· Criminalizationand/or delegitimisation of the state: endemic corruption or profiteering by ruling elites and resistance to transparency, accountability and political representation. Includes anywidespread loss of popular confidence in state institutions and processes.[SUP]
][/SUP]· Progressivedeterioration of public services:a disappearance of basic state functions that serve the people, includingfailure to protect citizens from terrorism and violence and to provideessential services, such as health, education, sanitation, publictransportation. Also using the state apparatus for agencies that serve theruling elites, such as the security forces, presidential staff, central bank,diplomatic service, customs and collection agencies.[SUP]
][/SUP]· Widespreadviolation of human rights: an emergence of authoritarian, dictatorial or military rule in whichconstitutional and democratic institutions and processes are suspended ormanipulated. Outbreaks of politically inspired (as opposed to criminal)violence against innocent civilians. A rising number of political prisoners ordissidents who are denied due process consistent with international norms andpractices. Any widespread abuse of legal, political and social rights,including those of individuals, groups or cultural institutions (e.g.,harassment of the press, politicization of the judiciary, internal use ofmilitary for political ends, public repression of political opponents,religious or cultural persecution.)· Securityapparatus as "state within a state": an emergence of elite or praetorian guards that operate with impunity.Emergence of state-sponsored or state-supported private militias that terrorizepolitical opponents, suspected "enemies," or civilians seen to besympathetic to the opposition. An "army within an army" that servesthe interests of the dominant military or political clique. Emergence of rivalmilitias, guerilla forces or private armies in an armed struggle or protractedviolent campaigns against state security forces.· Rise of factionalised elites:a fragmentation of ruling elites and state institutions along group lines. Useof aggressive nationalistic rhetoric by ruling elites, especially destructiveforms of communal irredentism or communal solidarity (e.g., "ethniccleansing", "defending the faith").
Intervention of other states or external factors: military or Paramilitary engagement in the internal affairs of the state at risk by outside armies, states, identity groups or entities that affect the internal balance of power or resolution of the conflict. Intervention by donors, especially if there is a tendency towards over-dependence on foreign aid or peacekeeping missions.
SOURCE: Wikipedia
][/SUP]· Progressivedeterioration of public services:a disappearance of basic state functions that serve the people, includingfailure to protect citizens from terrorism and violence and to provideessential services, such as health, education, sanitation, publictransportation. Also using the state apparatus for agencies that serve theruling elites, such as the security forces, presidential staff, central bank,diplomatic service, customs and collection agencies.[SUP]
][/SUP]· Widespreadviolation of human rights: an emergence of authoritarian, dictatorial or military rule in whichconstitutional and democratic institutions and processes are suspended ormanipulated. Outbreaks of politically inspired (as opposed to criminal)violence against innocent civilians. A rising number of political prisoners ordissidents who are denied due process consistent with international norms andpractices. Any widespread abuse of legal, political and social rights,including those of individuals, groups or cultural institutions (e.g.,harassment of the press, politicization of the judiciary, internal use ofmilitary for political ends, public repression of political opponents,religious or cultural persecution.)· Securityapparatus as "state within a state": an emergence of elite or praetorian guards that operate with impunity.Emergence of state-sponsored or state-supported private militias that terrorizepolitical opponents, suspected "enemies," or civilians seen to besympathetic to the opposition. An "army within an army" that servesthe interests of the dominant military or political clique. Emergence of rivalmilitias, guerilla forces or private armies in an armed struggle or protractedviolent campaigns against state security forces.· Rise of factionalised elites:a fragmentation of ruling elites and state institutions along group lines. Useof aggressive nationalistic rhetoric by ruling elites, especially destructiveforms of communal irredentism or communal solidarity (e.g., "ethniccleansing", "defending the faith").
Intervention of other states or external factors: military or Paramilitary engagement in the internal affairs of the state at risk by outside armies, states, identity groups or entities that affect the internal balance of power or resolution of the conflict. Intervention by donors, especially if there is a tendency towards over-dependence on foreign aid or peacekeeping missions.
SOURCE: Wikipedia
