. In part, that was because of the inexorable effects of Moores Law halving the price/performance of computing every 18 months. It was also due to the vast improvements in pattern-recognition software used to make the crucial tree-pruning decisions that determine successful moves and countermoves in chess.
Now that the price/performance of computers has accelerated to a halving every 12 months, Mr Kurzweil expects a single server to do the job of Watsons 90 servers within seven yearsand by a PC within a decade. If cloud computing fulfils its promise, then bursts of Watson-like performance could be available to the public at nominal cost even sooner. Mr Kurzweil believes that once computers master human levels of pattern recognition and language understanding, they will leave mankind way behind. By then, they will have combined the human skills of language and pattern recognition with their own unique ability to master vast corpora of knowledge.
Will that mean game over for humanswith robots keeping people around merely as pets? Absolutely not, says Oren Etzioni, director of the Turing Centre at the University of Washington in Seattle. But it does mean, he notes, that computers will be able to achieve vastly more than they can today. For a start, super-smart machines capable of answering questions in English (or any other natural language) will change search engines out of all recognition. No longer will Google and Bing bombard users with hundreds or even thousands of dumb links to dubious sources. Instead, people will get the unique and meaningful answers they are seeking.
Long term, Watsons progeny could help people sift through the thousands of possibilities they confront in their public and private lives, and come up with handfuls of appropriate recommendationswhether in medical diagnosis and treatment, legal precedents, investment opportunities, design configurations or whatever. Your correspondent looks forward to the day when such a superior intellect can do his thinking for him.
Sources:
Artificial intelligence: The Difference Engine: The answering machine | The Economist
