Topic: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

What Is a Urinary Tract Infection?
About half of women will get a urinary tract infection or UTI at some point in life. It happens when germs infect the system that carries urine out of your body -- the kidneys, bladder, and the tubes that connect them. Bladder infections are common and usually not serious if treated promptly. But if the infection spreads to the kidneys, it can cause more serious illness.

UTI Symptoms: Bladder Infection
Most UTIs are bladder infections. Symptoms include:
Pain or burning during urination
The urge to urinate often
Pain in the lower abdomen
Urine that is cloudy or foul-smelling
Some people may have no symptoms


UTI Symptoms: Kidney Infection
An untreated bladder infection can spread to the kidneys. Signs of this include:
Pain on either side of the lower back
Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting




When to See Your Doctor
See your doctor right away if you have signs of a urinary tract infection. A bladder infection is generally not a medical emergency -- but some people have a higher risk for complications. This includes pregnant women, the elderly, and men, as well as people with diabetes, kidney problems, or a weakened immune system.



UTI or Something Else?
Although burning during urination is a telltale sign of a UTI, it can also be a symptom of certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs.) These include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. Simple lab tests are available to distinguish a UTI from an STD.



UTI Complications
The main danger associated with untreated UTIs is that the infection may spread from the bladder to one or both kidneys. When bacteria attack the kidneys, they can cause damage that will permanently reduce kidney function. In people who already have kidney problems, this can raise the risk of kidney failure. There's also a small chance that the infection may enter the bloodstream and spread to other organs.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) facts


Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infections of the urethra, bladder, ureters, or the kidneys, which comprise the urinary tract.

E. coli bacteria cause the majority of UTIs, but many other bacteria, fungi, and parasites may also cause UTIs.
Females have a higher risk for UTIs than most males, probably because of their anatomy; other risk factors for UTIs include any condition that may impede urine flow (e.g., enlarged prostate, congenital urinary tract abnormalities, and inflammation). Patients with catheters or those who undergo urinary surgery and men with enlarged prostates are at higher risk for UTIs.

Symptoms and signs of UTI vary somewhat depending on sex, age, and the area of the urinary tract that is infected; some unique symptoms develop depending on the infecting agent.
UTIs are diagnosed usually by isolating and identifying the urinary pathogen from the patient; there are some home tests available for presumptive diagnosis.

There are home remedies for UTI, but most may, at best, help reduce the risk or discomfort of UTIs. They are not considered cures for the disease.

There can be many complications of urinary tract infections, including dehydration, sepsis, kidney failure, and death.
If treated early and adequately, the prognosis is good for most patients with a UTI.
Although there is no vaccine available for UTIs, there are many ways a person may reduce the chance of getting a UTI.


What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?


The urinary tract is comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra (see Figure 1). A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by pathogenic organisms (for example, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in any of the structures that comprise the urinary tract. However, this is the broad definition of urinary tract infections; many authors prefer to use more specific terms that localize the urinary tract infection to the major structural segment involved such as urethritis (urethral infection), cystitis (bladder infection), ureter infection, and pyelonephritis (kidney infection). Other structures that eventually connect to or share close anatomic proximity to the urinary tract (for example, prostate, epididymis, and vagina) are sometimes included in the discussion of UTIs because they may either cause or be caused by UTIs. Technically, they are not UTIs and will be only be briefly mentioned in this article.


UTIs are common, leading to between seven and 10 million doctor visits per year. Although some infections go unnoticed, UTIs can cause problems that range from dysuria (pain and/or burning when urinating) to organ damage and even death. The kidneys are the active organs that produce about 1.5 quarts of urine per day. They help keep electrolytes and fluids (for example, potassium, sodium and water) in balance, assist in the removal of waste products (urea), and produce a hormone that aids in the formation of red blood cells. If kidneys are injured or destroyed by infection, these vital functions can be damaged or lost.


While most investigators state that UTIs are not transmitted from person to person, other investigators dispute this and say UTIs may be contagious and recommend that sex partners avoid relations until the UTI has cleared. There is general agreement that sexual intercourse can cause a UTI. This is mostly thought to be a mechanical process whereby bacteria are introduced into the urinary tracts during the sexual act. There is no dispute about the transmission of UTIs caused by sexually transmitted disease (STD) organisms; these infections (for example, gonorrhea and chlamydia) are easily transmitted between sex partners and are very contagious. Some of the symptoms of UTIs and sexually transmitted diseases can be similar (pain and foul smell).



Figure 1. Picture of the urinary tract structures

What are urinary tract infection (UTI) risk factors?


There are many risk factors for UTIs. In general, any interruption or impedance of the usual flow of urine (about 50 cc per hour in normal adults) is a risk factor for a UTI. For example, kidney stones, urethral strictures, an enlarged prostate, or any anatomical abnormalities in the urinary tract increases infection risk. This is due in part to the

flushing or washout effect of flowing urine; in effect, the pathogens have to "go against flow" because the majority of pathogens enter through the urethra and have to go retrograde (against a barrier of urine flow in the urinary tract) to

reach the bladder, ureters, and eventually the kidneys. Many investigators suggest that women are far more susceptible than men to UTIs because their urethra is short and its exit (or entry for pathogens) is close to the anus and vagina, which can be sources of pathogens.


People who require catheters have an increased risk (about 30% of patients with indwelling catheters get UTIs) as the catheter has none of the protective immune systems to eliminate bacteria and offers a direct connection to the bladder. Catheters that are designed to reduce the incidence of catheter-related infections are available (they incorporate antibacterial substances into the catheter that suppress bacterial growth), but are not used by many clinicians because of short-termed effectiveness, cost, and concern about antibiotic resistance development in bacteria.


There are reports that suggest that women who use a diaphragm or who have partners that use condoms with spermicidal foam are at increased risk for UTIs. In addition, females who become sexually active seem to have a higher risk of UTI. The term, “honeymoon cystitis,” is sometimes applied to a UTI acquired either during the first sexual encounter or a UTI after a short interval of frequent sexual activity.


Men over the age of 60 have a higher risk for UTIs because many men at or above that age develop enlarged prostates that may cause slow and incomplete bladder emptying. In addition, older males and female populations have seen recent rises in STDs; this increase is thought to be due to this group not using condoms as frequently as younger age groups.


Occasionally, people with bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream) have the infecting bacteria lodge in the kidney; this is termed hematogenous spread. Similarly, people with infected areas that are connected to the urinary tract (for example, prostate, epididymis, or fistulas) are more likely to get a UTI. Additionally, patients who undergo urologic

surgery also have an increased risk of UTIs. Pregnancy does not apparently increase the risk of UTIs according to some clinicians; others think there is an increased risk between weeks six through 26 of the pregnancy. However,

most agree that if UTIs occur in pregnancy, the risk of the UTI progressing in seriousness to pyelonephritis is increased, according to several investigators. In addition, their baby may be premature and have a low birth weight. Patients with chronic diseases such as diabetics or those who are immunosuppressed (HIV or cancer patients) also are at higher risk for UTIs.

Somo kubwa Sana hili nitaendele siku nyingine naishia hapo kwa leo..........

Maambukizi kwenye njia ya mkojo

Information Description


Wanawake na wanaume wanaweza kupata maambukizo kwenye njia ya mkojo, lakini zaidi kwa wanawake kwa sababu ni rahisi bakteria kuingia kwenye njia ya mkojo. Dalili za maambukizo ni:

• Kutaka kukojoa mara kwa mara
• Kusikia maumivu makali wakati wa kukojoa
• Mkojo kuchanganyikana na damu.

Maambukizi haya yanaweza kuepukwa kwa kujiweka safi hasa kwa kusafisha eneo la via vya uzazi kila siku na kuhakikisha unanawa baada ya kwenda haja kubwa. Wakati wote unasafisha kutoka mbele kuelekea nyuma. Ukisafisha

kutoka nyuma kwenda mbele unaweza kusambaza bakteria kutoka kwenye haja kubwa kwenda kwenye tundu la

mkojo. Hatua nyingine za kuchukua ili kuepuka maambukizo haya ni kunywa maji mengi; kukojoa mkojo mara kwa mara (usijaribu kubana mkojo kwa muda mrefu) na hasa baada ya ujamiiana, na kuvaa chupi za pamba na nguo pana zinazoweka sehemu za siri kavu.

Iwapo unafikiri unayo maambukizo kwenye mrija wa kupitisha mkojo, kunywa maji mengi na nenda
kamwone mhudumu wa afya kwa ajili ya matibabu. Usijamiiane mpaka dalili zote ziwe zimetoweka.

By MziziMkavu

Maambukizi kwenye njia ya mkojo

Information Description


Wanawake na wanaume wanaweza kupata maambukizo kwenye njia ya mkojo, lakini zaidi kwa wanawake kwa sababu ni rahisi bakteria kuingia kwenye njia ya mkojo. Dalili za maambukizo ni:

• Kutaka kukojoa mara kwa mara
• Kusikia maumivu makali wakati wa kukojoa
• Mkojo kuchanganyikana na damu.

Maambukizi haya yanaweza kuepukwa kwa kujiweka safi hasa kwa kusafisha eneo la via vya uzazi kila siku na kuhakikisha unanawa baada ya kwenda haja kubwa. Wakati wote unasafisha kutoka mbele kuelekea nyuma. Ukisafisha

kutoka nyuma kwenda mbele unaweza kusambaza bakteria kutoka kwenye haja kubwa kwenda kwenye tundu la

mkojo. Hatua nyingine za kuchukua ili kuepuka maambukizo haya ni kunywa maji mengi; kukojoa mkojo mara kwa mara (usijaribu kubana mkojo kwa muda mrefu) na hasa baada ya ujamiiana, na kuvaa chupi za pamba na nguo pana zinazoweka sehemu za siri kavu.

Iwapo unafikiri unayo maambukizo kwenye mrija wa kupitisha mkojo, kunywa maji mengi na nenda
kamwone mhudumu wa afya kwa ajili ya matibabu. Usijamiiane mpaka dalili zote ziwe zimetoweka.

hapo poa nasubiri tiba mbadala

By The secretary

hapo poa nasubiri tiba mbadala

Siwezi kutowa Dawa kabla ya kumaliza somo lenyewe mkuu The secretary Si nimekuambia nitaendelea somo lenyewe ni kubwa sana.

By MziziMkavu

Siwezi kutowa Dawa kabla ya kumaliza somo lenyewe mkuu The secretary Si nimekuambia nitaendelea somo lenyewe ni kubwa sana.

shwari tu nimekuelewa

Somo zuri ,je wewe ni Dactari?

By UPOPO

Somo zuri ,je wewe ni Dactari?

Mimi sio Daktari UPOPO

What are urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms and signs in women, men, and children?


The UTI symptoms and signs may vary according to age, sex, and location of the infection in the tract. Some individuals will have no symptoms or mild symptoms and may clear the infection in about two to five days. Many

people will not spontaneously clear the infection; one of the most frequent symptoms and signs experienced by most patients is a frequent urge to urinate, accompanied by pain or burning on urination. The urine often appears cloudy

and occasionally dark, if blood is present. The urine may develop an unpleasant odor. Women often have lower abdominal discomfort or feel bloated and experience sensations like their bladder is full. Women may also complain of a

vaginal discharge, especially if their urethra is infected, or if they have an STD. Although men may complain of dysuria, frequency, and urgency, other symptoms may include rectal, testicular, penile, or abdominal pain. Men with a

urethral infection, especially if it is caused by an STD, may have a pus-like drip or discharge from their penis. Toddlers and children with UTIs often show blood in the urine, abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting along with pain and urgency with urination.


Symptoms and signs of a UTI in the very young and the elderly are not as diagnostically helpful as they are for other patients. Newborns and infants may develop fever or hypothermia, poor feeding, jaundice, vomiting, and diarrhea. Unfortunately, the elderly often have mild symptoms or no symptoms of a UTI until they become weak, lethargic, or confused.


Location of the infection in the urinary tract usually results in certain symptoms. Urethral infections usually have dysuria (pain or discomfort when urinating). STD infections may cause a pus-like fluid to drain or drip from the

urethra. Cystitis (bladder infection) symptoms include suprapubic pain, usually without fever and flank pain. Ureter and kidney infections often have flank pain and fever as symptoms. These symptoms and signs are not highly specific, but they do help the physician determine where the UTI may be located.


Is there a link between urinary tract infection (UTI) and pregnancy?


Most clinicians think there are several reasons (links) that make a pregnant female more susceptible to UTIs than nonpregnant women. Investigators suggest that hormones cause the bladder and ureters to dilate; this slows urine flow and may decrease

bladder emptying which, in turn, increases the likelihood that bacteria can survive and multiply. Also during pregnancy, the acidity of urine decreases and this favors bacterial growth. The enlarging uterus puts pressure on the bladder, so the urge to urinate is

more frequent in pregnancy. But many times, pregnant women wait to urinate for various reasons and this further slows flow. In some women, the pressure from the uterus prevents complete bladder emptying, again favoring bacterial growth. In general, pregnancy predisposes women to more kidney infections than bladder infections.




How is a urinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosed?


The caregiver should obtain a detailed history from the patient, and if a UTI is suspected, a urine sample is usually obtained. The best sample is a midstream sample of urine placed in a sterile cup because it usually contains only the

pathogenic organisms instead of the transient organisms that may be washed from adjacent surfaces when the urine stream begins. Male patients with foreskin should retract the foreskin before providing a midstream urine sample. In

some patients who cannot provide a midstream sample, a sample can be obtained by a catheter. The urine sample is then sent for urinalysis. Patients with a "discharge," or possibility of having an STD, usually will have the discharge tested for STD organisms (for example, Neisseria and Chlamydia). A positive urinalysis is usually detection of about

two to five leukocytes (white blood cells), about 15 bacteria per high-power microscopic field, and a positive nitrite test and/or positive leukocyte esterase test. Some clinicians and labs consider a positive test at least two of the

above findings; still others report a positive for bacteria as >1,000 bacteria cultured per milliliter of urine. At best, the initial urinalysis, depending on the various criteria used by clinicians and labs, provides a presumptive positive test for a UTI. Most clinicians believe this presumptive test is adequate enough to begin treatment. A definitive test is usually

considered to be isolation and identification of the infecting pathogen at a level of about 100,000 bacteria per cc of urine with the genus of the pathogen (usually bacterial) identified and antibiotic sensitivity determined by lab studies. This test takes 24-48 hours to obtain the results and your health care professional will usually start treatment before this result is available. Sometimes blood in the urine is a sign of a UTI but it may also indicate other problems, such as a urinary calculus or “stone.”


In young children, infants, and some elderly patients, the best urine specimen is obtained by catheterization, as they are unable to deliver a “clean catch" urine sample as described above. Urine can also be collected from "bags" placed over the urethral outlet (genital area), but these bagged specimens are only used for presumptive urinalysis as they

are unreliable for culture. Some investigators consider any bagged urine samples as unreliable. Urine samples not processed within an hour of collection should either be discarded or be refrigerated before an hour passes because bacterial growth in urine at room temperature can yield false-positive tests. Special culture media and other tests are done for the infrequent or rare pathogens (for example, fungi and parasites).


Other tests may be ordered to further define the extent of a UTI. They may include blood cultures, a complete blood count (CBC), intravenous pyelogram, a CT scan, or other specialized tests.

nipo naendelea kuangali hizi vocal unavyozichana..next...

What is the treatment for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?


Treatment for a UTI should be designed for each patient individually and is usually based on the patient's underlying medical conditions, what pathogen(s) are causing the infection, and the susceptibility of the pathogen(s) to treatments. Patients who are

very ill usually require intravenous (IV) antibiotics and admission to a hospital; they usually have a kidney infection (pyelonephritis) that may be spreading to the bloodstream. Other people may have a milder infection (cystitis) and may get well quickly with oral

antibiotics. Still others may have a UTI caused by pathogens that cause STDs and may require more than a single oral antibiotic.

The caregivers often begin treatment before the pathogenic agent and its antibiotic susceptibilities are known, so in some individuals, the antibiotic treatment may need to be changed. In addition, pediatric patients and pregnant patients should not use

certain antibiotics that are commonly used in adults. For example, ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and other related quinolones should not be used in children or pregnant patients due to side effects. However, penicillins and cephalosporins are usually considered safe for both groups if the individuals are not allergic to the antibiotics. Patients with STD-related UTIs usually require two antibiotics to

eliminate STD pathogens. The less frequent or rare fungal and parasitic pathogens require specific antifungal or antiparasitic medications; these more complicated UTIs should often be treated in consultation with an infectious disease expert.


All antibiotics prescribed should be taken even if the person's symptoms disappear early. Reoccurrence of the UTI and even antibiotic resistance of the pathogen may happen in individuals who are not adequately treated.


Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines offer relief from the pain and discomfort of UTIs but they don't cure UTIs. OTC products like AZO or Uristat contain the medicine, phenazopyridine (Pyridium and Urogesic), which works in the bladder to relieve pain. This medication turns urine an orange-red color, so patients should not be worried when this occurs. This medication can also turn other body fluids orange, including tears, and can stain contact lenses.



What are common antibiotics used to treat a urinary tract infection (UTI)?


The following antibiotics are used to treat UTIs:


Beta-lactams, including penicillins and cephalosporins (for example, Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Keflex, Duricef, Ceftin, Lorabid, Rocephin, Cephalexin, Suprax, and others); many organisms have resistance to some of these drugs.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination antibiotic (for example, Bactrim DS and Septra); many organisms may show resistance.
Fluoroquinolones (for example, Cipro, Levaquin, and Floxacin) resistance is developing; also these should not be used in pregnancy or in the pediatric population.

Tetracyclines (for example, tetracycline, doxycycline, or minocycline) used most often for Mycoplasma or Chlamydia infections; like fluoroquinolones, they should not be used in pregnancy or by the pediatric population.
Aminoglycosides (for example, gentamycin, amikacin, and tobramycin) used usually in combination with other antibiotics to combat severe UTIs.

Macrolides (for example, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and erythromycin), used more often with some STD-caused urinary problems.
There are other antibiotics that are used occasionally, such as Nitrofurantoin, but its use is limited to cystitis and should not be used to

treat more serious (kidney) UTIs. Choice of antibiotics for treatment depends mainly on the susceptibility of the infecting agent to the drug, the seriousness of the infection, if the infected person is an adult, child or is pregnant, and on the treating doctor's experience and knowledge of local antibiotic resistance patterns of commonly infecting bacteria.

Does all that apply to the real system

By MziziMkavu

Iwapo unafikiri unayo maambukizo kwenye mrija wa kupitisha mkojo, kunywa maji mengi na nenda
kamwone mhudumu wa afya kwa ajili ya matibabu. Usijamiiane mpaka dalili zote ziwe zimetoweka.

ushauri mzuri huu...

Nimepima mkojo leo naambia kuna few pus cell. Dokta kasema ni UTI. Bado sijachukua dawa maana wao wakikuandikia inabidi ununue kwao.Ni dawa gani ambayo ni nzuri..

By UPOPO

Somo zuri ,je wewe ni Dactari?

huyu jamaa ni dactari but hana certificate ya udocta.inamaana hajasomea through formal education lakini ni zaidi ya dactari.

UNAWEZA KUDHIBITI U.T.I MWENYEWE..!

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U.T.I ni ugonjwa sugu unaosumbua sana watu wengi hivi sasa, wakubwa kwa wadogo. U.T.I(Urinary tract Infection) ni ugonjwa unaoathiri njia ya mkojo na huweza kusababisha maumivu makali na unapojiimarisha mwilini kwa muda mrefu

huathiri figo pia. Dalili za ugonjwa huu ni pamoja na mtu kusikia haja ya kukojoa kila wakati na kusisimka wakati wa kujisaidia, kusikia maumivu, kutoa mkojo mchafu na hata kutoa haja ndogo iliyochanganyika na damu.

Wataalamu wetu wa masuala ya tiba wanatueleza kuwa tatizo hili hujitokeza pale mlango wa njia ya haja ndogo inaposhambuliwa na bakteria ambao husambaa na wasipotibiwa mapema huenea hadi kwenye figo na athari zake ni mbaya.

UNAWEZA KUDHIBITI U.T.I KWA TIBA MBADALA

Kwa kawaida kila ungonjwa una tiba mbadala, siyo lazima kwenda hospitali. Unaweza kuudhibiti au kuponya ugonjwa huu kwa kunywa maji mengi (Ya Uvuguvgu) pamoja na juisi itokanayo na matunda halisi, iwapo utawahi kabla tatizo halijawa sugu.

Kwa maana nyingine, unaweza kujikinga na ugonjwa huu kwa kuwa na mazoea ya kunywa maji (Ya Uvuguvgu) ya kutosha kila siku. Ukinywa maji (Ya Uvuguvgu)ya kutosha yatakufanya uende haja ndogo kila mara na kwa njia hiyo wale bakteria watakuwa wakitoka

na hatimaye kuisha kabisa. Aidha, njia nyingine ya kuudhibitibi ugonjwa huu ni kunywa maji mengi (Ya Uvuguvgu) au kwenda haja ndogo mara baada ya kufanya tendo la ndoa, kitendo hiki husaidia kuwaondoa mapema bakteria wote ulioambukizwa wakati wa kujamiiana na mwenzio.

Katika hali ya kawaida, ugonjwa wa UTI hutoweka ndani ya siku tatu mara baada ya kuanza kutumia tiba asili ya kunywa maji mengi (Ya Uvuguvgu)na juisi ya matunda halisi, iwapo ugonjwa utaendelea kuwepo baada ya siku hizo, hiyo itakuwa na maana ugonjwa wako umeshakomaa na hivyo hauwezi kutibika kwa tiba hii ya nyumbani.

Katika hali kama hii, utakuwa huna njia nyingine isipokuwa kwenda hospitalini na kuonana na daktari ambaye atakufanyia uchunguzi na kukupatia dozi sahihi ambayo utatakiwa kuizingatia bila kukosa. Uamuzi huu ni muhimu hasa

kama unasikia maumivu makali ambayo yanaweza kuwa yanasababishwa na kuathirika kwa figo. Kwa kawaida tiba ya kidaktari kwa ugonjwa huu huhusisha matumizi ya dawa kali za ‘antibiotics’, ambazo watu wengi wanazikimbia kutokana na athari zake za baadae (side effects). Lakini ni muhimu kufuata ushauri wa dokta na kumaliza dozi ili kuepuka uwezekano wa kurejea kwa ugonjwa, tena kwa kasi kubwa.

KUZUIA
Ili kujiepusha na ugonjwa huu, suala la usafi na kuwa na tabia ya kunywa maji ya kutosha ni jambo muhimu sana. Hakikisha unajisafisha vizuri mara baada ya kwenda haja na kubadilisha mara kwa mara nguo yako ya ndani, hasa kwa akina mama.

Vile vile usikae na haja ndogo kwa muda mrefu, nenda kajisaidie mara nyingi kadri unavyosikia kufanya hivyo. Kitu cha mwisho cha kuzingatia kwa mgonjwa wa UTI ni kupunguza unywaji wa pombe na vinywaji vingine vyenye sukari, kwa sababu sukari ni chakula cha bakteria hivyo kwa kuendelea kunywa kinywaji chenye sukari kutaifanya hali kuendelea kuwa mbaya. Ugonjwa huu ni rahisi kuepuka kwa mtu anayependa kunywa maji ya kutosha na kunywa juisi halisi kila siku.

DAYATI MUHIMU KUDHIBITI UTI

Katika kuudhibiti ugonjwa huu, pendelea kula vyakula ama vinywaji vyenye kiwango kikubwa cha vitamini C ambayo utakipata kwenye matunda ya aina mbalimbali yakiwemo machungwa, mboga za majani n.k. Jiepushe na ulaji wa

vyakula vya ‘kupaki’ kama vile ‘chizi’, chokoleti na bidhaa nyingine zilizotengenezwa kutokana na maziwa. Pia jiepushe na ulaji wa vyakula vyenye viungo vingi kama pilau, epuka vyinywaji vyenye ‘caffeine’, kilevi na sigara na mwisho achana na vinywaji kama soda na vinavyofanana na soda.@The secretary

How To Treat UTI With Home Natural Remedy

UTI tea

UTI Tea Start drinking this tea at the first signs of a bladder infection. It cleanses your system by gently increasing urine output and killing bacteria. Add lemon to this tea to help alkalize your system. Stevia instead of honey will stave the bacteria of the sugar those little critters crave. 719

1 tablespoon agrimony 1 teaspoon crushed juniper berries 1 teaspoon cinnamon powder 2 cups water

Cautions: Limit your use of juniper berries if you start to smell violets when urinating.

Additions:Lemon and Stevia

Variations:Adding a pinch of baking soda will help decrease the burning sensation

Ingredients:

Recipe Instructions: :Combine herbal mixture with cold water and bring to a boil over a low heat. simmer for 10 minutes, then turn off heat and infuse until cool enough to drink.

haya kaka mkubwa...