Africa's Ex-Presidents & Leaders!

[Lole Gwakisa]

Zanzibar First President Amani Abeid Karume, who came to power after the triumph of the revolution in January of 1964. They immediately united with maninland Tanganyikia to form the United Republic of Tanzania.


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<!-- PHOTO CONTENT: DESCRIPTION, NOTES, COMMENTS -->....to be continued...

Respect.

FMEs!

Nasikia Muheshimiwa huyu akaamua kuwasindikiza watoto wake kwenda shule Malawi siku ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar.
Kabla majogoo hayajawika akawakusanya wanawe na kupanda ngalawa kuelekeaa Bagamoyo, huku nyuma mapanga shaa shaa na mitutu ikirindima.
Mapinduzi daima!............

 

[Mtu B]

Kwame Nkrumah alifia hospitalini katika mji wa Bucharest, Romania, na si Conakry Guinea kama FMES alivyowasilisha hapa. Sahihisho tu.

 

[William J. Malecela]

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td align="center">John Garang: (Born 1945 - Died 2005)
Rebel Leader Sudan

</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Our Brother & Hero Dr. John Garang.</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table name="" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr align="" valign=""> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="" width="100%" valign="top">
Sudan's vice-president and former rebel leader, John Garang, died on 30th July, 2005 after the Ugandan presidential helicopter he was travelling in crashed in mountains in southern Sudan. After devoting his life to fighting for the rights of southern Sudanese, he was named deputy to the President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir (r) just three weeks before he died. In 1983 Garang was sent to the South to quell a mutiny by southern soldiers and did not return to Khartoum for 22 years.

The mainly Christian and animist southerners objected to moves to impose Islamic Sharia law. He led the fight against the Islamist government for 21 years. In recent years, the US played a key role in pushing both sides to stop fighting and share the oil wealth which had been discovered. After years of talks in Kenya, a peace deal was signed in January, under which John Garang would become vice-president, alongside the man who led the government's negotiating team Ali Osman Taha.

Mr Garang made a triumphal return to southern Sudan - cattle were slaughtered in traditional celebration. Southerners rejoiced, hoping that the end of the war would bring infrastructure such as the roads, schools and health clinics they lacked. When John Garang arrived in Khartoum in July to take up his post of vice-president, more than one million people turned out to welcome him.

His former rebel group, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), has nominated deputy leader Salva Kiir as his successor and the next vice-president of Sudan. In choosing Mr Kiir, the SPLM has sent a clear message that there will be no radical departure from the Garang era. US President George W Bush, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and others joined Mr Kiir in urging the Sudanese people to remain calm and continue to implement the peace agreement.

John Garang de Mabior (June 23, 1945 - July 30, 2005) was the vice president of Sudan and former leader of the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army. A member of the Dinka ethnic group, he was born into a poor family in Wagkulei village, near Bor in the upper Nile region of Sudan.

Garang studied economics at Grinnell College where he received a B.A.. He was known there for his bookishness. Following graduation, Garang studied East African agricultural economics as a Thomas J. Watson Fellow. He later took the commander's course at Fort Benning, Georgia and received a master's degree in agricultural economics and a Ph.D. in economics at Iowa State University, after writing a thesis on the agricultural development of Southern Sudan.

During the 1970s, Garang joined the Sudanese military, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Sudan People's Armed Forces (SPAF). In 1983, he was sent to crush a mutiny in Bor by 500 southern government soldiers who were resisting being rotated to posts in the north. Instead, he started a rebel movement, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), which was opposed to military rule and Islamic dominance of the country, and encouraged other army garrisons to mutiny, due to the Islamic law imposed on the country by the government.

This mutiny marked the beginning of the Second Sudanese Civil War, which resulted in one and half million deaths over twenty years of conflict. Garang, though he was Christian and most of southern Sudan is non-Muslim (mostly animist), did not focus on the religious aspects of the war.

The SPLA gained the backing of Libya, Uganda and Ethiopia. He and his army controlled a large part of the southern regions of the country, named New Sudan. He claimed his troops' courage comes from "the conviction that we are fighting a just cause. That is something North Sudan and its people don't have." Some suggested materialistic motivations to his rebellion, noting that much of Sudan's oil wealth lies in the south of the country.

Garang refused to participate in the 1985 interim government or 1986 elections, remaining a rebel leader. However, the SPLA and government signed a peace agreement in January 2005. On 9 July 2005, he was sworn in as vice-president, the second most powerful person in the country, following a ceremony in which he and President Omar al-Bashir signed a power-sharing constitution. He also became the administrative head of a southern Sudan with limited autonomy for the six years before a scheduled referendum of possible secession. No Christian or southerner has ever held such a high government post. Commenting after the ceremony, Garang stated, "I congratulate the Sudanese people, this is not my peace or the peace of al-Bashir, it is the peace of the Sudanese people." The deal to end the war in the south is separate from the Darfur conflict in western Sudan.

Garang was reported dead by the United Nations on August 1, 2005, after his helicopter crashed whilst returning from neighbouring Uganda. Sudanese state television initially reported that Garang's craft had landed safely, but Abdel Basset Sabdarat, the country's Information Minister, went on TV hours later to deny the report.

Soon afterwards, a statement released by the office of Sudanese President Omar el-Bashir confirmed that a Ugandan presidential plane, instead of a helicopter, crashed into "a mountain range in southern Sudan because of poor visibility and this resulted in the death of Dr. John Garang DeMabior, six of his colleagues and seven other crew member s."


Respect.

FMEs!

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[William J. Malecela]

Kwame Nkrumah alifia hospitalini katika mji wa Bucharest, Romania, na si Conakry Guinea kama FMES alivyowasilisha hapa. Sahihisho tu.

- Mkuu yale maneno yamo kwenye quotation, kwa sababu sio yangu jamani rudini tena shuleni maana hizi ni aibu kwa Great Thinkers, Bwa! ha! ha!

Es!

 

[William J. Malecela]

General Murtala Mohamed

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Head of State, 1975 - 1976​

General Murtala Ramat Mohammed was born on November 8, 1938 to Risqua Muhammed and Uwani Rahamat in the ancient and historic city of Kano. He had his early education in Kano and finished up at Government (now Barewa) College, Zaria in 1957.​

General Mohammed enlisted into the Nigerian Army and was sent to Britain for training at Sandhurst Royal Academy as an Officer Cadet. His other advanced training courses and successes paved way for his rapid promotions in the rank and file of the Nigerian Army.​

Commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in 1961, he rose to the rank of Brigadier in 1971. After a year's course at Joint Services Staff College in England, he took his first political appointment as Commissioner for Communications in 1974 which he combined with his military duties.​

In the short span of 201 days in office before he was assassinated, General Mohammed's dynamic administration gave this country a new sense of direction, duty and patriotism.​

He would also be remembered for the creation of 19 states out of the 12 carved out in 1967 and the setting up of a Public Complaints Commission which gave probity to our personal and public lives.​

Respect.

FMEs!

 

[Safari_ni_Safari]

Mkuu nimekumiss sana..mzima?.....mbona hauji kwenye jukwaa la siasa?

 

[William J. Malecela]

Tom Mboya: Leader Of Kenya

- coming soon,.....

Respect.

FMEs!

 

[FirstLady1]

THANK YOU SO VERY MUCH FMEs

 

[William J. Malecela]

Thomas Joseph Odhiambo Mboya (August 15, 1930 - July 5, 1969) was a prominent Kenyan politician during Jomo Kenyatta's government. He was founder of the Nairobi People's Congress Party, a key figure in the formation of the Kenya African National Union (KANU), and the Minister of Economic Planning and Development at the time of his death. Mboya was assassinated on July 5, 1969 in Nairobi.

U.S. President Barack Obama has referred to Tom Mboya as his "godfather."

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Education

Mboya was educated at various Catholic mission schools. In 1942, he joined a Catholic Secondary School in Yala, in Nyanza province, St. Mary's School Yala. In 1946, he went to the Holy Ghost College (later Mang'u High School) In 1948, Mboya joined the Royal Sanitary Institute's Medical Training School for Sanitary Inspectors at Nairobi, qualifying as an inspector in 1950.

In 1955 he received a scholarship from Britain's Trades Union CongressRuskin College, Oxford, where he studied industrial management. Upon his graduation in 1956, he returned to Kenya and joined politics at a time when the British government was gaining control over the Kenya Land Freedom Army [[aka Mau Mau]] uprising.


Political life

Mboya's political life started immediately after he was employed at Nairobi City Council as a sanitary inspector in 1950. A year after joining African Staff Association, he was elected its president and immediately embarked at molding the association into a trade union named the Kenya Local Government Workers Union. This made his employer suspicious, but before they could sack him, he resigned. However, he was able to continue working for the Kenya Labour Workers Union as secretary-general before embarking on his studies in Britain.

Upon returning from Britain, he contested and won a seat against incumbent C.M.G. Argwings-Kodhek. In 1957, he became dissatisfied with the low number of African leaders (only eight out of fifty at the time) in the Legislative council and decided to form his own party, the People's Congress Party.

• On the low number of African leaders, it is of interest to note that history has now indicated that his death earlier in the same year, attributed to a road accident, may not have been such. An exhumation of the body of C.M.G. Argwings-Kodhek, who was later to become a powerful minister in the Kenyatta cabinet and a close confidant of Kenyatta's, suggested that his death was actually the result of a gun shot fired from a police-issued rifle.
  
• 
  
• Many close to the family actually believe that this was President Kenyatta's first political assassination. Closely held family records indicate that former cabinet minister Paul Ngei actually identified the police vehicle that carried the assassins to the ambush point on Hurlingham Road (now Argwings-Kodhek Road).
  
• The vehicle in question was part of Vice-President Moi's Vice-Presidential Escort detail. The testimony of former cabinet minister Andrew Omanga, then C.M.G.'s Permanent Secretary indicate that when Omanga met him lying in the road shortly after the 'accident' C.M.G. stated that he had a 'shock' and that he heard a 'gun shot'.
  
• Formerly powerful Attorney-General Charles Njonjo confirmed as C.M.G. lay dying the next morning that the 'wounds are consistent with gun shot wounds'. It is commonly known that Kenyatta, frustrated with Oginga Odinga, had already notified Argwings-Kodhek that he was going to be appointed Vice-President-a position C.M.G. had turned down and suggested that it be given to Moi, instead of Mboya-to become the first African to join the colonial Legislative Council.

At that time, Mboya developed a close relationship with Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana who, like Mboya, was a Pan-Africanist. In 1958, during the All-African Peoples' Conference in Ghana, convened by Kwame Nkurumah, Mboya was elected as the Conference Chairman at the age of 28.
In 1959 Mboya organized the Airlift Africa project, together with the African-American Students Foundation in the United States, through which 81 Kenyan students were flown to the U.S. to study at U.S. universities.

Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a friend of Mboya's and a fellow Luo; although he was not on the first airlift plane in 1959, since he was headed for Hawaii, not the continental U.S., he received a scholarship through the AASF and occasional grants for books and expenses. In 1960 the Kennedy Foundation agreed to underwrite the airlift, after Mboya visited Senator Jack Kennedy to ask for assistance, and Airlift Africa was extended to Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar (now Tanzania), Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Nyasaland (now Malawi).

Some 230 African students received scholarships to study at Class I accredited colleges in the United States in 1960, and hundreds more in 1961-63. In 1960, Mboya's People's Congress Party joined with Kenya African Union and Kenya Independent Movement to form the Kenya African National Union (KANU) in an attempt to form a party that would both transcend tribal politics and prepare for participation in the Lancaster House Conference (held at Lancaster House in London) where Kenya's constitutional framework and independence were to be negotiated. As Secretary General of KANU, Mboya headed the Kenyan delegation.

After Kenya's independence in 1963, Mboya was elected as an MP for Nairobi Central Constituency (today: Kamukunji Constituency) and became Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, and later Minister for Economic Planning and Development. In this role, he wrote the important "Sessional Paper 10" on Harambee and the Principles of African Socialism (adopted by Parliament in 1964), which provided a model of government based on African values.

Assassination

He retained the portfolio as Minister for Economic Planning and Development until his death at age 39 when he was gunned down on July 5, 1969 on Moi Avenue, Nairobi CBD after visiting a pharmacy <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-widow_4-0"></sup>Nahashon Isaac Njenga Njoroge was convicted for the murder and later hanged. After his arrest, Njoroge asked: "Why don't you go after the big man?.

Mboya left a wife and five children. He is buried in a mausoleum located in Rusinga Island. A street in Nairobi is named after him.
Mboya's role in Kenya's politics and transformation is the subject of increasing interest, especially with the coming into scene of American politician Barack Obama, Jr. Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a US-educated Kenyan who benefited from Mboya's scholarship programme in the 60's, and married during his stay there, siring the Illinois Senator and President.

Obama Sr. had seen Mboya shortly before the assassination, and testified at the ensuing trial. Obama Sr. believed he was later targeted in a hit-and-run incident as a result of this testimony.

Who he meant by "the big man" was never divulged, which has led to much speculation since Mboya was seen as a possible contender for the presidency. The mostly tribal elite around Kenyatta has been blamed for his death, which has never been subject of a judicial inquiry. During Mboya's burial, a mass demonstration against the attendance of President Jomo Kenyatta led to a big skirmish, with two people shot dead. The demonstrators believed that Kenyatta was involved in the death of Mboya, thus eliminating him as a threat to his political career although this is still a disputed matter. which was built in 1970.

Respect.

FMEs!

 

[William J. Malecela]

- Wakuuu vipi huku? Longtime anyways we are baack sasa ngoja tuendelee tulipoachia, remember mambo ya Chakubanga!

Respect.

FMEs!